• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2008

Nuruk is the Korean traditional Koji that contains various microorganisms and has been used to make the traditional fermented foods including alcoholic beverages. Rhizopus oryzae KSD-815 was isolated from the alcohol-fermenting Nuruk used for manufacturing traditional alcohol. In this study, the authors reported the isolation and identification of four lipids from the Nuruk (Rhizopus oryzae KSD-815) that inoculated wheat with Rhizopus oryzae KSD-815. The dried and powdered Nuruk (Rhizopus oryzae KSD-815) were extracted three times at room temperature with 80% aqueous MeOH. The extracts were partitioned with EtOAc, n-BuOH, and water, successively. The EtOAc extract was suspended in 80% MeOH and partitioned repeatedly with n-hexane. From the n-hexane fraction, four lipids were isolated through the repeated silica gel and ODS column chromatographies. According to the results of physico-chemical data including NMR, GC and MS, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined as linolenic acid methyl ester (1), palmitic acid methyl ester (2), linoleic acid (3), palmitic acid (4). Cytotoxicity was evaluated in huamn breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 and human hepatocarcinoma, SK-HEP-1 cells using MTT assay. Exposure of compounds 1 and 3 led to a dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability in both cancer cell lines. In addition, treatment of RAW264.7 cells with compound 3 caused inhibition of lipopolysaccharide/interferon-${\gamma}$-induced nitric oxide production.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.278-287
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• 1998

Carotenoids in integument of wild manchurian trout, Brachymystax lenok, and wild and cultured masu salmon Oncohynchus macrostomus, which are all the Korean native cold fresh water fish, were investigated by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and HPLC. The total carotenoid contents of the wild manchurian trout were $3.72\;mg\%$ which is relatively higher compare to other species of salmonidae. The carotenoids were composed of $36.9\%$ zeaxanthin and $14.7\%$ $\beta-carotene$ as the major compounds, $7.8\%$ triol $7.3\%$ isocryptoxanthin, $5.7\%$ 4-hydroxy echinenone, $4.7\%$ lutein, $4.5\%$ salmoxanthin and $2.2\%$ astaxanthin as minor compounds, and other carotenoids such as canthaxanthin, tunaxanthin A, tunaxanthin B, tunaxanthin C, $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ and $\alpha-cryptoxanthin$ as minute carotenoids. Wild masu salmon contained more total carotenoids than cultured one and the contents were $0.82\;mg\%$ and $0.66\;mg\%$, respectively. The composition of the carotenoids from wild masu salmon were $20.7\%$ xeaxanthin, $17.0\%$ isocryptoxanthin and $15.8\%\;\beta-carotene$ as major compounds, and $6.2\%$ triol, $6.1\%$ 4-hydroxy echinenone, $6.1\%$ salmoxanthin, $5.9\%$ canthaxanthin, $5.8\%$ lutein, $4.9\%$ $\alpha-cryptoxanthin$ and $1.0\%$ astaxanthin as minor compounds. The composition of the carotenoids from cultured masu salmon were $19.7\%$ isocryptoxanthin, $18.0\%$ $\beta-carotene$ and $10.3\%$ zeaxanthin as the major compounds, and $8.9\%\;\beta-cryptoxanthin$, $8.5\%\;\alpha-cryptoxanthin$, $8.0\%$ lutein, $7.6\%$ canthaxanthin, $5.1\%$ triol and $2.0\%$ astaxanthin as minor carotenoids. Based on these data, wild masu salmon contained more zeaxanthin, salmoxanthin and 4-hydroxy echinenone while cultured masu salmon contained more $\alpha-cryptoxanthin$, indicating that carotenoid pigment of masu salmon depends on their living conditions. Unlike wild masu salmon, 4-hydroxy echinenone and salmoxanthin which are the characteristic carotenoids of salmons, were not found in the integument of cultured masu salmon. Unlike manchurian trout, both wild and cultured masu salmon did not contain tunaxanthin A, tunaxanthin B and tunaxanthin C.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.233-240
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• 1988

A simple and selective isocratic HPLC method for the analysis of tissue polyamine contents is described and applied on the study of the changes of the hepatic polyamine contents after partial hepatectomy in male rats. The hepatic polyamines are extracted with 0.4 M perchloric acid containing 2 mM disodium EDTA, and then the extract is redissolved in 100 ul of 1 M sodium carbonate and incubated with 300 ul of FNBT-dimethylsulfoxide (1: 100) mixture. The N-2'-nitro-4'-trifluoromethylphenyl drivatives of polyamines are separated through a ERC-ODS column in an isocratic mode with an acetonitrile-water (80:20) mobile phase within 20 min. per a sample, while monitoring the effluent at 242 nm. This improved method which could detect subnanogram of each polyamines is highly specific and reproducible as evidenced by the application of it on the study of the changes of polyamine contents in the regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to obtain the thermophilic fungus producing amylase and to investigate properties of the amylase. The selected strain, L-11 was obtained from soil in the vicinity of a hot spring and identified as Mocor sp.. And then the conditions for enzyme production in wheat bran cultures and properties of the crude enzyme were investigated. Furthermore, the enzyme was purified and the characteristics of purified enzyme were studied. The results obtained were as follows: 1. On the wheat bran medium added 80-100% water, amylase was effectively produced by the selected strain, L-11 for 48 hrs incubation at $50^{\circ}C$. 2. When the crude enzyme solution of the strain L-11 was passed through DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography, two peaks having amylase activity were obtained, and one peak was that of the main enzyme (enzyme of B peak). 3. The purified enzyme (enzyme of B peak) was recognized as single protein band on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. 4. In the hydrolysis reaction of soluble starch by the enzyme of main amylase, oligosaccharides produced at early stage were maltose and maltotriose mainly and procedure of the reaction maltose amount of maltose and glucose was increased. 5. The strain L-11 was recognized as a special strain producing ${\alpha}-amylase$ mainly and scarcely glucoamylase. 6. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and temperature stability of ${\alpha}-amylase$ were pH 4.0, $60-65^{\circ}C$, pH 4.0-9.0, and below$70^{\circ}C$.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2012

To compare monthly variations of phytoplankton biomass and community composition between in seawater and sediment of the Gomso Bay (tidal flat: approximately 75%), the photosynthetic pigments were analyzed by HPLC every month in 1999 and every two months in 2000. Ambient physical and chemical parameters (temperature, salinity, nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and chemical oxygen demand) were also examined to find the environmental factors controlling structure of phytoplankton community. The temporal and spatial variations of chlorophyll a concentration in seawater were correlated well with the magnitude of freshwater discharge from land. The biomass of microphytobenthos at the surface sediments was lower than that in other regions of the world and 2-3 times lower than phytoplankton biomass integrated in the seawater column. Based on the results of HPLC pigment analysis, fucoxanthin, a marker pigment of diatoms, was the most prominent pigment and highly correlated with chlorophyll a in seawater and sediment of the Gomso Bay. These results suggest that diatoms are the predominant phytoplankton in seawater and sediment of the Gomso Bay. However, the monthly variation of chlorophyll a concentration in seawater at the subtidal zone was not a good correlation with that in sediment of the Gomso Bay. Although pelagic plankton was identified in seawater by microscopic examination, benthic algal species were not found in the seawater. These results suggest that contribution from the suspended microphytobenthos in the tidal flat to the subtidal zone of the Gomso Bay may be low as a food source to the primary consumer in the upper water column of the subtidal zone. Further study needs to elucidate the vertical and horizontal transport magnitude of the suspended microphytobenthos in the tidal flat to the subtidal zone.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.78-86
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• 2009

Applicability of CaO and steel slag as stabilizers in the treatment of field and paddy soils near Pungjeong mine contaminated with arsenic and cationic heavy metals was investigated from batch and column experiments. Immobilization of heavy metals was evaluated by TCLP dissolution test. Immobility of heavy metal ions was less than 15% when steel slag alone was used. This result suggests that $Fe_2O_3$ and $SiO_2$, known as the major component of steel slag, have little effect for the immobilization of heavy metal ions due to acidity of TCLP solution. Immobilization of cationic heavy metals was little affected by the ratio of CaO and steel slag while arsenic removal was increased as the ratio of steel slag to CaO increased. In the column test, concentrations of both arsenic and cationic heavy metals in effluents were below the water discharge guideline over the entire reaction period. This result can be explained by the immobilization of cationic heavy metals from the increased pH in soil solution as well as by the formation of insoluble $Ca_3(AsO_4)_2$. From this work, it is possible to suggest that arsenic and cationic heavy metals can be concurrently stabilized by application of both CaO and steel slag.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1336-1343
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• 2005

In the present study, we screened candidates for enhancing insulin action and secretion from Cinnamomum camphora (CC) fractions, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Min6 cells by investigating insulin- stimulated glucose uptake and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, respectively. CC were extracted by $70\%$ ethanol followed by XAD-4 column chromatography with serial mixture solvents of methanol and water, and the fractional extractions were utilized for determining insulin action and secretion, and $\alpha$-glucoamylase suppressing activity, A significant insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, giving 0.5 or $5{\mu}g/mL$ of $40\%\;and\;60\%$ methanol fractions plus 0.2 nM insulin, compared to the treatment of DMSO plus 0.2 nM insulin. The treatments of $40\%\;and\;60\%$ methanol fractions plus 0.2 nM insulin reached the glucose uptake of 10 nM insulin treatment. The $40\%$ methanol fraction increased triglyceride accumulation by stimulating differentiation and triglyceride synthesis similar to pioglitazone, PPAR-$\gamma$ agonist. No inhibition of $\alpha$-glucoamylase activity of CC fractions was observed. They did not modulate the insulin secretion capacity In either low or high glucose media. These results suggest that $40\%$ methanol fraction contains a potential insulin sensitizer to have a similar function of PPAR-$\gamma$ agonist. Crude CC extract may improve glucose utilization by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake without elevating glucose stimulated insulin secretion.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.254-268
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• 2011

Fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and methoprene are juvenile hormone mimic insecticide. These insecticides have been widely used for mosquito, fly, scale insects, and Lepidoptera. The purpose of this study was to develop a simultaneous determination procedure of fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and methoprene residues in crops using HPLC-UVD/MS. These insecticide residues were extracted with acetone from representative samples of four raw products which comprised brown rice, apple, green pepper, and Chinese cabbage. The extract was diluted with saline water, and then n-hexane/dichloromethane partition was followed to recover these insecticides from the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography was additionally employed for final clean up of the extract. The analytes were quantitated by HPLC-UVD/MS, using a $C_{18}$ column. The crops were fortified with each insecticide at 3 levels per crop. Mean recovery ratios were ranged from 80.0 to 104.3% in four representative agricultural commodities. The coefficients of variation were less than 4.8%. Quantitative limit of fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, and methoprene was 0.04 mg/kg in crop samples. A HPLC-UVD/MS with selected-ion monitoring was also provided to confirm the suspected residues. The proposed simultaneous analysis method was reproducible and sensitive enough to determine the residues of fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and methoprene in the agricultural commodities.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.753-759
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• 2001

To evaluate antiinflammation of Aloe vera peel, antiimflammation substances were extracted from Aloe vera peel and identified, and we investigated the effect of the its substance the inhibitory effect on the activity of hyaluoronidase, elastase, collagenase and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. The water extract from Aloe vera peel were successfully purified with solvent fractionation, silica gel column chromatography, preparative thin layer chromatography and UV spectrometer. Two purified active substances were identified as aloe-emodin and barbaloin by Mass Spectrometer, $^1H-NMR$ and FT-IR. Aloe-emodin and barbaloin. $IC_{50}$ values of aloe-emodin and barbaloin against hyaluronidase activity were 40 and $70\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Leuckocyte elastase, which is related to the destruction of various tissue, $IC_{50}$ values of them were 50 and $60\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. $IC_{50}$ values of aloe-emodin and barbaloin against collagenase activity were 40 and $60\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. and $IC_{50}$ values of aloe-emodin and barbaloin aganist the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, which play an important role in inflammatory reactions, were 40 and $70\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Inhibitory effects of aloe-emodin, barbaloin and aspirin against carrageenan paw edema were 74.9, 52.9 and 51.9% as inhibiton percentage, respectively, at dose of 100 mg/kg and that of indomethancin was 49.7 at dose of 10 mg/kg. Cell cytotoxicity of barbaloin against human gingival cells was lower than that of aloe-emodin. Aloe-emodin and barbaloin did not show cytotoxicity against human gingival cells at concentration of 1.0 and $5.0\;{\mu}g/mL$, However, aloe-emodin and barbaloin showed less cytotoxicity than chlorhexidine, which usually have been used as the agent of anticaries and antiinflammation. These results suggested that aloe-emodin and barbaloin from Aloe vera peel have the effect of anticaries and antiinflammation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.612-617
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• 2009

Kimchi is a traditional pickled food using Korean Chinese cabbage(Brassica campestris var. pekinensis) and also containing phytochemicals, glucosinolates. This study was carried out to investigate the changes in the total glucosinolates levels of Kimchi using Korean Chinese cabbage of harvest time(June-July, August-September, October-November, December-April, May) according to storage temperature(4, 10, $15^{\circ}C$) and storage duration(0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 day). For determination of glucosinolates, 50g of Baechu kimchi was used for analytical sample preparation provided with an anion exchanges column and measured by UV-visible Spectrophotometer. The highest contents of water occurred at August-September during fermentation. At 15, 10, $4^{\circ}C$, the pH in all of seasonal variation of Baechu kimchi declined, especially from 0 to 3 days at $15^{\circ}C$, from 0 to 7 days at $10^{\circ}C$ and from 0 to 14 days at $4^{\circ}C$. At that storage, the total glucosinolates levels in all of seasonal variation of Kimchi declined in storage temperature. Baechu kimchi at August-September showed the highest total glucosinolates levels. Also total glucosinolates levels decreased as storage period increased. Baechu kimchi fermented at $15^{\circ}C$ for 7days decreased rapidly and reached to the lowest at the 1day(ranged from $10.3{\pm}0.70$ to $23.4{\pm}0.37{\mu}mol/g$ dry weight). At $10^{\circ}C$ for 14days were ranged from $12.9{\pm}0.29$ to $33.7{\pm}1.81{\mu}mol/g$ dry weight before fermentation and decreased rapidly at the 3day(ranged from $9.5{\pm}0.54$ to $20.5{\pm}0.61{\mu}mol/g$ dry weight). Total glucosinolates levels of Baechu kimchi fermented at $4^{\circ}C$ for 28days decreased rapidly during 7day(ranged from $9.9{\pm}0.78$ to $21.1{\pm}0.96{\mu}mol/g$ dry weight) and then slowly decreased. Therefore the total glucosinolates levels decreased during storage time and depended on harvest time and storage conditions of Kimchi.