• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.137-147
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• 2017

A water treatment utility in South Korea operates a large system of pressurized hollow fiber membrane (PHFM) modules. The optimal selection of membrane module for the full scale plant was critical issue and carried out using Risk-based Life Cycle Cost (RbLCC) analysis based on the historical data of operation and maintenance. The RbLCC analysis was used in the process of decision-making for replacing aged modules. The initial purchasing cost and the value at risk during operation were considered together. The failure of modules occurs stochastically depending on the physical deterioration with usage over time. The life span of module was used as a factor for the failure of Poisson's probability model, which was used to obtain the probability of failure during the operation. The RbLCC was calculated by combining the initial cost and the value at risk without its warranty term. Additionally, the properties of membrane were considered to select the optimum product. Results showed that the module's life span in the system was ten years (120 month) with safety factor. The optimum product was selected from six candidates membrane for a full scale water treatment facility. This method could be used to make the optimum and rational decision for the operation of membrane water purification facility.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.431-441
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• 2005

The study was carried out to improve and regulate the drinking water quality standard and drinking water quality monitoring substances. For the reliability and safety of finished water, It has been monitored for trace organic and inorganic compounds of 333 in finished water of water treatment plants during 1989 to 2003. As a result of monitoring, 51 compounds were detected from 333 compounds, and it has been regulated the drinking water quality standard of 26 substances and 20 mitoring substance. Improvement and regulation method of the drinking water quality standard was performed by comparing and analyzing with detection concentration, detection frequency, risk assessment and foreign drinking water quality standard.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.165-174
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• 1999

This study was conducted to analyze the priority of environmental problems in Korea by investigating the environmental professionals' perception. The delphi technique was applied to identify their risk perception towards some specific items related with pollution. A standardized questionnaire on environmental problems and their priorities was used to 74 subjects. In the questionnaire, the environmental problems were divided into the general ones,9 items, and the specific ones,30 items. Also, the perception was associated with two points of view which were the risk on general human health or ecosystem, and on the present situation in Korea. The priority of risk from general environmental problems on human health or ecosystem was analyzed in the order of 'water pollution', 'air pollution', 'soil contamination', 'waste', 'toxic chemical pollutants', 'food contamination', 'ocean contamination', 'odor pollution', and 'noise pollution'. The priority of risk on the present situation in Korea was analyzed in the order of 'water pollution','air pollution','waste','toxic chemical pollutants','food contamination','soil contamination','ocean contamination','odor pollution', and 'noise pollution'. And these priorities were significantly related with the characteristics of respondents such as sex, age, and major concerned area. However, for the first five priorities of risk from the specific environmental problems on human health or ecosystem, the environmental professionals agreed with 'automotive vehicle exhaust', 'domestic and industrial source pollutants to surface water', '$CO_2$nd g1oba1 warming effect','toxic air pollutant' and 'industrial source air pollution'. The priorities of risk on the present situation in Korea were similar to these results.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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• pp.384-384
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• 2023

To enable the government and local authorities to anticipate the public's response to emergency measures, it is crucial to formulate theories on residents' behavioral reactions and establish appropriate evaluation models that cater to local conditions. However, prior research has primarily relied on simple surveys to assess individual disaster preparedness progress, while in the United States, the National Household Survey explores the behavior, attitudes, and motivations of citizens. Nonetheless, relying on simple survey analyses presents limitations. Therefore, our study aims to develop a social science behavioral analysis model that includes risk perception and emergency preparedness evaluation items for drought. We will achieve this by examining both domestic and foreign behavioral models. The ultimate goal is to present an effective response strategy for managing drought risk that incorporates the developed model. The drought risk perception and behavioral model employed in this study involves evaluating individual risk perception of drought disasters, individual effectiveness, and motivation analysis for drought disasters, government satisfaction with drought disaster management, and individual acceptance of drought prevention policies.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 안전하고 원활한 용수공급을 목적으로 하는 상수도관망시스템의 오염예방 및 위험관리를 위한 통합의사결정시스템의 기본구조를 제시하고 유럽과 미국에서 널리 사용되고 있는 다기준 의사결정기법인 PROMETHEE와 ANP를 적용해 상수도관망의 이상징후 판정을 위한 위험요소들의 우선순위를 평가하였다. 문제 구성을 위하여 pH 잔류염소농도, 유량, 수압, 전기전도도, 탁도, 블록누수량, 수온을 자료항목으로 선정하였고 관부식, 관파열, 관내수질오염을 평가기준으로 하여 PROMETHEE와 ANP의 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 상수도관망의 위험요소 평가결과는 위기상황 대처방안시스템 구축시 사고대응 제어알고리즘 설계의 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제55권8호
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• pp.589-601
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• 2022

가뭄은 자연적 현상이지만, 지역의 물리적 및 사회적 요소와 결합되어 피해가 발생한다. 특히, 각종 용수 공급 및 수요과 연관되어 사회 경제적으로 큰 피해를 야기시킨다. 비슷한 심도의 기상학적 가뭄에도 지역의 특성과 용수공급체계에 따라 실제로 발생하는 가뭄 피해는 다르다. 본 연구에서는 지역의 사회·경제적 인자와 용수공급체계를 고려하여 가뭄 위험도를 평가하였다. 노출성은 용수공급 과부족량을 나타내는 결합가뭄관리지수(JDMI)를 등급화하여 평가하였다. 취약성은 가뭄에 영향을 받는 10개의 사회·경제적 인자에 엔트로피, PCA 및 GMM를 적용하여 가중평균하여 평가하였다. 대응능력은 지역의 용수능력을 나타내는 인자들을 베이지안 네트워크에 적용하여 평가하였다. 위험도는 노출성, 취약성 및 대응능력을 통합하여 결정하였다. 용수공급 실패 사상의 발생 가능성을 의미하는 가뭄 노출성을 평가한 결과, 괴산군이 0.81로 가장 높게 나타났다. 가뭄 취약성의 경우, 대전광역시가 0.61로 매우 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 지역의 용수공급체계가 고려된 가뭄 대응능력을 평가한 결과, 세종시가 가뭄 대응능력이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 위험도를 평가한 결과, 청주시가 가장 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 통해 가뭄에 대한 위험 및 취약 원인을 파악하였으며, 향후 지역의 특성을 고려한 가뭄 피해 저감 정책 마련이 가능하다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제10권1_2호
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• pp.21-35
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• 1995

Risk assessment processes, which include processes for the estimation of human cancer potency using animal bioassay data and calculation of human exposure, entail uncertainties. In the exposure assessment process, exposure scenarios with various assumptions could affect the exposure amount and excess cancer risk. We compared risk estimates among various exposure scenarios of vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in tap water. The contaminant concentrations were analyzed from tap water samples in Seoul from 1993 to 1994. The oral and inhalation cancer potencies of the contaminants were estimated using multistage, Weibull, lognormal, and Mantel-Bryan model in TOX-RISK computer software. In the first case, human excess cancer risk was estimated by the US EPA method used to set the MCL(maximum contaminant level). In the second and third case, the risk was estimated for multi-route exposure with and without adopting Monte-Carlo simulation, respectively. In the second case, exposure input parameters and cancer potencies used probability distributions, and in the third case, those values used point estimates(mean, and maximum or 95% upper-bound value). As a result, while the excess cancer risk estimated by US EPA method considering only direct ingestion tended to be underestimated, the risk which was estimated by considering multi-route exposure without Monte-Carlo simulation and then using the maximum or 95% upper-bound value as input parameters tended to be overestimated. In risk assessment for volatile organic compounds, considering multi-route exposure with adopting Monte-Carlo analysis seems to provide the most reasonable estimations.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 기존의 정량적인 강수량 정보를 제공하는 방식에서 벗어나 호우발생에 따른 생활환경의 변화에 끼치는 영향을 고려한 호우영향예보서비스의 필요성을 기반으로 호우위험영향도 평가가 가능한 호우재해 위험영향 매트릭스를 개발하고, 이를 통해 호우위험영향을 평가하는 방법을 제시하였다. 사당동 일대를 대상으로 실제 발생 호우사상(2011년 7월 27일)을 적용하였으며, 호우에 의한 침수로 영향을 받는 대상별(사람, 교통, 시설) 호우위험영향평가를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 1 km 격자기반으로 호우위험정도(Impact Level)를 산정하고, 침수심 결과를 조합하여 격자기반의 잠재호우위험영향(Potential Risk Impact)을 산정하였다. 여기에 강우발생가능성 Likelihood와의 조합을 통해 호우영향예보가 가능한 호우위험영향(Heavy Rainfall Risk Impact) 값을 산정하여 사당동 지역의 호우영향정도를 격자기반으로 4개의 등급으로 분석, 제시하였다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.45-58
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• 2024

기후변화로 인해 가뭄의 빈도, 심도 및 지속기간 등이 증가함에 따라 가뭄 위험도가 높아질 것으로 전망되고 있다. 가뭄 위험도는 수문기상학적 요인뿐만 아니라 용수의 공급 및 수요와 관련 있다. 최근에는 기후변화와 함께 사회경제적인 요인도 가뭄 위험도를 높이는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 따라서 미래에 발생가능한 심각한 가뭄에 적절히 대응하기 위하여 다양한 조건에서의 가뭄 위험도를 전망할 필요가 있다. 또한, 다양한 시나리오를 고려하는 것은 미래의 가뭄 위험도 전망이 가지는 불확실성을 줄이는데 도움이 될 것이다. 본 연구에서는 한국의 160개 시군구에 대한 기후변화 시나리오와 인구 및 용수 수요량 등을 고려하여 가뭄 시나리오를 작성하고 이에 따른 가뭄 위험도를 전망하였으며, 가뭄 위험도 전망 결과를 토대로 가뭄 위험 단계를 재설정하였다. 그 결과 한국의 가뭄 위험도는 과거에 비해 2020, 2025 및 2030년에서 모두 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 기준 및 고위 시나리오에 따르면 2030년에는 가뭄 위험도가 과거보다 약 2배 정도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 산정된 가뭄 전망 결과를 새로운 가뭄 위험 단계에 적용한 결과, 기준 및 고위 시나리오에서는 2020년 및 2030년에 한국 대부분의 지역에서 대응(V) 단계로 나타났다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2001

Differences in risk perception on major environmental issues between general public and environmental experts were investigated in this study. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to samples from general public and environmental experts during March and April, 2000. Total number of responses was 1,126 including 773 persons from general public and 353 experts. Risk perceptions on 26 environmental issues were related with the need to regulate each issue, controllability, experience, political views, interest in environmental problem, satisfaction of environment, severity of environmental pollution. There was statistically significant difference in risk perceptions between general public and experts. Overall, general public was likely to perceive risks associated with environmental problem, as well as social need to regulate these problems more than experts. The issues with high risk perception and need to regulate were 'automobile exhaust', 'industrial air pollution', ocean pollution by industrial waste and oil exhaust', 'air pollution by chemicals', 'surface water pollution by waste from household', 'industrial and hospital waste', 'surface water pollution by pesticide'and'sewage and food waste'. Consequently, it seems necessary to manage these issues, prior to others.