• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2007

Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the experimental extruded pellet (EP), commercial EP and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) on growth of growing flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In experiment 1, two replicate groups of the fish (average body weight of $115{\pm}3.2\;g$) were fed one of five experimental diets (EP1-EP5) and MP in circular concrete tanks (4.6 m $\phi$, 0.6 m depth) for 78 days. In experiment 2, in order to evaluate EP in the commercial scale ($8\;m\;{\times}\;8\;m$), flounder (average body weight of $137{\pm}11.4\;g$) were fed one of five EPs (EP1-EP5) used in experiment 1, commercial EP (EP6) and two MEPs (MEP4 and MEP6) as moist pellet types which were made from EP4 and EP6, respectively, by being sprayed with a mixture of water and additives for 80 days. In experiment 1, weight gain of fish fed the all EPs was not significantly different from that of MP. Feed efficiency of fish fed the EP4 was highest, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the EP4 and EP5 was significantly higher than that of fish fed the MP (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in the contents of moisture and crude lipid in the muscle, and moisture in the liver of fish (P<0.05). In experiment 2, weight gain of fish fed the EP4 and MEP4 were highest and feed efficiency showed high tendency in EP4, MEP4 and MEP6. Fish fed the MEP6 showed higher weight gain and feed efficiency compared to those of fish fed the EP6, but there was no difference in those of fish fed EP4 and MEP4. Based on the results of this study, dietary formulations used in EPs could be most recommendable applied in the practical extruded pellet feeds for flounder grown from 114 g to 350 g.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of modified green gochujang, produced by Chengyang pepper powder and roasted soy powder. The moisture content of control gochujang (CON) made by red pepper powder was 32.64% whereas the content of sample 1 gochujang (S1) made by Chengyang pepper powder was 26.50%. Crude fat content of CON was 1.81% while the content of S1~S4 was a range of 2.64~2.80%. Furthermore, crude protein content of CON was 5.58% while the content of S4 was the highest value of 9.01 % In crude ash cases, S1~S4 groups were also increased to a range of 10.32~10.37% when compared to 9.91% of CON. Color properties of modified gochujang made by Chengyang pepper powder were significantly decreased in values of redness and yellowness, compared to that of CON. In pH test, it showed that pH 6.15 of S4 was significantly increased, compared to ph 5.26 of CON (p < 0.001). Total acidity of all sample groups has significantly decreased according to increased roasted soy powder than that of CON (p < 0.001). In textural properties, hardness of gochujang was a range of 622.33~3670.70 and S2 showed the highest value among others. Meanwhile, S4 showed the highest value in the adhesiveness, and S2 showed the highest gumminess. According to these results, modified gochujang was increased in nutritive values such as protein, fat, and various minerals, even though it was decreased in color and water contents. Therefore, modified gochujang would have beneficial effects on health, but it could be needed to find out the optimizing condition through a sensory evaluation for developing a new sauce using Chengyang.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1182-1189
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• 2008

Changes of free sugar on Gugija-sugar leaching were investigated by adding sugar on Gugija (Lycii fructus) raw fruit. Gugija were prepared by parboiling ($40{\sim}50$ sec at hot water of $85^{\circ}C$) and unparboiling. Gugija-sugar leaching were leached after preserving (5 and 10 months at $5^{\circ}C$) Gugija-sugar mixture (ratio of raw Gugija and sugar, 1:0.2, 1:0.4, 1:0.6, 1:0.8, and 1:1/w:w). Soluble starch content of Gugija-sugar leaching increased with increasing ratio of sugar without reference to parboiling treatment, having the highest content, 2.5% at UPRGSL-4 (unparboiling Gugija:sugar, 1:0.8 leaching). Maltose content increased with increasing ratio of sugar in PRGSL, being the highest at 12.66% in PRGSL-5 (parboiling Gugija:sugar, 1:1 leaching) at 10 months leaching periods. Most of the sucrose went out of existence with increasing leaching periods; content was 4.22% on PRGSL-5 and 1.36% on UPRGSL-5. Content of glucose and fructose increased with increasing ratio of sugar; glucose content was 7.86% on PRGSL-4 and 26.22% on UPRGSL-5, at 10 months leaching periods. Fructose content was 18.46% on PRGSL-5 and 22.51% on UPRGSL-4 at 10 months leaching periods. Contents of sorbitol and glycerol increased with increasing ratios of sugar.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.1
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• pp.96-107
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• 2018

This study analyzed the linkage between the Forestry sector Official Development Assistance (ODA) Project in South Korea and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of United Nations (UN), Suggested direction of ODA project focusing on the implementation of the SDGs. Forestry sector ODA project data in South Korea have collected from Economic Development Cooperation Fund (EDCF) statistical inquiry system developed by The Export-Import Bank of Korea. According to the analysis result, Forestry sector ODA project in South Korea have been actively implemented in the fields of forestry development, forestry policy and administration. In both fields, Korea Forest Service and Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) carried out the most projects. The Forestry sector ODA project data in South Korea are classified technical development, capacity building, construction of infrastructure and afforestation based on their objectives and contents. SDGs emphasizes the importance of national implementation assessment and this study analyze linkage between ODA activity content in each classification item and 2016 Korea Forest Service Performance Management Plan indicator. Analyzed the 2016 Korea Forest Service Performance Management Plan indicator and SDGs target and SDGs indicator were identified. finally, SDGs goals were recognized. In conclusion, Forestry sector ODA project in South Korea are associated with the SDGs Goal 1 (No Poverty), Goal 2 (Zero Hunger), Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), Goal 13 (Climate Action), Goal 15 (Life on Land) and Goal 17 (Partnership for The Goals). Therefore, With the launch of the SDGs, This study analyzed the linkage among the Forestry sector ODA Project in South Korea, the 2016 Korea Forest Service Performance Management Plan and the SDGs. it presented the limitations of Forestry sector ODA Project in South Korea and made proposals for the implementation of the SDGs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1190-1199
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of exercise training and oak tree wood vinegar ingestion on the blood lipids and antioxidant activities of rats. The subjects were 28 Sprague Dawley male rats, and they were assigned into four groups (n=7, respectively): the control group (CON), the exercise group (EXE), the vinegar ingestion group (VIN), and the vinegar ingestion and exercise training group (VINEXE). The diet was based on high fat and oral administration of oak tree wood vinegar. The rats that were not given oak tree wood vinegar were given the same amount of distilled water orally in order to maintain the same level of stress. They were exercise trained on motor-driven treadmills during a four-week session. Weight changes in the VINEXE were significantly inhibited in the later period of exercise, when compared to the CON (p<0.05). Fat increase was significantly suppressed in VIN and EXE (p<0.05), and a synergistic effect was discovered in the VINEXE (p<0.05). Glucose and ammonia levels were significantly reduced in the EXE, VIN, and VINEXE compared to the CON (p<0.05). In blood lipids, TC and LDL-C were significantly enhanced in the EXE, VIN, and VINEXE compared to the CON (p<0.05), while HDL-C was significantly improved in the EXE and VINEXE (p<0.05). Liver MDA contents showed significant changes in each group (p<0.05), and SOD activities were significantly enhanced in the VIN and the VINEXE when compared to other groups (p<0.05). Therefore, oak tree wood vinegar ingestion with exercise training for four weeks may result in inhibition of weight gain, improvement of blood lipids, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, contributing to health promotion.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1212-1218
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• 2008

The synergistic effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and $\gamma$-oryzanol (OZ) on the reduction of visceral and body fats was investigated in mice. Female ICR mice, 10 weeks of age, were acclimated for one week and then randomly divided into 5 treatment groups by body weights: Control (70 ${\mu}l$ olive oil + 30 ${\mu}l$ CLA), CLA-OZ 1 (70 ${\mu}l$ olive oil + 30 ${\mu}l$ CLA + OZ 0.5 mg), CLA-OZ 2 (70 ${\mu}l$ olive oil + 30 ${\mu}l$ CLA + OZ 1.0 mg), OZ (100 ${\mu}l$ olive oil + OZ 1.0 mg), and Olive oil (100 ${\mu}l$ olive oil). Samples were daily intubated, p.o., for 4 weeks. Food and water were ad libitum. Four weeks later, mice were sacrificed by neck dislocation, followed by measuring whole body weight, empty carcass weight (ECW), which is weight without organs and visceral fats, visceral fats, body fats and protein content. Mice treated with CLA (control) sample maintained significantly, p<0.05, lower whole body weight, ECW, visceral and body fats, relative to mice treated with olive oil sample, indicating that CLA reduces the visceral and body fats. The CLA-OZ 1 treatment significantly reduced, p<0.05, visceral and body fats as compared to OZ treatment, but not significantly different from control treatment.Meanwhile, CLA-OZ 2-treated mice maintained significantly, p<0.05, lower visceral and body fats than control and OZ-treated mice. Protein contents in mice were not affected by any other treatments. These results suggest that OZ enhanced the reduction of visceral and body fats in mice by CLA.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.131-140
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• 2015

To set up unicellular cyanobacterial strains with photo-biological $H_2$ production potential, live samples were repeatedly collected from 68 stations in the coastal zone of Korea for the four years since 2005. Among 77 cyanobacterial strains established six (KNU strains, CB-MAL002, 026, 031, 054, 055 and 058) were finally chosen as the excellent strains for $H_2$ production with $H_2$ accumulation over 0.15 mL $H_2\;mL^{-1}$ under general basic $H_2$ production conditions as well as positive $H_2$ production for more than 60 hr. To explore optimum procedures for higher $H_2$ production efficiency of the six cyanobacterial strains, the inter-strain differences in the growth rate under the gradients of water temperature and salinity were investigated. The maximum daily growth rates of the six strains ranged from 1.78 to 2.08, and all of them exhibited $N_2-fixation$ ability. Based on the similarity of the 16S rRNA sequences, all the test strains were quite close to Cyanothece sp. ATCC51142 (99%). The six strains, however, were grouped into separate clades from strain ATCC51142 in the molecular phylogeny diagram. Chlorophyll- a content was 3.4~7.8% of the total dried weight, and the phycoerythrin and phycocyanin contents were half of those in the Atlantic strain, Synechococcus sp. Miami BG03511. The growth of the six strains was significantly suppressed at temperatures above the optimal range, $30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$, to be nearly stopped at $40^{\circ}C$. The growth was not inhibited by high salinities of 30 psu salinity in all the strains while strain CB055 maintained its high growth rate at low salinities down to 15 psu. The euryhaline strains like CB055 might support massive biotechnological cultivation systems using natural basal seawater in temperate latitudes. base seawater. The biological and ecophysiological characteristics of the test strains may contribute to designing the optimal procedures for photo-biological $H_2$ production by unicellular cyanobacteria.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.841-849
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• 1996

Quality changes in carrot during storage were studied to investigate the efficiency, cooling properties and the washing and storage effects of hydrocooling method. As a result of plotting the nondimensionalized carrot temperature versus cooling time, its cooling rate coefficient was shown $-0.0171min^{-1}{\sim}-0.0121min^{-1}\;(R^{2}=0.99{\sim}0.95)$, and $-0.141min^{-1}{\sim}-0.0038min^{-1}\;(R^{2}=0.98{\sim}0.92)$ in package condition7. Rate of weight loss and change in moisture content of carrot were not significantly different by treatment conditions during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. During storage at $15^{\circ}C$, however, weight loss of hydrocooled carrot was lower than that of non-treated carrot from the 30th to 40th day. Especially, PE was more effective than tray for packaging hydrocooled carrots. Carrot pretreated wish sterilizing agent, packed with PE vinyl film and with residual water removed after hydrocooling showed a lower decaying-rate than any other carrots. Changes in Hunter L and b values of hydrocooled carrot were slower than those of non-treated one. The carotenoids contents of stored carrot $(0.736{\sim}0.780mg%)$ decreased to $9{\sim}43%$ after 40 days of storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and before 20 days of storage at $15^{\circ}C$. It could be presumed that the addition of sterilizing agent reduced the initial level of overall microbial and coliform counts and their growth rate during storage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.229-238
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization amount and timing of application on protein content, dough properties, change in protein fraction, and bread loaf volume for Korean wheat cultivars, Baekkang, Joongmo2008, and Saekeumkang, for bread with a superior gluten composition during the grain filling stage. Protein content increased with an increase in the amount of N and timing of application. The SDS segmentation volume (SDSS) increased with an increase in N, but there was no effect of the timing of N application on SDSS. An increase in N amount and timing of application caused a difference in dough properties, such as water absorption, mixing time, and tolerance, among the cultivars. Soluble and insoluble polymeric and monomeric protein contents increased with an increase in N amount and timing of application the three Korean wheat cultivars. The effects of N amount and application timing on bread loaf volume (BLV) varied among the cultivars. The BLV of Saekeumkang increased regardless of the N amount and timing of application, but that of Baekkang and Joongmo2008 cultivars was reduced. However, there was a positive correlation between protein content with the addition of N fertilization and BLV. In addition, SDSS, mixing time, and protein fractions were positively correlated with BLV. Since the response of fertilizer conditions was different for each wheat cultivar, it is necessary to build a suitable fertilizing system for each of them. Additionally, since the environment is changing, such as abnormal climate during the maturing period, research is needed to establish appropriate fertilizer conditions for varieties of bread wheat.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.5 s.174
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• pp.499-512
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• 2005

EPMA determined that Fe(Mn)-(oxy)hydroxides and well-crystallized Fe-(oxy)hydroxides and could contain a small amount of As $(0.3-11.0\;wt.\%\;and\;2.1-7.4\;wt.\%\;respectively)$. Amorphous crystalline Fe-(oxy) hydroxide assemblages were identified as the richest in As with $28-36\;wt.\%$. On the ternary $As_2O_5-SO_3-Fe_2O_3$ diagram, these materials were interpreted here as 'scorodite-like'. Dissolved As was attenuated by the adsorption on Fe-(oxy) hydroxides and Fe(Mn)-(oxy) hydroxides and/or the formation of an amorphous Fe-As phase (maybe scorodite: $FeAsO_4\cdot2H_2O$). Leaching tests were performed in order to find out leaching characteristics of As and Fe under acidic conditions. At the initial pHs 3 and 5, As contents dissolved from tailings of the cheongyang mine significantly increased after 7 days due to the oxidation of As-bearing secondary minerals (up to ca. $2.4\%$ of total), while As of Seobo mine-tailing samples was rarely released (ca. $0.0-0.1\%$ of total). Dissolution experiments at an initial pH 1 liberated a higher amount of As (ca. $1.1-4.2\%$ of total for Seobo tailings, $1.5-14.4\%$ of total for Cheongyang tailings). In addition, good correlation between As and Fe in leached solutions with tailings was observed. The kinetic problems could be the important factor which leads to increasing concentrations of As in the runoff water. Release of As from Cheongyang tailings can potentially pose adverse impact to surface and groundwater qualities in the surrounding environment, while precipitation of secondary minerals and the adsorption of As are efficient mechanisms for decreasing the mobilities of As in the surface environment of Seobo mine area.