• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.7-30
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• 1998

Generation and recycling potential of organic waste in Korea were estimated. Status of organic waste composting and compost utilization also were surveyed to promote the recycling of organic waste. From 1994 to 1997, generation of garbage decreased gradually while recycling rate increased due to positive governmental strategy. During the same period, livestock waste increased 11.2%. Municipal wastewater sludge was generated 3,500 ton/day which was 0.03% of wastewater treated in 1996. The energy Potential of industrial organic waste was estimated to 288 million TOE which was 1.75% of the nationwide first energy consumption in 1996. Recycling of industrial sludge was low to 31%, while recycling of animal waste, plant scraps, and wasted paper were relatively high over 50%. Industrial sludge should be recycled more as it was the most part of industrial organic waste. Conventional composting materials were mainly livestock waste, food processing waste, fishery waste, sawdust, and nightsoil. Garbage and sludge have been composted recently. 420,000 tons of compost in 1996 were produced by 288 makers, the most of which were utilized in agriculture. It was suggested that separated collection, compost standard, and quality management should be provided to promote the composting of organic waste.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2005

As the landfill ban of food waste has enforced since 2005, the composition of municipal solid waste(MSW) has changed dramatically. In this 2 year study, MSW in a small city has collected 3 times at 10 different generating points, and physico-chemical analysis has done. From the result, the effect of landfill ban of food waste on the physico-chemical properties of MSW was described. Landfill ban of food waste has reduced by 12 weight % in the composition of food waste in MSW, and has reduced by 25 % of bulk density. After landfill ban of food waste, water content of MSW has reduced to 32.3%, which is reduced by 14.1 % of water content of year 2004 data. Low heating value of MSW after landfill ban was 2991.4kcal/kg, which has increased 32% than that of year 2004 data. From landfill gas generation modeling, it is estimated that the yearly generation rate of landfill gas will be reduced by 5% than in case of accepting food waste into the landfill.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2019

This study analyzed the correlation between generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), number of tourists, and area of accommodation facilities of small island such as Shin, Si, Mo and Jangbong island in Ongjin county, Incheon for use as basic data for estimation of MSW generation. An analysis of statistics data from september in 2012 to august in 2018 showed MSW generation was steadily increasing, and MSW generation in 2018 was increased by about 3.98 times compared to 2012. In summer, which is the tourist season, MSW generation was 2.43~9.39 times higher than in winter. MSW generation was influenced by the number of tourists. As of August 2018, generation rate of per capita of MSW was $0.839kg/cap{\cdot}day$, which was about 3.71 times higher than August 2013. Area of accommodation increased continuously from 2008 to 2017, increasing by about 8.32 times. The coefficient of determination between the area of accommodation and the number of tourists was 0.8418. Also coefficient of determination between area of accommodation and MSW generation were 0.9370 and 0.6025 before and after August in 2015, respectively. Accommodation was lacked due to increase of tourists. Although accommodation was scarce because of increase in the number of tourists since 2015, the coefficient of determination decreased due to the increase in waste generation.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.449-457
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• 2015

Objectives: In Korea, the system of management of medical waste largely relies on the incineration method. Our study aimed to identify any regional imbalances between the generation and treatment of medical waste, and provide reference data for future policy in Korea. Methods: We analyzed data on the amount of medical waste from 2,000 hospitals in 2012, 2013, and 2014 obtained from the Korea Environment Corporation. In the Arc GIS program (version 10.2.3), the addresses of hospitals and incinerators were transformed into map coordinates. The amount of waste generated by each hospital and the amount incinerated were represented by density and size of a triangle symbol, respectively. Results: As of 2014, the total amount of medical waste from the top 2,000 hospitals was 136,073 tons, out of which about half (49%) was generated in the capital area. Eleven incineration companies (three in the capital area, two in the Chungcheong Provinces area, one in the Jeolla Provinces area, and five in the Gyeongsang Provinces area) treated this waste. For the years 2012, 2013, and 2014, about 60% of the medical waste generated from the hospitals in the capital area was treated within the capital area and about 40% was transported to other areas, especially the Gyeongsang Provinces area, for treatment. On the other hand, about 90% of the medical waste incinerated in the capital area originated from the capital area. Conclusion: Our results suggest a spatial imbalance between the generation and treatment of medical waste in Korea and warrants multilateral policies, including the expansion of on-site treatment, strengthening regulation of the containment of medical wastes, promoting reductions in medical waste and more.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.125-134
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to provide basic information for a future countermeasure municipal and to establish several wastes policy after investigating solid wastes from Sunchon City. In addition, this research can be supported to manage of recycling plant and to reuse plant of each wastes. Results are as bellows after checking up and analysis type of waste in Sunchon city Unit solid waste generation rate from single family is $0.50kg/person{\cdot}day$, and total solid wastes are 41.9ton/day. Unit solid waste generation rate from apartments is $0.45kg/person{\cdot}day$, and solid wastes generation is 55.5ton/day. Unit solid waste generation rate from agricultural is $0.22kg/person{\cdot}day$ and total solid wastes are 13.5ton/day. That show total amount of municipal solid wastes from residential are 110.9ton/day. Unit solid waste generation rate from traditional markets is $1.85kg/person{\cdot}day$, and solid waste total volume is 5,400kg/day. Unit solid waste generation rate from small store is $2.03kg/person{\cdot}day$, and solid waste total are 25,101kg/day. Therefore, this show that total wastes are 30.50kg from downtown and commercial area. Solid waste quantity from Industrial area (Factory region) is 8.5ton and in case of school and hospitals are 7.2kg/day and 3.0kg/day. Solid waste amount from Institutional is 6.6kg/day. Food wastes were eliminated from municipal solid wastes as standard 63.4ton/day, and combustible wastes were 126.9ton/day. If it schedule about 5 years (by 2006) as durable year for food wastes treatment plant, it is expected 42.5ton/day for treatment capacity. We can judge that it is effective to be set 2 lines equipment ${\times}25ton/day$ as treatment ability under considering unexpected working condition such as any repair, trouble and an electrical load. If it schedule about 10 years (by 2011) as durable year for food wastes treatment plant, it is expected 150 ton/day for treatment capacity. We can conclude that it is effective to be set 2 lines equipment ${\times}80ton/day$ as treatment ability under considering working condition such as low loaded operating and the repair for incineration.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.29-39
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• 2023

In this study, an analysis of medical waste generation characteristics was conducted, differentiating between ordinary situation and the outbreaks of massive infectious diseases. During ordinary situation, prediction models for medical waste quantities by type, general medical waste(G-MW), hazardous medical waste(H-MW), infectious medical waste(I-MW), were established through regression analysis, with all significance values (p) being <0.0001, indicating statistical significance. The determination coefficient(R2) values for prediction models of each category were analyzed as follows : I-MW(R2=0.9943) > G-MW(R2=0.9817) > H-MW(R2=0.9310). Additionally, factors such as GDP(G-MW), the number of medical institutions (H-MW), and the elderly population ratio(I-MW), utilized as influencing factors and consistent with previous literature, showed high correlations. The total MW generation, evaluated by combining each model, had an MAE of 2,615 and RMSE of 3,353. This indicated accuracy levels similar to the medical waste models of H-MW(2,491, 2,890) and I-MW(2,291, 3,267). Due to limitations in accurately estimating the quantity of medical waste during the rapid and outbreaks of massive infectious diseases, the generation unit of I-MW was derived to analyze its characteristics. During the early unstable stage of infectious disease outbreaks, the generation unit was 8.74 kg/capita·day, 2.69 kg/capita·day during the stable stage, and an average of 0.08 kg/capita·day during the reduction stage. Correlation analysis between generation unit of I-MW and lethality rates showed +0.99 in the unstable stage, +0.52 in the stable stage, and +0.96 in the reduction period, demonstrating a very high positive correlation of +0.95 or higher throughout the entire outbreaks of massive infectious diseases. The results derived from this study are expected to play a useful role in establishing an effective medical waste management system in the field of health care.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.570-579
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• 2010

Since the temperature of waste heat source is relatively low, it is difficult to maintain high level of efficiency in power generation when the waste heat recovery is employed in the system. In an effort to improve the thermal efficiency and power output, use of ammonia-water mixture as a working fluid in the power cycle becomes a viable option. In this work, the performance of ammonia-water mixture based Rankine cycle is thoroughly investigated in order to maximize the power generation from the low temperature waste heat. In analyzing the power cycle, several key system parameters such as mass fraction of ammonia in the mixture and turbine inlet pressure are studied to examine their effects on the system performance. The results of the cycle analysis find a substantial increase both in power output and thermal efficiency if the fraction of ammonia increases in the working fluid.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.505-509
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• 2020

The development of diesel power generation is predominantly geared toward island areas or ships because diesel exhibits weak scale-merit characteristics and power quality problems, which are associated with environmental pollution. However, a new energy paradigm, distribution energy resource (DER), has been emerging as a renewable energy source due to the existing structural problems in waste disposal and complex factors such as the conversion technology of waste emulsified oil (WDF). By combining extended producer responsibility (EPR) support and renewable energy certificates (REC), including waste energy REC 0.25 for other bioenergy and REC 1.0 for power transactions, an adequate profit model can be built through self-energetic power generation, thereby drawing keen attention from related industries. Therefore, if WDF is used appropriately as a high-quality engine fuel, it can lead to the development of various fields such as novel renewable energy sectors, waste management, and EPR-related industries. This study is intended to produce WDF using plastic waste by using it as engine-generator fuel. Moreover, we investigate ways to improve the quality and suitability of WDF as an engine fuel.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.352-366
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• 2022

Nuclear power plant operations for electricity generation, rare-earth mining, nuclear medical research, and nuclear weapons reprocessing considerably increase radioactive waste, necessitating massive efforts to eradicate radioactive waste from aquatic environments. Cobalt (⁵⁸Co) and strontium (⁹⁰Sr) radioactive elements have been extensively employed in energy generation, nuclear weapon testing, and the manufacture of healthcare products. The erroneous discharge of these elements as pollutants into the aquatic system, radiation emissions, and long-term disposal is extremely detrimental to humans and aquatic biota. Numerous methods for treating radioactive waste-contaminated water have emerged, among which the adsorption process has been promoted for its efficacy in eliminating radioactive waste from aquatic habitats. The current review discusses the adsorptive removal of radioactive waste from aqueous solutions using low-cost adsorbents, such as graphene oxide, metal-organic frameworks, and inorganic metal oxides, as well as their composites. The chemical modification of adsorbents to increase their removal efficiency is also discussed. Finally, the current state of ⁵⁸Co and ⁹⁰Sr removal performances is summarized and the efficiencies of various adsorbents are compared.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Landfill gas (LFG) generation characteristics in a construction waste landfill zone (block E) and mixed landfill zone (block A) were analyzed. During the period from October 2018 to April 2022, a total of 936×10³ and 1,001×10³ tons of waste were disposed in block E and block A, respectively. Out of this, 27.1% and 55.6% were biodegradable waste in block E and block A, respectively. The landfill masses of the two blocks were converted to be comparable. Then, the biodegradable waste and organic carbon were estimated by element analysis, biodegradable carbon by biochemical methane potential experiment (DC), and sulfate ion by acid decomposition. Results showed that biodegradable waste, organic carbon, biodegradable carbon, and sulfate ions in block A were 2.1, 1.6, 5.2, and 0.4 times greater than those in block E, respectively. The amount of LFG generated by block A was 4.8 times greater than that by block E. The average concentrations of methane (CH₄) were 60.8% and 60.9% in block E and block A, respectively, which were unrelated to the nature of disposed waste. The average concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) were significantly high in block E (4,489 ppm) and block A (8,478 ppm). As the DC/SO₄^2- of block E and block A were 0.35 and 4.56, respectively, increase in DC/SO₄^2- caused increase in not only the total amount but also the concentration of H₂S generated.