• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.377-396
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• 2000

After warming-up exercise for 20 minutes, Isokinetic measurement of trunk strength for flexor and extensor was done by using Cybex 6000 TEF Unit on 91 healthy male white workers from 22years old to 49 years old, and compared each other. 20 repetitions of trunk extension-flexion were done at $120^{\circ}$/sec angular velocity. After resting for 1 minutes, Four repetitions at two different angular velocities($60^{\circ}$/sec, $120^{\circ}$/sec) were done with 30 seconds of resting interval between each angular velocity. The purpose of this study is to obtain the isokinetic normative strength values for trunk extensors and flexors, and is to know the correlation between age, height, weight of subjects and data from isokinetic trunk strength measurement, and is to provide a guideline for exercise program of male white collar workers The collected data were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, and Pearson correlation coefficiency in PC-SAS program. The results obtained were as follow; 1. There is significant positive-correlation with the statistic value between weight and peak torque of trunk muscles at two different angular velocities($60^{\circ}$/sec, $120^{\circ}$/sec)(p<01), between height and peak torque of trunk muscles at two different angular velocities($60^{\circ}$/sec, $120^{\circ}$/sec) except peak torque of trunk flexor at $60^{\circ}$/sec(p<01). 2. There is nagitive-correlation between age and peak torque of trunk muscles at two different angular velocities($60^{\circ}$/sec, $120^{\circ}$/sec), there is significant differences with statistic value between age and peak torque of trunk extensor at $120^{\circ}$/sec(p<.01). 3. Mean peak torque and mean peak torque % by body weight of trunk extensor is 1.1 times higher values than trunk flexor at $60^{\circ}$/sec. 4. There is the increase in peak torque angle of trunk flexor with increasing of age, and the decrease in peak torque angle of trunk flexor with increasing of age at two different angular velocities($60^{\circ}$/sec, $120^{\circ}$/sec). there is significant differences with statistic value in peak torque angle of trunk flexor at $120^{\circ}$/sec(p<.01). 5. There is significant decrease in endurance ratio of trunk extensor with increasing of age at $120^{\circ}$/sec(p<.01). In conclusion, peak torque of trunk extensor is 1.1 times higher values than trunk flexor in healthy male white collar workers.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 2016

Due to climate changes accelerated by global warming, South Korea has experienced regional climate variations as well as increasing severities and frequencies of extreme weather. The precipitation in South Korea during the summer season in 2013 was concentrated mainly in the central region; the maximum number of rainy days were recorded in the central region while the southern region had the minimum number of rainy days. As a result, much attention has been paid to the importance of flood control due to damage caused by spatiotemporal intensive rainfalls. In this study, forecast rainfall data was used for rapid responses to prevent disasters during flood seasons. For this purpose, the applicability of numerical weather forecast data was analyzed using the ground observation rainfall and inflow rate. Correlation coefficient, maximum rainfall intensity percent error and total rainfall percent error were used for the quantitative comparison of ground observation rainfall data. In addition, correlation coefficient, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, and standardized RMSE were used for the quantitative comparison of inflow rate. As a result of the simulation, the correlation coefficient up to six hours was 0.7 or higher, indicating a high correlation. Furthermore, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient was positive until six hours, confirming the applicability of forecast rainfall.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2014

This study analyzed a comprehensive database including 6331 ready-mixed concrete plant mixtures to quantitatively assess the environmental impact of concrete under mixture proportions variable according to the domestic region and season. The environmental impact indicator includes global warming, photochemical oxidant creation, abiotic resource depletion, acidification, eutrophication and human toxicity, which are determined from categorization, characterization, normalization and weighting process based on Korea lifecycle inventories. The determined environmental impact indicator was also normalized by concrete compressive strength ($f_{ck}$), which is defined as impact index, to calculate the environmental impact per unit strength of 1 MPa. The most common compressive strength of concrete used in the country is estimated to be 24 MPa and 27 MPa. For $f_{ct}$ of 24 MPa, the lowest environmental impact indicator is observed in Ulsan, whereas the highest region is Gwangju and Daegu. This difference according to domestic region is primarily resulted from by the replacement of different supplementary cementitious materials. Furthermore, the impact index of concrete with $f_{ck}$ of 24 MPa is higher by approximately 5% at wintertime than at summertime and standard season. The impact index gradually decreases with the increase of $f_{ck}$ up to 35 MPa, beyond which it remains constant.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2020

Rising sea levels along the coast from global warming causes the increase of wave energy along the coast. This rise in sea levels results in relatively deep water levels, which would incur the loss of sand that had not occurred in the past from erosion in coastal areas. Generally, it has been challenging to protect against coastal erosion, and the slope, cross-sectional shape, and materials are selected for the site conditions depending on the change in external forces. However, the application of counter measures based on insufficient understanding of the phenomenon is causing various damage, indicating the need for technological development and converging technologies to improve credibility. In this study, we developed eco-friendly permeable biopolymer concrete blocks to control the coastal erosion by using the Bio-Coast, an effective porous structure that mitigates the destructive erosion caused by the rising sea levels. The hexagonal design of Bio-Coast was derived from the honeycomb, columnar joints, and clover, which are durable and stable structures in nature, and the design was changed to apply bumps on the Bio-Coast filling in the form of a clover to reduce wave overtopping and run-up. Applying the field condition of beaches on the east coast of Korea, the block weight and size were decided and the prototype blocks were manufactured and are ready for field placement. In particular, it is intended to protect coastal areas from destructive erosion by natural and artificial external forces, and to extend the design to river,s lakes, and natural walking trails, to improve the efficiency of quality control and process control through the use of blocks.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.84-98
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• 2011

The study investigated the linguistic characteristics of middle school students' writing on the themes of earth science through analysis of its genre and register. Data for analysis included $7^{th}$ grade and $9^{th}$ grade students' writings about 'global warming' and 'classification of rocks'. The results of this study include: First, many students were not accustomed to writing in genre, especially exposition genre. Second, in terms of ideational meaning, the material verbs representing action or doing were more dominant than relational verbs that are related to the attribute or definition of things, and additional logical relations were predominant. Third, regarding interpersonal meaning, agents, emotions, subjective opinions appeared in the writings and students did not express their ideas conclusively and revealed feelings of doubt and uncertainty about their knowledge. Fourth, as for textual meaning, most students listed fragments of information using additional conjunctions in simple structures and were not accustomed to writing texts with organizing structures, logical patterns, cohesion, and coherence. From these results, we argued that the scientific writings should be emphasized in science learning that aims to foster scientific literacy. In addition, we discussed the necessity of improving science teachers' perceptions on scientific writing as well as setting up a specific plan in the national curriculum.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.93-112
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• 2002

Recently, the number of the elderly has increased according to the improvement of socioeconomic status and the efficient medical care system. In spite of the development of medicine, the elderly suffers from the various health problems caused by weakness of musculoskeletal system, cardiopulmonary function and immunologic dysfunction. Regular rhythmic exercise program is known to be one of the effective tools to enhance the health condition in the elderly. However, there has been few studies to evaluate the comprehensive effects of rhythmic movement program on the elderly. This study was focused to evaluate the indices of cardiopulmonary function, life satisfaction, calcium, phosphorous, osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline which are the essential factors of health problems in the elderly women. Twenty six subjects, aged between 68 and 72, who can do the ordinary activities and do not have cardiovascular dysfunction and mental disorder, participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: 13 in the experimental group and 13 in the control group. The experimental group participated in the rhythmic movement program at the welfare center located in G-city. The program were consisted of three sessions a week during 10 weeks. Each session had three parts: warming up(10 minutes), main exercise(40 minutes), finishing(10 minutes). Heart rate, blood pressure and peripheral arterial oxygen saturation were measured for the evaluation of cardiopulmonary function. Serum calcium, phosphorous, osteocalcin and urine deoxypyridinoline were measured as the indices of bony metabolism. Data were analyzed with mean, standard deviation, $x^2$-test, t-test, paired t-test using SPSS PC+ program. The results of this study were as follows. 1) Heart rate of the experimental group showed significant decrease following the rhythmic movement program. Peripheral arterial oxygen saturation of the experimental group showed significant increase following the program. 2) The degree of life satisfaction of the experimental group showed significant increase following the program. 3) Calcium showed significant decrease following the program but remained within normal range. There was no significant difference of phosphorous between two groups. 4) Osteocalcin, the index of bone formation, showed no significant change following the program, but significant increase in the experimental group comparing with the control group. 5) Deoxypyridinoline, the index of bone resorption, in urine of the experimental group showed significant decrease following the program. In conclusion, the rhythmic exercise program in the elderly showed the improvement of physiologic function and favorable effects on life satisfaction and bony metabolism. According to the above results, the regular rhythmic movement program can be strongly recommended for the improvement of health in the elderly women.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1045-1050
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• 2014

$N_2O$(Nitrous Oxide) is known as the third major GHG(Green House Gas) following $CO_2$(Carbon Oxide) and $CH_4$(Methane). The GWP(Global Warming Potential) factor of $N_2O$ is 310 times as large as that of $CO_2$ because $N_2O$ in the atmosphere is very stable, and it becomes a source of secondary contamination after photo-degradation in the stratosphere. Investigation on the cause of the $N_2O$ formation have been continuously reported by several researchers on power sources with continuous combustion form, such as a boiler. However, in the diesel engine, research on $N_2O$ generation which has effected from fuel components has not been conducted. Therefore, in this research, author has investigated about $N_2O$ emission rates which was changed by nitrogen and sulfur concentration in fuel on the diesel engine. The test engine was a 4-stroke direct injection diesel engine with maximum output of 12 kW at 2600rpm, and operating condition of that was set up at a 75% load. Nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in fuel were raised by using six additives : nitrogen additives were Pyridine, Indole, Quinoline, Pyrrol and Propionitrile and sulfur additive was Di-tert-butyl-disulfide. In conclusion, diesel fuels containing nitrogen elements less than 0.5% did not affect $N_2O$ emissions in the all concentrations and kinds of the additive agent in the fuel. However, increasing of the sulfur additive in fuel increased $N_2O$ emission in exhaust gas.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine how rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS), one of music therapy techniques for neurological rehabilitation, affects the factors of hemiplegia patients' turning gait and straight gait. This study is designed to compare elimination and intervention of music therapy for 4 weeks with repeated measure plan and measure factors are classified into 21 sub-factors. The subjects of this study were 4 patients who need walking training and they were requested by physical therapist a march and a lied were used to cure them by a researcher. Each session was composed of warming up, RAS gait training, ending. The music used for RAS gait training was provided with speed which was set to patient's own gait speed measured before music therapy. The speed was provided fast gradually and each session was proceeded for 50 minutes. The results of this study showed that walking abilities increase in the segments with music therapy (B) compared to those in the segment without music therapy (A), and this supports the previous report that the application of music therapy together with other treatments has a positive effect on improvement in the patient's walking abilities. In addition, this study is meaningful in that it demonstrated that RAS music therapy is helpful to improve walking abilities not only in straight gait but also in turning gait.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1299-1304
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop a exercise program adopted from Jazz dance and to analyze the effect of the Jazz dance program on the Body composition, Blood components and Bone metabolism and also to study the supplement effects of Iron with Jazz dance. The Jazz dance program was composed of warming-up (10 min), Jazz dance (40 min) and cooling-down (10 min) parts. The 21 adult women between 25 and 35 year were divided into three groups; Jazz dance + iron intake group (7), Jazz dance group (7) and control group (7). The Jazz dance program was applied three times a week and 80 mg intake per day were given. The results were as follows. The body weight and lean body mass were decreased in the Jazz dance + iron intake group. The body fat mass were increased in the Jazz dance + iron intake group. The lean body mass were decreased in the Jazz dance group. The RBC, WBC, Hb were increased in the Jazz dance+iron intake group. The MCV were decreased in the Jazz dance+iron intake group. The WBC, MCHC were increased in the Jazz dance group. The MCHC were decreased in the Jazz dance group. The Deoxypyridinoline, Osteocalcin were decreased in the Jazz dance+iron intake group and the Jazz dance group.

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-81
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• 1997

Numerical prediction of nocturnal thermal high in summer of the 1995 near Taegu city located in a basin has been carried out by a non-hydrostatic numerical model over complex terrain through one-way double nesting technique in the Z following coordinate system. Under the prevailing westerly winds, vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat over mountains for daytime hours are quite strong with a large magnitude of more than $120W/\textrm{m}^2$, but a small one of $5W/\textrm{m}^2$ at the surface of the basin. Convective boundary layer (CBL) is developed with a thickness of about 600m over the ground in the lee side of Mt. Hyungje, and extends to the edge of inland at the interface of land sea in the east. Sensible heat flux near the surface of the top of the mountain is $50W/\textrm{m}^2$, but its flux in the basin is almost zero. Convergence of sensible heat flux occurs from the ground surface toward the atmosphere in the lower layer, causing the layer over the mountain to be warmed up, but no convergance of the flux over the basin results from the significant mixing of air within the CBL. As horizontal transport of sensible heat flux from the top of the mountain toward over the basin results in the continuous accumulation of heat with time, enhancing air temperature at the surface of the basin, especially Taegu city to be higher than $39.3^{\circ}C$. Since latent heat fluxes are $270W/\textrm{m}^2$ near the top of the mountain and $300W/\textrm{m}^2$ along the slope of the mountain and the basin, evaporation of water vapor from the surface of the basin is much higher than one from the mountain and then, horizontal transport of latent heat flux is from the basin toward the mountain, showing relative humidity of 65 to 75% over the mountain to be much greater than 50% to 55% in the basin. At night, sensible heat fluxes have negative values of $-120W/\textrm{m}^2$ along the slope near the top of the mountain and $-50W/\textrm{m}^2$ at the surface of the basin, which indicate gain of heat from the lower atmosphere. Nighttime radiative cooling produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer with a thickness of about 100m, which is much lower than common surface inversion layer, and lifts extremely heated air masses for daytime hours, namely, a warm pool of $34^{\circ}C$ to be isolated over the ground surface in the basin. As heat transfer from the warm pool in the lower atmosphere toward the ground of the basin occurs, the air near the surface of the basin does not much cool down, resulting in the persistence of high temperature at night, called nocturnal thermal high or tropical night. High relative humidity of 75% is found at the surface of the basin under the moderate wind, while slightly low relative humidity of 60% is along the eastern slope of the high mountain, due to adiabatic heating by the srong downslope wind. Air temperature near the surface of the basin with high moisture in the evening does not get lower than that during the day and the high temperature produces nocturnal warming situation.