The Digital Cold War argument has become one of the heatedly discussed foreign policy agendas in the U.S. Considering the authority and power of the U.S. government and Internet companies in the cyberspace, this shift is not negligible in understanding not only the changes in the U.S. foreign and military policies but also that in the operations of the global Internet governance. Given these circumstances, I seek to explain the origins of and test the theoretical validity of the Digital Cold War argument. In particular, I analyze how the political concerns of the Chinese authorities shaped the characteristics of their control of the domestic Internet and their approach to the global Internet governance. The findings indicate that the Chinese way of the Internet governance is more concerned of their domestic political stability than overthrowing the current Internet governance regime, which many supporters of the Digital Cold War argument cited as the key evidence of such political contentions. Though the Digital Cold War argument is theoretically unwarranted, its growing popularity and the historical lessons of the Cold War have broad implications to the understanding of the impacts of the great power rivalries on the future Internet governance.
After successful nuclear tests Pakistan launched a more severe surprise attack toward India than before. It is highly possible that North Korea will adopt this Pakistan military strategy if it is armed with nuclear weapons. The North Korean forces armed, with nuclear bombs could make double its war capability through strengthening aggressive force structure and come into effect on blocking reinforcement of the US forces at the initial phase of war time. Therefore we may regard that Pyongyang's nuclear arming is a major one of various factors which increase possibility of waging a conventional warfare or a nuclear war. North Korea's high self-confidence after nuclear arming will heighten tension on the Korean Peninsula via aggressive military threat or terror toward South Korea, and endeavor to accomplish its political purpose via low-intensity conflicts. For instance, nuclear arming of the Pyongyang regime enforces the North Korean forces to invade the Northern Limit Line(NLL), provoke naval battles at the West Sea, and occupy one or two among the Five Islands at the West Sea. In that case, the South Korean forces will be faced with a serious dilemma. In order to recapture the islands, Seoul should be ready for escalating a war. However it is hard to imagine that South Korea fights with North Korea armed with nuclear weapons. This paper concludes that the Pyongyang regime after nuclear arming strongly tends to occupy superiority of military strategy and wage military provocations on the Korean Peninsula.
The aim of this review is to introduce the progress in trauma surgery made during war. In the 16th century, Paré reintroduced ligature of arteries, which had been introduced by Celsus and Galen, instead of cauterization during amputation. Larrey, a surgeon in Napoleon's military, adapted the "flying artillery" to serve as "flying ambulances" for rapid transport of the wounded. He established rules for the triage of war casualties, treating wounded soldiers according to the seriousness of their injuries and the urgency of medical care. To treat fractures and tuberculosis, Thomas created the "Thomas splint", which was used to stabilize fractured femurs and prevent infection; in World War I (WWI), use of this splint reduced the mortality of compound femur fractures from 87% to less than 8%. During WWI, Cushing systematized the treatment of head injuries, reducing mortality among head injury patients. Gillies repaired facial injuries, and his experiences became the basis of craniofacial and aesthetic surgery. In WWII, McIndoe discovered that immersion in saline promoted burn healing and improved survival rates, and thus began saline baths and early grafting instead of using tannic acid. A high mortality rate in patients with acute renal failure was noted in WWII and the Korean War. In the Korean War, Teschan used the Kolff-Brigham dialyzer. The first use of medevac with helicopters was the evacuation of three British pilot combat casualties by the US Army in Burma during WWII. As a lotus blooms in the mud, military surgeons have contributed to trauma surgery during wartime.
This paper argues that the war in Syria is partly the result of a global Islamist wave that contributed to fuelling conflict across large regions of Asia and Africa. Of course, the war that has consumed Syria since 2011 most certainly has multiple interrelated causes and driving forces, and any attempt to isolate one or even two or three runs the risk of advancing an overly simplistic interpretation of history. This essay, therefore, does not aim to offer an appraisal of the multiple variables that contributed to the war in Syria. Instead, it zeroes in on how political Islam came to impact Syria and its people. In doing so, it demonstrates how competing varieties of political Islam represented leading causes of conflict. Indeed, different Islamist movements contributed to the outbreak of the war in 2011, fuelled the conflict for years on end, and to this day represent major obstacles to the achievement of sustainable peace. Four broad Islamist currents are especially relevant to the case of Syria: the Muslim Brotherhood; the Shia revivalist movement at the nexus of the alliance between Iran, Hezbollah, and Syria; Salafi jihadism and its volatile and fractious underworld of competing armed groups, from Al-Qaeda to the Islamic State; and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's market-friendly Islamism, which induced Turkey to intervene in Syria's civil war.
International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
/
v.15
no.1
/
pp.171-176
/
2023
What we have in common worldwide today is economic difficulties due to high inflation and uncertainty in the financial industry. The root cause of this is the war between Russia and Ukraine. The war between Russia and Ukraine is not simply a war between two countries. The United States and the European Union are providing military aid such as missiles to Ukraine, and Russia is attacking Ukraine by introducing UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) from Iran. A prominent weapon in this Russia-Ukraine war is the UAVs used in Russia. It is predicted that the form of war using UAVs will gradually expand in the future based on stealth. In addition, UAVs will continue to be used due to the fact that they can cause serious damage to the other country without harming their own lives, and because they have good cost-effectiveness. In this study, UAVs based on autonomous driving were studied. The target countries of the study include the United States, the European Union, China, and Iran, and the UAVs used in these countries have characteristics that can represent the world. In this study, the main specifications of major UAVs in use in major countries were investigated. In addition, the future technology and development direction were described through specifications and characteristics of UAVs currently in operation in major countries.
International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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v.11
no.3
/
pp.59-64
/
2023
The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine increases concerns around the world. Russian President Vladimir Putin attacked Ukraine, with a clear aim to protect ethnic Russians from Ukraine, and further to keep Ukraine from joining NATO. However, as the war takes longer than expected, Russia is getting more isolated from the world. Given this, we analyzed editorials from the New York Times by paying attention to the newspaper's viewpoint or ideological stance to the war, under van Dijk (1998)'s ideological square within the framework of critical discourse analysis. The analysis results are as follows: first, Ukraine, the United States and the Europe were designated as the ingroup, whereas Putin was as its outgroup; second, the editorials used negative words for their outgroup presentation, highlighting the outgroup's bad properties, while the positive words for their ingroup presentations were rarely used, indicating that the editorials reinforce outgroup exclusion only; third, it was only Russian President Vladimir Putin who was in their outgroup, while Russians were depicted as scapegoats to satisfy the pleasures of the maniacal Putin. Thus, it can be concluded that with the strategy of negative exclusion, the editorials clearly show their negative ideology towards the war by using negative words for the outgroup almost six times as often as positive words for the ingroup.
Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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v.39
no.3
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pp.26-38
/
2011
The purpose of this study was to analyze the commemoration culture of Vietnam War Memorials (VWM) in Vietnam. Through site survey, the researcher selected 23 VWM in Vietnam and analyzed 5 categories: memorial type, design concept and narratives, location and spatial form, landscape elements, and content expressed in landscape details. The results are as follows: 1. Because of the long, drawn out Vietnam War, which lasted from 1955 to 1975, VWM were divided into 10 types mainly as soldier cemeteries based on a traditional memorial style, battlefields and places of tragedies considering sense of place, war museums representing victory and atrocity in war, and peace parks promoting reconciliation and peacemaking. 2. The analysis revealed that the main concepts and narratives of VWM were to value the victims of the Vietnam War, remember soldiers' contributions, highlight the victory in war and resistance to the United States, and express a sense of place. Peacemaking applied only to My Lai Peace Park and Han-Viet Hoa Binh Cong Vien, built by international cooperation. 3. Cemeteries and appreciation memorials were designed to follow a traditional memorial space form that highly regard both axis and symmetry. The design concept at battlefields and places where tragedies occurred depended mainly upon a sense of place and used symbolic landscape elements to compensate for the undefined concept. 4. Sculptures and towers were mainly used to highlight war victory and resistance as the representative style of a Socialist country, weapons and pictures exhibited in war museums and battlefield showed the reality and strain of war. Symbolic elements of Buddhism and Confucianism were often introduced as a way to venerate the memory of deceased persons. 5. The state and heroic actions in the Vietnam War were realistically depicted on sculptures and walls. Also, the symbolic phrase, 'TO-QUOC-GUI-CONG' meaning 'our country remember your achievement', were written on the memorial tower and 'Quagmiire' was used to metaphorically represent the difficulties faced by the U.S. military on battlefields during the war and the uncertainly that pervaded U.S. society in those days. 6. In VWM, ideologies like nationalism, patriotism, socialism, capitalism were mixed and traditional cultures like Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism were inherent. Differing from their Confucianism culture, war heroes, particularly including women, were often described by sculpture, monument, and pictures and the conflict in and outside the country regarding the Vietnam War was shown. Further study will be required to analyze design characteristics of VWM in the u.s. and to understand the difference in commemoration cultures between Vietnam and the U.S.
Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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v.28
no.2
/
pp.98-108
/
2010
The purpose of this study was to analyze the monumental expression of Korean War Memorials(KWM) in Korea(KWMK). Through site survey and internet searching, the researcher selected 17 KWMK and analyzed four analysis categories: contents, spatial form, landscape elements, sculptures and architectural elements. The results are as follows: 1. The analysis revealed that main contents of KWMK were to cherish victims of the Korean War, honor military merit, and explain Korean War. 2. Most KWMK built battlefield had the form of symmetry and spatial axis arranged monuments and sculptures for solemnity and heroism. Though the sites were terraced by traditional spatial order, spatial sequence wasn't seen except Yang-gu KWMK and Chumomyeongbi in United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea. 3. Stone monument-like towers, tablets, podium, monoliths, cenotaphs, and exhibit halls to explain Korean War and combat history were used as main elements of KWMK and also, war weapons were often displayed the flags of countries taking part in Korean War were raised with Taegeukgi and the United Nations flag. 4. Most sculptures were used as important media to represent the Korean War and assumed realistically the form of heroic combat. But a few architectural memorial built in recent were designed in contemporary style to have spatial sequence and represent Korean War symbolically and narratively. 5. In memorial culture, KWMK were strongly influenced by ideology and patriotism, impacted by conventional value, and designed by some sculptors and designers in a certain circle. Further study will be required to analyze the characteristics of KWMK in the point of design style and diachronic.
The purpose of this study is to examine COVID-19 situation in temrs of war-theory and to find out ways to overcome it. Just as the war changes the paradigm in the international situation and the national crisis management system, the current COVID-19 pandemic is bringing about the entry of the so-called "New Normal" era having the characteristics including untact culture. Although academic research on COVID-19 is mainly dealt with in terms of medical, tourism, and economics, the military research has not yet begun from the perspective of military science or war theory. In the concept of a comprehensive crisis that COVID-19 can cause enormous damage to the life and property of a country, it can be regarded as a target or enemy to be overcome. Among various war theories, the similarities with COVID-19 incident are analyzed in terms of the nature and aspect of the war and the factors of victory. Qualitative and questionnaire analysis results show that the COVID-19 outbreak is very similar to war when considering a variety of war-characteristics. In addition this research proposes ways to overcome COVID-19 based on the victorious factors of the past war, and predicts the impact of the international community after the end of COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of analyzing the priority of overcoming factors through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) shows that clear goals and establishment of alliances should be prioritized for successfully overcoming COVID-19.
In this paper, the aspects of recollection discourse during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 are discussed. As a research method the dialectic of oblivion is used. The results of the study are like these: first, the hero discourse of Lee Soon-Sin was the center of the discourse of the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 until the 20th century. In the two books Jingbirok and A War Diary written at that time, the subjective and objective description of the war was essential. However, it has a limit that it can't describe the real situation of the war that the people and the soldiers went through, as it focuses on Lee Soon-Sin's inner thoughts. Second, in the 21st century The Song of Sword written by Kim Hoon deals with the inner mind of Lee Soon-Sin in monologue unlike the usual hero discourse. Although as we can see in the records about the marine righteous army, people centered discourse description of the war shows a different way of discourse about the Imjin War. The movie, Myeongryang directed by Kim Han-Min tries to modify the way of remembering the war and presents the real heroes were the people and Lee Soon-Sin was a additional character in the war by showing a lot of battle scenes in the sea. The truth of history can't be found by only researching the recorded materials. As cultural texts dealing with the way of remembering the war, the novel shows a struggling individual not a hero and the movie focuses on that people's active participation led the victory of the war.
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