• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2008

This study investigated gait characteristics, kinematics, and kinetics in the lower extremities between two different shoe conditions (high heeled shoes (7 cm), and high heeled shoes with a total contact insert (TCI)) after lower extremity muscle fatigue. Although TCI shave been applied in high heeled shoes to increase comfort and to decrease foot pressure, no study has attempted to identify the effects of TCI in fatigue conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of walking in high heeled shoes with TCI after lower extremity muscle fatigue was induced. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory at Hanseo University. A volunteer sample of 14 healthy female subjects participated. All in fatigue conditions, the subjects were divided into two groups. The muscle fatigue was induced by 40 voluntary dorsi- and plantar-flexion exercises and 40 heel-rise exercises of the dominant foot. Surface electromyography was used to confirm the localized muscle fatigue using power spectral analysis of three muscles (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis). The results were as follows: (1) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI decreased the peak flexion angle of the hip joint significantly in the early stance phase (p<.05) and increased the peak hip flexion moment in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (2) In muscle fatigue conditions, the application of TCI also increased peak hip power generation in the early stance phase and peak hip power absorption in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (3) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI reduced the impact force significantly and increased the secondary peak vertical GRF. These findings suggest that the TCI may provide beneficial effects when muscle fatigue occurs for a high heeled shoe gait. Future research employing the patient population and various types of TCI materials are required to clarify the effects of TCI.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2005

This study investigated the effects on foot and ankle roll-over characteristics according to different heel heights during walking. Fifteen female volunteers who have neither musculoskeletal nor foot problems were participated in gait analyses, wearing four different pairs of shoes in different heel heights. To obtain roll-over shape of foot/ankle complex, we used trajectories of knee and ankle joints as well as the renter of pressure between initial contact and opposite initial contact. Results revealed that the entire roll-over shape moved distally as the heel height increased but roll-over characteristics showed uniformly with different heel heights. In addition, we found that nondisablea persons automatically adapted to their foot/ankle complex to varying heel heights within 6cm, by moving the origin of roll-over shape distally to maintain roll-over characteristics. However, since the balance of the gait only by the ankle joint could not be achieved beyond the heel height of 6cm, compensations at the knee and the hip joints occurred simultaneously. Roll-over characteristics in human walking would provide simpler and wider understanding of human walking, and furthermore could be applied to the wide understanding of prosthetics and orthotics of the lower extremity as well as orthopaedic shoes.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.159-166
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop and automatic gait event detection algorithm using single accelerometer which is attached at the top of the shoe. The sinal vector magnitude and anterior-posterior(x-axis) directional component of accelerometer were used to detect heel strike(HS) and toe off(TO), respectively. To evaluate proposed algorithm, gait event timing was compared with that by force plate and kinematic data. In experiment, 7 subjects performed 10 trials level walking with 3 different walking conditions such as fast, preferred & slow walking. An accelerometer, force plate and 3D motion capture system were used during experiment. Gait event by force plate was used as reference timing. Results showed that gait event by accelerometer is similar to that by force plate. The distribution of differences were spread about $22.33{\pm}17.45m$ for HS and $26.82{\pm}14.78m$ for To and most error was existed consistently prior to 20ms. The difference between gait event by kinematic data and developed algorithm was small. Thus it can be concluded that developed algorithm can be used during outdoor walking experiment. Further study is necessary to extract gait spatial variables by removing gravity factor.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.20-28
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• 2019

This study comparatively analyzes general walking shoes on the conical top foundation of the ground condition and the pressure distribution during walking with shoes that are currently under development. Two categories of footwear were used: general footwear and a footwear conical top foundation that is currently under development. Experiments were carried out on hard ground and sandy soil in 15 male twenties that satisfy the conditions of normal foot wearing 260 mm. The pressure during walking was measured using Techstorm's Wireless Insole System, and foot pressure was measured in 7 zones of the foot. Studies have shown different maximum forces, average pressures, and pressure distributions depending on the shoe and ground conditions. This study shows that shoes with general low pressure dispersion effects depending on the feet in hard ground and sand ground are different from shoes with the conical top foundation that is currently under development. It is expected that it will be useful for the development of shoes that can be worn in all hard ground and sandy ground by selecting various rubber materials through further research.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 2012

In this study, we developed a wireless rehabilitation auditory feedback gait training system for symmetrical weight-bearing in patient with CVA. The device consists of an instantaneous shoe equipped with two load-cell sensors. Auditory feedback can be applied according to the weight-bearing. For gait patterns analysis, cadence, walking velocity, stance/swing phase ratio and gait cycle were examined. The clinical test with six healthy volunteers and two hemiplegic patients was performed applying the auditory feedback system. Both normal subjects and hemiplegic patients were increased strength on weight-bearing in affected limb, walking velocity, and cadence after biofeedback device. Also, the stance time with weight-bearing was increased while the swing time was decreased in gait phase. It can be expected that by using the feedback system, the patient with lower limb disorder will be able to reach a better quality of weight-bearing during gait.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine effects of 12-week wearing of unstable shoe on the standing posture and gait mechanics. Nine healthy men were asked to wear the unstable shoes for 12-week and walk for 30 minute everyday. Their standing posture and gait mechanics were measured before and after treatment. Standing posture was measured for each side(anterior, posterior, lateral) for standing position. And gait analysis was measured joint angle of a right lower limb between first right heel contact and second right heel contact. Kinematic data were collected using video camera at 30 frame per seconds. Statistical analysis was paired t-test(p<.05) to compare before training with after that. A head tilt angle was significantly decreased for posterior side(p<.05). The angle of between center of line and surface was significantly decreased at midstance and take off during walking(p<.05). Ankle dorsiflexion significantly increased at heel contact2(p<.05) and ankle plantarflexion significantly increased at midstance and midswing(p<.05). The increase of ankle dorsiflexion showed that our results consisted with previous study. In conclusion, there was not large significant difference in static standing posture but joint angle of lower limb represented many changes with increasing of ankle motion during walking. These were of benefit to body by increasing leg muscle activity but it was necessary for man having a ankle problem to consider. Further studies concerning optimum outsole angle of unstable shoes are necessary.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.128-133
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to verify whether the data measured by the researcher and the smart shoe sensor data are the same or similar by performing the 6 - minute walking test and time up and go test after putting smart shoes on a normal person. Ten normal adult males participated. After wearing smart shoes, they performed a 6-minute walk test and a time up and go test. The results of this experiment show that the accuracy of the current sensor is high. The difference in the distance of the 6-minute walking test is that the difference is because the turning point, which is not calculated in the actual 30-m track, measures the distance. From this point of view, it can be seen that smart shoes measure more accurate distance and it is expected that various tests will be possible through smart sensors.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2003

Introduction : The purpose is a retrospective evaluation of the clinical results of the radial forearm flap transfer for foot reconstruction. Materials and methods : We evaluated 21 cases with medical records including etiology, wound dimension, presence of infection, associated fracture, ischemic time of free flap, complication of donor and recipient site. The final results were evaluated with our clinical score (walking, shoe-in, cosmetic). Results : Defects were located on the heel (12 cases), dorsum of foot (4 cases) and sole (5 cases). Mean wound dimension was $7.56{\times}6.0cm$, and mean ischemic time of free flap was 94.5minute. There were superficial skin necrosis (1 case), recurrent ulceration (2 cases) in recipient site, and no complication in donor site but complaint about cosmetic problem (3 cases). The clinical score showed excellent in 14 cases, good in 4 cases, fair in 1 case and poor in 2 cases. Conclusion : We consider the radial forearm flap could provid the stable and durable restoration of normal foot contour without debulking in the foot reconstruction and achieved normal ambulation and cosmetic satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.147-154
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• 2018

PURPOSE: This study examined the ability of experimental socks combined with a functional insole to reduce plantar foot pressure in healthy subjects. METHODS: The study enrolled 15 subjects. An in-shoe measurement device was used to measure the peak plantar pressure while walking. The peak forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot plantar pressure data were collected under two conditions: the subjects were wearing their own socks and while they were wearing the experimental socks. The paired t-test was used to determine the differences in peak plantar pressure between the two conditions at all three positions. RESULTS: Wearing the experimental socks resulted in a significantly higher peak plantar pressure in the medial forefoot and midfoot areas than wearing one's own socks (p<.05), and also in significantly lower peak plantar pressure in the medial and lateral hindfoot (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences of peak plantar pressure between experimental and own socks in middle and lateral forefoot (p>.05). CONCLUSION: The experimental socks combined with a functional insole decreased plantar pressure in the hindfoot and supported the medial longitudinal arch. However, it is necessary to change the design and material of the forefoot area in the functional insole to prevent foot ulcer at that location in people with diabetes mellitus.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.327-336
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze muscle activities on functional insole with diet effect. Originally, ten healthy female subjects with an average age of 23.2 year(S.D=1.1), weight of 49.7 kg(S.D=4.9), height of 163.2 cm(S.D=3.5) and a shoe size of 237.5 cm(S.D=4.9) were participated in this experiment. Ten healthy females walked on a treadmill(speed=about 4.2 km/h) wearing two different insole types. Muscle activities data was collected using the EMG operating system. The surface EMG signal for tibialis anterior(TA), gastrocnemius(GA), vatus lateralis(VL) and biceps femoris(BF) were acquired at the RMS(10 Hz, 350 Hz) using Noraxon Telemyo DTS system(Noraxon inc, USA). This study processed the data using the Windows SPSS ver.17.0 to get an independent t-test, with the setting, p<.05. Analysis of muscle activity were measured and calculated during walking. The results are as follow: Functional insole wearing were increased muscle activities significantly from Tibialis anterior(TA) during total gait cycle. Normal distribution was demonstrated in total step of stances period. One foot standing position showed decreased muscle activity. Two foot standing position was demonstrated with gastrocnemius and biceps femoris. As a result of the analysis, Functional insole will inerease the diet effect in the use of four muscle groups.