• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.181-186
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• 1999

The effects of the frequency of upstream gust on the unsteady boundary characteristics on a downstream blade was simulated by using a Navier-Stokes code. The Navier-Stokes code is based on an unstructured finite volume method and uses a low Reynolds k-e turbulence model to close the momentum equations. The MIT flapping foil experiment set-up is used to simulate the interaction between the upstream wake and a blade. The frequency of the upstream wake is simulated by varying rate of pitching motion of the flapping airfoils. Three reduced frequencies. 3.62. 7.24. and 10.86. are simulated. As the frequency increases, the unsteady fluctuation on the surfaces of the downstream hydrofoil is shown to decrease while the upstream flapper wake has larger first harmonics of y-velocity component. The unsteady vortices are shown to interact with each other and. as a result. the upstream wake becomes undiscernible inside the inner layer. The turbulence kinetic energy shows a similar behavior. Limiting streamlines around the trailing edge of the flapper are shown to conform with the unsteady Kutta condition for a round trailing edge. while limiting streamlines around the trailing edge of the hydrofoil conforms with the unsteady Kutta condition for a sharp edge.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1234-1245
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• 2003

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the reduced frequency effect on the near-wake of an elliptic airfoil oscillating in pitch. The airfoil was sinusoidally pitched around the center of the chord between -5$^{\circ}$and ＋25$^{\circ}$angles of attack at an airspeed of 3.4 m/s. The chord Reynolds number and reduced frequencies were 3.3 ${\times}$10$^4$, and 0.1, 0.7, respectively Phase-averaged axial velocity and turbulent intensity profiles are presented to show the reduced frequency effects on the near-wake behind the airfoil oscillating In pitch. Axial velocity defects in the near-wake region have a tendency to increase in response to a reduced frequency during pitch up motion, whereas it tends to decrease during pitch down motion at a positive angle of attack. Turbulent intensity at positive angles of attack during the pitch up motion decreased in response to a reduced frequency, whereas turbulent intensity during the pitch down motion varies considerably with downstream stations. Although the true instantaneous angle of attack compensated for a phase-lag is large, the wake thickness of an oscillating airfoil is not always large because of laminar or turbulent separation.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.273-279
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• 2014

In this paper, wind tunnel tests of a scaled wind turbine have been performed to investigate the effects of turbulent intensity of oncoming flow on turbine wake field. The scaled turbine model was carefully designed to satisfy the similarity conditions. The wind velocities and turbulent intensities were measured using hotwire anemometer in order to compare with existing wake model. It was found from the tests that the existing wake models well fit with test results at turbulent flow rather than at uniform flow. Finally modified wake model has been proposed based on the measured data.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.17-25
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• 2015

The main objective of this study is to predict the wind power generation at the wind farm using various wake models. Modeling of wind farm is a prerequisite for prediction of annual energy production at the wind farm. In this study, we modeled 20 MW class Seongsan wind farm which has 10 wind turbines located at the eastern part of Jeju Island. WindSim based on the computational fluid dynamics was adopted for the estimation of power generation. The power curve and thrust coefficient with meteorology file were prepared for wind farm modelling. The meteorology file was produced based on the measured data of the Korea Wind Atlas provided by Korea Institute of Energy Research. Three types of wake models such as Jensen, Larsen, and Ishihara et al. wake models were applied to investigate the wake effects. From the result, Jensen and Ishihara wake models show nearly the same value of power generation whereas the Larsen wake model shows the largest value. New positions of wind turbines are proposed to reduce the wake loss, and to increase the annual energy production of the wind farm.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.59.2-59.2
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• 2011

Although there are many activities on the construction of wind farm to produce amount of power from the wind, in practice power productions are not as much as its expected capabilities. This is because a lack of both the prediction of wind resources and the aerodynamic analysis on turbines with far wake effects. In far wake region, there are velocity deficits and increases of the turbulence intensity which lead to the power losses of the next turbine and the increases of dynamic loadings which could reduce system's life. The analysis on power losses and the increases of fatigue loadings in the wind farm is needed to prevent these unwanted consequences. Therefore, in this study velocity deficits have been predicted and aerodynamic analysis on turbines in the far wake is carried out from these velocity profiles. Ainslie's eddy viscosity wake model is adopted to determine a wake velocity and aerodynamic analysis on wind turbines is predicted by the numerical methods such as blade element momentum theory(BEMT) and vortex lattice method(VLM). The results show that velocity recovery is more rapid in the wake region with higher turbulence intensity. Since the velocity deficit is larger when the turbine has higher thrust coefficient, there is a huge aerodynamic power loss at the downstream turbine.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.571-576
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• 2011

Characteristics of bubble driven wakes were investigated in a simulated GTL process(0.102 m ${\times}$ 1.5 m in height) with viscous liquid medium. Effects of gas velocity(0.04 ~ 0.12 m/s) and liquid viscosity(0.001 ~ 0.050 $Pa{\cdot}s$) on the wake characteristics such as rising velocity, frequency, size and holdup were determined by employing a resistivity probe method. The wake phase formed behind the rising multi-bubbles as well as single bubbles were detected effectively from the conductivity fluctuations measured by the probe. Compressed, filtered and regulated air and aqueous solutions of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose(CMC) were used as a dispersed gas phase and a continuous liquid medium, respectively. It was found that the rising velocity and size of wake phase increased with an increase in gas velocity or liquid viscosity. The holdup and frequency of wake phase increased with increasing gas velocity due to the increase of gas input into the process with increasing gas velocity. However, the values of holdup and frequency of wake phase decreased with increasing liquid viscosity, since the size of bubbles and thus that of wakes increased with increasing liquid viscosity. The ratio of wake holdup to that of gas phase, which was in the range of 0.25 ~ 0.48, increased with an increase in liquid viscosity but decreased with gas velocity. The wake characteristics were well correlated in terms of operating variables within this experimental conditions.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.525-532
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• 2020

This work numerically investigates the effects of Reynolds number Re_D (= 100 - 150), cross-sectional aspect ratio AR = ( 0.25 -1.0), and attack angle α (= 0° - 90°) on the forces, Strouhal number, and wake of an elliptical cylinder, where Re_D is based on the freestream velocity and cylinder cross-section height normal to the freestream flow, AR is the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis of the elliptical cylinder, and α is the angle between the cylinder major axis and the incoming flow. At Re_D = 100, two distinct wake structures are identified, namely 'Steady wake' (pattern I) and 'Karman wake followed by a steady wake (pattern II)' when AR and α are varied in the ranges specified. When Re_D is increased to 150, an additional wake pattern, 'Karman wake followed by secondary wake (pattern III)' materializes. Pattern I is characterized by two steady bubbles forming behind the cylinder. Pattern II features Karman vortex street immediately behind the cylinder, with the vortex street transmuting to two steady shear layers downstream. Inflection angle α_i = 32°, 37.5° and 45° are identified for AR = 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, respectively, where the wake asymmetry is the greatest. The α_i effectively distinguishes the dependence on α and AR of force and vortex shedding frequency at either Re_D. In Pattern III, the Karman street forming behind the cylinder is modified to a secondary vortex street. At a given AR and α, Re_D = 150 renders higher fluctuating lift and Strouhal number than Re_D = 100.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2017

The treatment of rotor wake has been a critical issue in the field of the rotor aerodynamics. This paper presents a new free wake model for the unsteady analysis for a wind turbine. A blade-wake-tower interaction is major source of unsteady aerodynamic loading and noise on the wind turbine. However, this interaction can not be considered in conventional free wake model. Thus, the free wake model named Finite Vortex Element (FVE hereafter) was devised in order to consider the interaction effects. In this new free wake model, the wake-tower interaction was described by dividing one vortex filament into two vortex filaments, when the vortex filament collided with a tower. Each divided vortex filaments were remodeled to make vortex ring and horseshoe vortex to satisfy Kelvin's circulation theorem and Helmholtz's vortex theorem. This model was then used to predict aerodynamic load and wake geometry for the horizontal axis wind turbine. The results of the FVE model were compared with those of the conventional free wake model and the experimental results of SNU wind tunnel test and NREL wind tunnel test under various inflow velocity and yaw condition. The result of the FVE model showed better correlation with experimental data. It was certain that the tower interaction has a strong effect on the unsteady aerodynamic load of blades. Thus, the tower interaction needs to be taken into account for the unsteady load prediction. As a result, this research shows a potential of the FVE for an efficient and versatile numerical tool for unsteady loading analysis of a wind turbine.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.582-587
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• 2011

Holdup characteristics of bubble, wake and continuous liquid phases were investigated in bubble columns with viscous liquid media. Effects of column diameter(0.051, 0.076, 0.102 and 0.152 m ID), gas velocity($U_G$=0.02~0.16 m/s) and liquid viscosity(${\mu}_L$=0.001~0.050 $Pa{\cdot}s$) of continuous liquid media on the holdups of bubble, wake and continuous liquid phases were discussed. The three phase such as bubble, wake and continuous liquid phases were classified successfully by adapting the dual electrical resistivity probe method. Compressed filtered air and water or aqueous solutions of CMC(Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) were used as a gas and a liquid phase, respectively. To detect the wake as well as bubble phases in the bubble column continuously, a data acquisition system(DT 2805 Lab Card) with personal computer was used. The analog signals obtained from the probe circuit were processed to produce the digital data, from which the wake phase was detected behind the multi-bubbles as well as single bubbles rising in the bubble columns. The holdup of bubble and wake phases decreased but that of continuous liquid media increased, with an increase in the column diameter or liquid viscosity. However, the holdup of bubble and wake phases increased but that of continuous media decreased with an increase in the gas velocity. The holdup ratio of wake to wake to bubble phase decreased with an increase in the column diameter or gas velocity, however, increased with an increase in the viscosity of con-tinuous liquid media. The holdups of bubble, wake and continuous liquid media could be correlated in terms of operating variables within this experimental conditions as: ${\varepsilon}_B=0.043D^{-0.18}U_G^{0.56}{\mu}_L^{-0.13}$, ${\varepsilon}_W=0.003D^{-0.85}U_G^{0.46}{\mu}_L^{-0.10}$, ${\varepsilon}_C=1.179D^{0.09}U_G^{-0.13}{\mu}_L^{0.04}$.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.404-413
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• 2013

In the present study, a towed underwater particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was validated in uniform flow and used to investigate the free-surface effects on the turbulent wake of a simple surface-piercing body. The selected test model was a cylindrical geometry formed by extruding the Wigley hull's waterplane shape in the vertical direction. Due to the constraints of the two-dimensional (2D) PIV system used for the present study, the velocity field measurements were done separately for the vertical and horizontal planes. Using the measured data at several different locations, it was possible to identify the free-surface effects on the turbulent wake in terms of the mean velocity components and turbulence quantities. In order to provide an accuracy level of the data, uncertainty assessment was done following the International Towing Tank Conference standard procedure.