• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.93-105
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• 2008

In order to provide basic information to help dental medical service with supplying gratifying service for patients. the survey is conducted on the patients who frequently visited dental clinics located in the areas such as Seoul, Kyoungi, and Incheon from May of 2006 to June. The survey results are as following : 1. Judged from the factors to make patients choose one dental clinic over another. the low cost of treatment accounts for 32.8%. and followed by physician's academic background / career experiences with 20.5%. In case of recommending to their acquaintances, physician's proficiency in treatment is ranked high as 56.7%. 2. For most desirable facilities for dental hospitals. the results indicate that cutting-edge medical equipment holds 46.7% and followed by a comfortable waiting room with 32.8%. 3. Examined the questions of what patients are most satisfied with dental clinics. 43.1% of respondents point out kind and detailed explanation. 14.1% also responds to constant care after the treatment. This result suggests that after-care and detailed explanation also play an important role in dental care as well as the treatment itself. 4. For desirable services in the waiting room. 28.5% of the respondents choose a selection of magazines and newspaper and 18.7% say that they want to converse with the staff. As to how long can wait with patience. 38.2% of the participants agree on as long as 20 minutes. 5. Among unsatisfactory sources against dental clinics while visiting, the high cost of the treatment is scored high as 34.1% and followed by a long waiting time with 22.1%. The figure points to the fact that dental medical clinics should consider these two factors to solve in the future. In case where patients find the treatment discontent and they are asked what to do, 36.4% of the respondents respond that they go to a different hospital without saying anything. As to the enquiry about how the complains should be dealt, 46.% wishes that the matter should be taken care immediately upon complaining, 21.8% suggests that they like to feel understood and acceptable when presenting complaints.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권1D호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2009

현대사회는 차량의 급격한 증가로 인해 교통정체, 환경오염이 심각해지고 있으며, 유가의 상승으로 인해 대중교통이용의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 특히 장거리를 이동하는 이용자는 대중교통의 환승이 중요한 요인이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 연계성을 확보하기 위하여 국내에서는 환승센터의 구축이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 이러한 환승센터의 구축뿐만 아니라 교통수단간 효율적인 연계체계를 구축하여 이용자의 대기시간을 최소화하는 방안 마련을 통해 대중교통의 만족도를 향상시켜 승용차에서 대중교통으로의 수단전환이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 대중교통수단간 환승 시 효율적인 연계버스 운행간격의 조정을 통하여 환승승객의 대기시간을 최소화하는 알고리즘의 개발을 목적으로 한다. 운행간격 조정을 위하여 일반승객의 대기시간비용, 환승승객의 대기시간비용, 버스운행비용 등 총 교통비용을 산정하여 이를 최소화하는 배차간격을 산출한다. 모형의 검증을 위하여 광명역을 대상으로 KTX와 광명역을 기점으로 하는 6014번 노선을 선정하여 모형을 적용하였다. 적용결과 현행으로 운행 시 270분 대기시간이 발생하며, 개선된 모형을 적용하게 되면 승객수요에 따른 시나리오에 따라 58분에서 82분의 대기시간이 발생하는 하여 최대 212분의 단축 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 모형의 효과가 높은 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.473-484
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• 1991

Hospitals have been very susceptable to changes in external environment. Accordingly, they have been experiencing great financial difficulty due to low insurance rates and increasing competition. As a remedy, hospitals have attempted to use computer in a strategic manner. Such system is called strategic information system(SIS), and order communication system(OCS ) is an example of SIS in hospital setting. While OCS has known to be effective in reducing waiting time for outpatients, many hospitals are reluctant to introduce this system mainly because there are no real data or methods for justifying the cost of the system. Cost-benefit analysis has been traditionally used for such purpose, but this method deals with limited portion of benefits and therefore not very useful for analyzing the economic feasibility of SIS. In this paper, information economics tools which expand cost with value was used to analyze the economic feasibility of OCS. To assist the analysis, financial simulation model was developed using simulation package, called IFPS(Interactive Financial Planning System).

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.209-218
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• 2009

In a wireless sensor network(WSN) each sensor node deals with numerous sensing data elements. For the sake of energy efficiency and network lifetime, sensing data must be handled effectively. A technique used for this is data aggregation. Sending/receiving data involves numerous steps such as MAC layer control packet handshakes and route path setup, and these steps consume energy. Because these steps are involved in all data communication, the total cost increases are related to the counts of data sent/received. Therefore, many studies have proposed sending combined data, which is known as data aggregation. Very effective methods to aggregate sensing data have been suggested, but there is no means of deciding how long the sensor node should wait for aggregation. This is a very important issue, because the wait time affects the total communication cost and data reliability. There are two types of data aggregation; the data counting method and the time waiting method. However, each has weaknesses in terms of the delay. A hybrid method can be adopted to alleviate these problems. But, it cannot provide an optimal point of aggregation. In this paper, we suggest a stochastic-based data aggregation scheme, which provides the cost(in terms of communication and delay) optimal aggregation point. We present numerical analysis and results.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.70-77
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• 2012

교통약자들을 위한 차량서비스는 dial-a-ride, demand responsive 또는 paratransit으로 불리며 미국과 유럽에서 널리 제공되고 있는 대중교통의 하나이다. 본 연구는 이러한 교통약자 차량서비스의 배차와 차량경로문제에 관한 것으로 다수차고지와 예약시간 위반을 고려한다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 연구에서 제안된 clustering first-routing second에 기초한 휴리스틱 알고리즘을 실제 큰 규모의 교통약자 차량서비스에 적용하였다. 사례연구로서 Maryland Transit Administration (MTA)의 교통약자 차량서비스를 소개하고 실제 MTA의 운영결과와 제안된 휴리스틱 알고리즘의 결과를 비교하였다. 제안된 모형의 목적함수는 서비스제공자의 비용과 고객들의 불편비용으로 이루어진 전체비용을 최소화하는 것이다. 실제 MTA의 운영자료에 차량대기시간, 서비스지연시간과 초과승차시간에 대한 정보가 없는 관계로 비교를 위해서 clustering first-routing second에 기초한 휴리스틱 알고리즘의 목적함수 값은 차량의 대기비용, 고객들의 서비스지연비용과 초과 승차시간 비용를 포함하지 않는다. MTA의 실제운영에 의한 목적함수 값보다 HCR의 목적함수 값이 보다 나은 것으로 나타났으며 이 결과는 본 연구에서 제안된 휴리스틱 방법이 실제운영을 보다 효율적으로 바꿀 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.166-176
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• 1996

This is a study through survey with the purpose of analysing of treatment cost for arthritis. Treatment cost can be devided Into two characteristics, one is the direct cost and the other is the indirect cost. Direct cost contains fees of medical treatment Including cost of self treatment & purchsing price of herb durg. On the other hand indirect cost means the using money of tansportation, lodging charge & labor-losing-time cost. For the succession of medical treatment of chronic diseases patients have to control themselves to go shopping around for the cure remeadies. And also it is important that the cost for unefficient or probably hamful folk remeadies should be reduced in order to distribute appropriatively the limited financial resources. As the result of this study, the fees for self treatment & herb drug are two times as much as those of regural medical treatment. Within the direct cost, there are the mean cost of regural medical treatment 59,630 won/mon., self-treatment 42,790 won/mon., and herb drug 78,380won/mon. therefore total mean direct cost is 180,800won per month. Moreover patients intermittently pay the cost of prostheses If folk remedies, these are added to the direct cost as above mentioned. Attributes of folk remedies are various from cure & analgesics to nutrients and their virtues as medicine are not clear in view of scientific knowledge. But 56% of arthritis patients have ever been experienced folk remedies. the cost for these remedies has wide ranges from 40,000 won to 1,000,000won. Total mean indirect cost including the transfortation fee, lodging charge & labor-losing-time cost has the range from 82,825won/month to 106,150won/month. Among these cost, labor-losing-time cost has a mojority because the waiting times are too long for seeing a doctor. In conclusion those patients having arthritis have a large burden against the treatment cost for continuous care. Therefore health professional should make effort to guide the patient to determine themselves informed choice about the treatment process.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:데이타베이스
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 2002

대부분의 멀티미디어 저장 시스템은 사용자의 요청을 라운드-로빈(round-robin) 방식으로 수행한다. 즉, 사용자는 일정한 간격을 두고 정해진 시간 동안 저장 시스템의 서비스를 받게 된다. 더욱이, 여기에 사용되는 대부분의 알고리즘들은 시스템과 밀접하게 연관된 비용함수를 바탕으로 평가를 받게 된다. 이러한 알고리즘의 FCFS, SCAN, SCAN-EDF 등이 있다. 본 논문에서는 주어진 사용자 요청에 대해서 사용자 대기 시간이나 최대 디스크 대역폭과 같은 제약 조건들을 만족시키는 동시에 임의의 비용 함수에 대해 최적의 스케줄인 통합 읽기 요청(Unified Read Request)을 생성하는 요청 통합기(Request Unifier) 모듈을 설계한다. 그리고 이러한 사용자 요청 통합에 사용될 수 있는 세 개의 알고리즘을 제안하고 성능 평가를 통해 그들의 장단점을 비교해 본다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.31-47
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• 2013

Objectives This study was done to confirm reliability, validity and the internal structure of the Korean Medicine Satisfaction Questionnaire(KMSQ). Methods 154 parents who visited in Department of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine, University Hospital participated in this study. They were statistically analyzed by using PASW Statistics 20.0K for Windows. Results Factor analyses were largely divided into six categories such as Hospital, Waiting & Consultation Time, Doctor, Medicine, Therapy, and Cost. The validity and reliability of KMSQ were favorable. The highest average score of satisfaction was Doctor category as $4.20{\pm}0.51$ and the lowest one was Cost as $3.33{\pm}0.71$. The six factors showed highly positive relationship from correlation analysis. The result of comparative study on parent's demographic characteristics showed only one significant difference in satisfaction of Doctor within occupation. The result of comparative study on child's demographic characteristics showed significantly different in satisfaction of Therapy within gender, and of Medicine within age. Every average score of satisfaction showed somewhat difference within each section, and only 5.6% of them showed significantly difference in T-test. Conclusions Uses and research with the KMSQ as subjective tool in various department or medical institution are suggested.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2021

Purpose: The Covid-19 pandemic has had excessively severe impacts on all the nodes and edges of any supply chain due to changes in consumer behaviours and lockdown restrictions from governments among countries. This article aims to provide a simulating experiment on how a supply chain deals with supply disruption risks by flexibility in the inventory level of each sector as a buffer considering the overall cost to fulfil demand in the market. Research design, data and methodology: Agent-based simulation techniques are used to determine the cost-efficiency and customer waiting time related to varying inventory levels of each member in the supply chain when using inventory buffers. Findings: This study has shown that any sudden changes in the inventory level of each sector are likely to impact the rest of the supply chain. Among all sectors, the wholesaler will be impacted more severely than others. Also, the manufacturing sector is the most suitable node to adjust inventory depending on its manufacturing ability. Conclusion: The findings of the study provide insightful implications for decision-makers to adjust inventory levels and policymakers to maintain manufacturing activities in the context of the pandemic restrictions to deal with the excessive demand and potential supply disruption risks.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 그리드 환경을 구축할 때 자원 비용 면에서 효율적인 스케줄링 정책을 제안한다. 이 스케줄링 정책은 로컬 컴퓨팅 자원을 효율적으로 할당하기 위해 자원 비용과 작업 실패율을 고려한다. 이 스케줄링 정책의 특징은 원격 스케줄러와 로컬 스케줄러를 사용하여 2단계 스케줄링을 수행한다. 원격 스케줄러에서는 자원 데이터베이스에 저장된 네트워크와 로컬시스템의 정보를 사용하여 작업의 총실행시간이 최소인 로컬시스템을 선택하여 작업을 할당한다. 로컬 스케줄러에서는 할당된 작업의 대기시간과 처리시간을 재계산한 후, 작업을 데드라인 내에 처리할 수 있다면 로컬시스템에서 수행한다. 하지만 데드라인을 초과하면 다른 로컬시스템으로 이주시켜 처리함으로써 작업 실패율과 자원 비용을 최소화한다. 제안한 스케줄링 정책은 기존 Greedy 정책에 비해 작업 실패율은 높지만, 자원 비용을 줄이는 면에서 더 우수함을 보인다. 본 논문에서는 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안한 스케줄링 정책이 기존 Greedy 스케줄링 정책에 비해 컴퓨팅 자원 비용을 줄이는 면에서 효과적임을 보인다.