• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.594-601
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• 2008

Cervical lymph node metastasis is one of the most important predicting factors that influence the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Correct diagnosis on cervical lymph node metastasis is essential in determining the extent of operation and treatment modality. So we investigated a clinico-statistical evaluation on cervical lymph node metastasis in 183 patients who were diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Kyungpook National University Hospital, from January 1st, 1999 to December 31st, 2007. The following results were obtained : 1. Among 183 patients who were diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma, 149 were male and 49 were female. The average age of the patients was 61.8 years old. 2. Patients with advanced T classification showed higher incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis than those with lower T classification. 3. Patients with less differentiated tumors had higher tendency of manifesting cervical lymph node metastasis than those with more differentiated tumors. 4. Sensitivity and specificity on PET/CT was 87.5% and 58.3% respectively. PET/CT showed higher sensitivity and lower false-negative values than those of CT or USG. 5. The 5 - year survival rate of all the oral squamous cell carcinoma patients appeared to be 63.2% By N classification, patients in N0 stage showed a higher survival rate than patients in N1 or N2. 5 - year survival rates according to the modality of neck dissection were as follows in increasing order: no neck dissection group, MRND group, SND group, and RND group.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2017

Background Silicone implants are frequently used in augmentation rhinoplasty in Asians. A common complication of silicone augmentation rhinoplasty is capsular contracture. This is similar to the capsular contracture after augmentation mammoplasty, but a classification for secondary contracture after augmentation rhinoplasty with silicone implants has not yet been established, and treatment algorithms by grade or severity have yet to be developed. Methods Photographs of 695 patients who underwent augmentation rhinoplasty with a silicone implant from May 2001 to May 2015 were analyzed. The mean observation period was 11.4 months. Of the patients, 81 were male and 614 were female, with a mean age of 35.9 years. Grades were assigned according to postoperative appearance. Grade I was a natural appearance, as if an implant had not been inserted. Grade II was an unnatural lateral margin of the implant. Clearly identifiable implant deviation was classified as grade III, and short nose deformation was grade IV. Results Grade I outcomes were found in 498 patients (71.7%), grade II outcomes in 101 (14.5%), grade III outcomes in 75 (10.8%), and grade IV outcomes in 21 patients (3.0%). Revision surgery was indicated for the 13.8% of all patients who had grade III or IV outcomes. Conclusions It is important to clinically classify the deformations due to secondary contracture after surgery and to establish treatment algorithms to improve scientific communication among rhinoplasty surgeons. In this study, we suggest guidelines for the clinical classification of secondary capsular contracture after augmentation rhinoplasty, and also propose a treatment algorithm.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.871-879
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• 2020

Perceptual Ad-Blocking은 인공지능 기반의 광고 이미지 분류 모델을 이용하여 온라인 광고를 탐지하는 새로운 광고 차단 기법이다. 이러한 Perceptual Ad-Blocking은 최근 이미지 분류 모델이 이미지를 틀리게 분류하게 끔 이미지에 노이즈를 추가하는 적대적 예제(adversarial example)를 이용한 적대적 공격(adversarialbattack)에 취약하다는 연구 결과가 제시된 바 있다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 적대적 예제를 통해 기존 Perceptual Ad-Blocking 기법의 취약점을 증명하고, MNIST, CIFAR-10 등의 데이터 셋에서 성공적인 방어를 수행한 Defense-GAN과 MagNet이 광고 이미지에도 효과적으로 작용함을 보인다. 이를 통해 Defense-GAN과 MagNet 기법을 이용해 적대적 공격에 견고한 새로운 광고 이미지 분류 모델을 제시한다. 기존 다양한 적대적 공격 기법을 이용한 실험 결과에 따르면, 본 논문에서 제안하는 기법은 적대적 공격에 견고한 이미지 분류 기술을 통해 공격 이전의 이미지 분류 모델의 정확도와 성능을 확보할 수 있으며, 더 나아가 방어 기법의 세부사항을 아는 공격자의 화이트박스 공격(White-box attack)에도 일정 수준 방어가 가능함을 보였다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.152-160
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• 2021

Purpose: This study, using the International Classification for Nursing Practice, aimed to identify the phenomenon of family nursing care, and the factors affecting it, for high-risk and frail older persons who have a significant need for home healthcare services. Methods: This study was conducted using secondary data collected by students who interviewed 93 healthcare subjects in a health center. The data was used to analyze the general characteristics, health-related characteristics, and confirmed problems of family nursing phenomena of the subjects. Independant t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression were used for the data analysis. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 82.4±6.3 years. The most common problem of the family nursing phenomenon were unhealthy lifestyle, disturbance in family communication, and lack of family interaction in the community. People with greater family nursing phenomenon problems reported a higher degree of frailty and depression, lower quality of life and self-rated health. The factors that influence the family nursing phenomenon of frail older persons are the problems of mobility and hearing. Conclusion: Physical and psychological problems associated with aging can cause not only personal, but family functional problems as well. Therefore, a comprehensive family-oriented support program is required.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.272-278
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• 2023

Background: Some working conditions may pose a higher physical or psychological demand to pregnant women leading to increased risks of pregnancy complications. Objectives: We assessed the association of woman's employment status and the industrial classification with obstetric complications. Methods: We conducted a national population study using the National Health Information Service database of Republic of Korea. Our analysis encompassed 1,316,310 women who experienced first-order live births in 2010-2019. We collected data on the employment status and the industrial classification of women, as well as their diagnoses of preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) classified as A1 (well controlled by diet) or A2 (requiring medication). We calculated odds ratios (aORs) of complications per employment, and each industrial classification was adjusted for individual risk factors. Results: Most (64.7%) were in employment during pregnancy. Manufacturing (16.4%) and the health and social (16.2%) work represented the most prevalent industries. The health and social work exhibited a higher risk of PE (aOR = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.21), while the manufacturing industry demonstrated a higher risk of class A2 GDM (1.20, 95% CI: 1.03-1.41) than financial intermediation. When analyzing both classes of GDM, women who worked in public administration and defense/social security showed higher risk of class A1 GDM (1.04, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.07). When comparing high-risk industries with nonemployment, the health and social work showed a comparable risk of PE (1.02, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.07). Conclusion: Employment was associated with overall lower risks of obstetric complications. Health and social service work can counteract the healthy worker effect in relation to PE. This highlights the importance of further elucidating specific occupational risk factors within the high-risk industries.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Objectives : It is necessary that the international classification of diseases (ICD) be examined in order to comprise the third revision of the Korean Classification of Disease on Oriental Medicine (KCD-OM) and disease classification in the oriental internal medicine field. It is essential that the selection, classification and definition of disease and pattern names of oriental concepts in internal medicine be clear. Since 2008, the fifth revision of the Korean Classification of Disease (KCD-5) has been used in Korea. It was required to use the reference classification from the Oriental medicine area based on the ICD-10. Methods : In this review, the necessity for, meaning of and content of the third revision are briefly described. The ICD system was reviewed and KCD-OM was reconstructed. How diagnosis in the oriental internal medicine area had changed is discussed. Review and Results : In 1973, the disease classification of oriental medicine was established the basis on the contents of Dongeuibogam. It was irrespective of the ICD. As to the classification system in the Oriental internal medicine field, systemic disease was comprised of wind, cold, warm, wet, dryness, heat, spirit, ki, blood, phlegm and retained fluid, consumptive disease, etc. Diseases of internal medicine comprised a system according to the five viscera and the six internal organs and followed the classification system of Dongeuibogam. The first and second revisions were of the classification system based on the curriculum in 1979 and 1995. In 1979, in the first revision, geriatric disease and idiopathic types of disease were deleted, and skin disease was included among surgery diseases. This classification was expanded to 792 small classification items and 1,535 detailed classification items to the dozen disease classes. In 1995, in the second revision, it was adjusted to 644 small classes and 1,784 detailed classification items in the dozen disease classes. KCD-OM3 did KCD from this basis. It added and comprised the oriental medical doctor's concept names of diseases considering the special conditions in Korea. KCD-OM3 examined the KCD-OMsecond revised edition (1994). It improved the duplex classification, improper classifications, etc. It is difficult for us to separate the disease names and pattern names in oriental medicine. We added to the U code and made one classification system. By considering the special conditions in Korea, 169 codes (83 disease name codes, 86 pattern name codes) became the pre-existence classification and links among 306 U codes of KCD-OM3. 137 codes were newly added in the third revision. U code added 3 domains. These are composed of the disease name (U20-U33, 97 codes), the disease pattern name (U50-U79, 191 codes) and the constitution pattern name of each disease (U95-U98, 18 codes). Conclusion : The introduction of KCD-OM3 conforms to the diagnostic system by which oriental medical doctors examine classes used with the basic structure of the reference classification of WHO and raises the clinical study and academic activity of the Korean oriental medicine and makes the production of all kinds of nation statistical indices possible. The introduction of KCD-OM3 promotes the diagnostic system by which doctors of Oriental medicine examine classes using the association with KCD-5. It will raise the smoothness and efficiency of oriental medical treatment payments in the health insurance, automobile insurance, industrial accident compensation insurance, etc. In addition, internationally, the eleventh revision work of the ICD has been initiated. It needs to consider incorporating into the International Classification of Diseases some of every country's traditional medicine.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.510-523
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• 2009

Geodemographics(GD)는 지리적 패턴 분석을 위해 사회경제적, 행태적 자료의 이용에 관한 연구 기법으로써 동일한 근린 혹은 이웃한 지역에 거주하는 사람들은 유사한 인구적, 행태적 특성을 보인다는 전제를 바탕으로 유사한 지역을 도출하고 그 지역들의 공간적 특징을 유형화하는 연구 방법이다. 따라서 본 연구는 이러한 GD 개념의 활용성과 지역 유형화의 유용성을 확인하기 위하여 서울시 행정등 및 관련 인구 센서스 자료를 바탕으로 서울시 지역 유형화에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구는 Ward와 K-means 및 관련 통계 기법에 의한 센서스 변수들의 표준화와 군집화를 통해 총 13개의 사회경제적 특성을 공유하는 지역을 도출하고 이를 바탕으로 서울시 13개 각각의 지역에 대한 지리적 성격을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구에서는 GD의 분석기법이 유사한 공간적 성격을 갖는 새로운 공간 단위 및 군집을 탐색하고 유형 화하는데 효과적인 공간기법이 될 수 있음을 제시하고자 하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.370-380
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• 2019

Objective: This study was performed to investigate the distribution of individual exposure characteristics according to an exposure assessment classification for humidifier disinfectant and to identify the factors that influence assessment classification. Methods: We examined the exposure characteristics of 4,482 subjects who applied for the 4-1 and 4-2 assessments of environmental exposure to humidifier disinfectant conducted by the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI). Environmental exposure assessment classification was assessed using the following seven criteria: 1) Distance from humidifier to face; 2) Spray direction; 3) Time used, daytime 4) Time used, during sleep; 5) Time used, cumulative; 6) Exposure intensity; and 7) Cumulative exposure level. Each criteria was then classified as 'high' or low'. When participants answered for more than four criteria, exposure assessment was determined as 'definite,' 'probable,' or 'possible' depending on the ratio of 'high' responses. If participants' responses were inconsistent, exposure assessment was listed as 'unlikely.' If participants answered for less than four criteria, exposure assessment was considered 'indeterminate.' Results: For the exposure assessment classes, definite was assigned to 38.5% (1,725 subjects), probable assigned to 32.9% (1,474 subjects), 25.0% (1,122 subjects) were assigned to as possible, unlikely assigned to 0.1% (3 subjects), and indeterminate assigned to 3.5% (158 subjects). Overall, participants who used 'Oxy Ssakssak New Gaseupgi Dangbun,' 'Aekyung Gaseupgi Mate,' 'Homeplus Gaseupgi Chungjungje,' and 'E-Mart Gaseupgi Salgyunje' totaled 2,996, 557, 176, and 162 subjects, respectively. There was a statistical difference in the type of humidifier disinfectant products between high-exposed and low-exposed participants. Based on the assessment criteria of humidifier disinfectant exposure, subjects were likely to be in the highly exposed classes (definite and probable) when the subjects were exposed 1) for more than ten hours per day and 2) for more than four hours at night 3) when the total cumulative exposure time was higher than the average, 4) when the direction of humidifier spray was toward the face, 5) when the respiratory position was less than 1 meter of distance from the humidifier, 6) when the concentration of indoor contaminants (ug/m3) was higher than the average exposure intensity, and 7) when overall exposure level ($ug/m3^*hr$) was higher than the average exposure level. Conclusion: This study suggests that each exposure assessment criteria was able to appropriately estimate cumulative exposure levels.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2023

본 연구는 말더듬 화자들의 음성 데이터를 기반으로 하여, 인공지능 기술을 활용한 말더듬 자동 식별 방법을 개발하는 것을 주목적으로 진행되었다. 특히, 한국어를 모국어로 하는 말더듬 화자들을 대상으로 CNN(convolutional neural network) 알고리즘을 활용한 식별기 모델을 개발하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 말더듬 성인 9명과 정상화자 9명을 대상으로 음성 데이터를 수집하고, Google Cloud STT(Speech-To-Text)를 활용하여 어절 단위로 자동 분할한 후 유창, 막힘, 연장, 반복 등의 라벨을 부여하였다. 또한 MFCCs(mel frequency cepstral coefficients)를 추출하여 CNN 알고리즘을 기반한 말더듬 자동 식별기 모델을 수립하고자 하였다. 연장의 경우 수집결과가 5건으로 나타나 식별기 모델에서 제외하였다. 검증 결과, 정확도는 0.96으로 나타났고, 분류성능인 F1-score는 '유창'은 1.00, '막힘'은 0.67, '반복'은 0.74로 나타났다. CNN 알고리즘을 기반한 말더듬 자동분류 식별기의 효과를 확인하였으나, 막힘 및 반복유형에서는 성능이 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 향후 말더듬의 유형별 충분한 데이터 수집을 통해 추가적인 성능 검증이 필요함을 확인하였다. 향후 말더듬 화자의 발화 빅데이터 확보를 통해 보다 신뢰성 있는 말더듬 자동 식별 기술의 개발과 함께 이를 통한 좀 더 고도화된 평가 및 중재 관련 서비스가 창출되기를 기대해 본다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.337-345
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• 2007

본 연구의 목적은 중 고등학교 학생들과 과학교사들의 물질의 세 가지 상태에 대한 분류 기준을 조사하고 비교해 보는 것이다. 본 연구의 대상은 물질의 상태를 구분하기 위해 처음으로 미시적 관점을 학습한 중학교 1학년 학생 76명과 화학 I II를 모두 배운 고등학교 3학년 학생 69명, 중등학교 과학교사 130명이었으며, 연구 방법은 질문지에 의한 조사 방법을 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 중학교 학생들의 경우 미시적 관점으로 물질의 세 가지 상태를 배웠음에도 불구하고 거시적 관점으로 분류한 응답이 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 고등학생들의 경우에는 고체와 기체 상태에 대해서는 미시적 관점을 포함한 응답비율이 높게 나타났으나, 액체 상태에 대해서는 거시적 관점을 포함한 응답비율이 더 높게 나타났다. 이러한 경향성은 과학을 전공한 교사들에게도 같게 나타났다. 과학교사들은 거시적 관점과 미시적 관점을 고르게 사용하는 것으로 나타났으나, 이들의 관점들이 서로 긴밀하게 연결되지 못하고 단순히 나열식으로 제시되는 특정이 있었다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 물질의 상태 분류 기준에 대한 거시적 관점에서 미시적 관점으로의 연계적 전환이 펼요하며, 다양한 교육적 노력이 요구된다.