• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.558-568
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• 2021

Poor supervision and tourism activities have resulted in forest degradation in islands in Korea. Since the southern coastal region of the Korean peninsula was originally dominated by warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests, it is desirable to restore forests in this region to their original vegetation. In this study, we identified suitable areas to be restored as evergreen broad-leaved forests by analyzing the environmental factors of existing evergreen broad-leaved forests in the islands of Jeollanam-do. We classified forest lands in the study area into six vegetation types from Sentinel-2 satellite images using a deep learning algorithm and analyzed the tolerance ranges of existing evergreen broad-leaved forests by measuring the locational, topographic, and climatic attributes of the classified vegetation types. Results showed that evergreen broad-leaved forests were distributed more in areas with a high altitudes and steep slope, where human intervention was relatively low. The human intervention has led to a higher distribution of evergreen broad-leaved forests in areas with lower annual average temperature, which was an unexpected but understandable result because an area with higher altitude has a lower temperature. Of the environmental factors, latitude and average temperature in the coldest month (January) were relatively less contaminated by the effects of human intervention, thus enabling the identification of suitable restoration areas of the evergreen broad-leaved forests. The tolerance range analysis of evergreen broad-leaved forests showed that they mainly grew in areas south of the latitude of 34.7° and a monthly average temperature of 1.7℃ or higher in the coldest month. Therefore, we predicted the areas meeting these criteria to be suitable for restoring evergreen broad-leaved forests. The suitable areas cover 614.5 km², which occupies 59.0% of the total forest lands on the islands of Jeollanamdo, and 73% of actual forests that exclude agricultural and other non-restorable forest lands. The findings of this study can help forest managers prepare a restoration plan and budget for island forests.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.165-172
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• 2017

Background: This study investigated the temporal variation in soil $CO_2$ efflux and its relationship with soil temperature and precipitation in the Quercus glauca and Abies koreana forests in Jeju Island, South Korea, from August 2010 to December 2012. Q. glauca and A. koreana forests are typical vegetation of warm-temperate evergreen forest zone and sub-alpine coniferous forest zone, respectively, in Jeju island. Results: The mean soil $CO_2$ efflux of Q. glauca forest was $0.7g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ at $14.3^{\circ}C$ and that of A. koreana forest was $0.4g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ at $6.8^{\circ}C$. The cumulative annual soil $CO_2$ efflux of Q. glauca and A. koreana forests was 54.2 and $34.2t\;CO_2\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Total accumulated soil carbon efflux in Q. glauca and A. koreana forests was 29.5 and $18.7t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for 2 years, respectively. The relationship between soil $CO_2$ efflux and soil temperate at 10 cm depth was highly significant in the Q. glauca ($r^2=0.853$) and A. koreana forests ($r^2=0.842$). Soil temperature was the main controlling factor over $CO_2$ efflux during most of the study period. Also, precipitation may affect soil $CO_2$ efflux that appeared to be an important factor controlling the efflux rate. Conclusions: Soil $CO_2$ efflux was affected by soil temperature as the dominant control and moisture as the limiting factor. The difference of soil $CO_2$ efflux between of Q. glauca and A. koreana forests was induced by soil temperature to altitude and regional precipitation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.365-374
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• 2023

Eight years (2014-2021) of climate data were collected from an automatic weather observation system installed at the foot of Mt. Geumo in Chilgok, Gyeongbuk. Using these data, we investigated local bio-climatological indices (warmth index, WI; coldness index, CI; and effective accumulated temperature, EAT) of the mountain region adjacent to the Keimyung Dongyeong forest. The study area's WI and CI were 109.3℃ and -11.3℃ per month, respectively, averaged across 8 years. These values are indicative of an evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate climate zone, suitable for cultivating sweet persimmons and figs. Additionally, EAT in Dongyeong was 2,113.7℃, averaged across 8 years, suitable for growing crops such as corn, soybean, and potato.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.528-536
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the damage characteristics induced by winter freezing of evergreen broad-leaved trees distributed in urban area of warm temperate forest zone, which are gaining increased interest recently as climate change. The results of the study indicated that, as for 'stem injury', Camellia japonica Linne (59.6%) had the weakest damage, while Ternstroemia gymnanthera Sprague (83.3%) had the most severe damage. By the visual evaluation of freezing injury according to the characteristics of plantations environment, the observations of single planting (p<0.01) in planting method had weaker damage than those of group planting, the observations of under tree (p<0.001), plain (p<0.001), and organic matter plenty (p<0.05) in plantations characteristics had significant differences with relatively weaker damage than the observations of open space, slop, and scarcity, respectively. Tree height (-0.432) and crown width (-0.470) among growth factors were negatively correlated with the severity of damage, respectively. Therefore, the selection of tree species is vital for the successful creation of these urban forested area by making considerations of planting environment, and further research on evergreen broad-leaved trees is needed in this aspect.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2003

To set out restoration plan of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests(EBLF), a case study was done at Wando arboretum, Sinjido and Jangdo(Island). Firstly, basic environmental survey was done and the degrade levels of EBLF was assessed. And the forest functions and restoration goal of vegetation have been established before considering and setting restoration types of vegetation and restoration techniques. Taking social demand and restoration goal etc. into consideration, the forest functions were classified into a ecosystem preservation, scenery conservation and timber production. Quercus acuta Forest, Castanopsis siebodii Forest, Persea thunbergii Forest, Cinnamomum japonicum Forest, Dendropanax morbifera Forest etc. were suggested as a restoration goal of vegetation. Restoration types of vegetation were classified into a preservation type, restoration type, reconstruction type and afforestation type. And restoration techniques were subdivided into a preservation, induction, improvement, and creation according to the degraded levels of EBLF.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 2023

This study was conducted to understand the vegetation characteristics of Cheongwansan Provincial Park through the analysis of the plant community structure and to build data necessary for the continuous management and protection of Cheongwansan Provincial Park. The TWINSPAN and DCS analyses of the plant community structure of 63 survey districts in Cheongwansan Provincial Park identified eight colonies, including Cryptomeria japonica Community (I), Chamaecyparis obtusa-Pinus densiflora Commuity (II), P. rigida-P. densiflora Community (III), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved Community (IV), P. densiflora Community (V), deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Community (VI), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora Community (VII) and P. thunbergii Community (VIII). The colonies can be grouped into afforestation communities (I, II, and III) dominated by C. obtusa, C. japonica, and P. rigida and natural forest communities (IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) dominated by native species. Although Cheongwansan Provincial Park is a provincial park area that can represent natural ecosystems and landscapes, the rate of artificial forests is higher than that of other provincial parks. Most of the artificial forest communities are expected to maintain their current state, but since native species such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and deciduous broad-leaved, which are warm-temperate trees introduced through surrounding natural forests, appear in the lower layer, it is determined that it is possible to induce succession to natural forests suitable for climatic characteristics through management, and monitoring for continuous management is also necessary. Deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Copete with P. densiflora in most natural forest communities. The vegetation series in the warm-temperate region of Korea appears to be in the early stages, and it is believed that the succession to Q. serrata or Q. mongolica, which appears next to coniferous in the series, is in progress. However, M. thunbergii and N. sericea, which appear in the middle stage of the succession in the warm-temperate region, have started to appear, and since Jangheung-gun belongs to the warm-temperate region considering the climate characteristics, the eventual succession to the warm-temperate forests dominated by evergreen broad-leaved is also expected. In this study, we built vegetation data from Cheongwansan Provincial Park, which lacks research on vegetation. However, since vegetation research in Cheongwansan Provincial Park is still insufficient, it is believed that further research should be continuously conducted to establish forest vegetation data and observe vegetation changes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.54-60
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• 2013

This study carried out a phytosociological research by Z.-M. school's method describing vegetation structure and management solution about nutmeg tree's(Torreya nucifera ) forests. The nutmeg tree's forests have developed intervale and hills in warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests zone. The nutmeg tree's forests composed 50 familly, 80 genus, 88 species divided two syntaxa(typical sub-community, Arachniodes aristata sub-community) by species composition and correspond to habitat condition. The nutmeg tree's forests show a uniform forest's structure which composed 3~4 layer of sub-tree and shrub. And it was worthy of special mention which characterized diagnostic species of Camellietea japonicae in the warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests. In case of forests floor, were a high rate in order of Ophiopogon japonicus, Polystichum tripteron, Arisaema ringens. And Oplismenus undulatifolius which represent mantle communities as well. This indicates that the nutmeg tree's forests are exposed by humman effects sustainedly. The nutmeg tree's young trees appeared a high rate at half shade and shade. The vigorous tree species have to spacing cutting instead of the heavy thinning that consist in with a shout of declining astructur and function of the forest ecosystem for maintaining a nutmeg tree's forests. And we suggest for the density regulation of the sub-tree and shrub. In conclusion, need to the continuous monitoring about the vegetation structure and management solution for the sustainable nutmeg tree's forests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.127-142
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• 2024

This study aimed to understand the interrelationships between tree species in plant communities through Plant Social Network (PSN) analysis using a large amount of vegetation data surveyed in an island area belonging to a warm-temperate boreal forest. The Machilus thunbergii, Castanopsis sieboldii, and Ligustrum japonicum, which belong to the canopy layer, Pittosporum tobira and Ardisia japonica, which belong to the shrub layer and Trachelospermum asiaticum and Stauntonia hexaphylla, which belong to the vines, appearing in evergreen broad-leaved climax forest community, showed strong positive association(+) with each other. These tree species had a negative association or no friendly relationship with deciduous broad-leaved species due to the large difference in location environments. Divided into 4 group modularizations in the PSN sociogram, evergreen broad-leaved tree species in Group I and deciduous broad-leaved tree species in Group II showed high centrality and connectivity. It was analyzed that the arrangement of tree species (nodes) and the degree of connection (grouping) of the sociogram can indirectly estimate environmental factors and characteristics of plant communities like DCA. Tree species with high centrality and influence in the PSN included T. asiaticum, Eurya japonica, Lindera obtusiloba, and Styrax japonicus. These tree species are common with a wide range of ecological niches and appear to have the characteristics and survival strategies of opportunistic species that commonly appear in forest gaps and damaged areas. They will play a major role in inter-species interactions and structural and functional changes in plant communities. In the future, long-term research and in-depth discussions are needed to determine how these species actually influence plant community changes through interactions

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.593-598
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• 2014

In this study, we developed the carbon emission factors for 4 major species of warm-temperate region in Korea, and tried to provide their carbon emissions and removals estimates using these carbon emission factors. We selected Castanopsis cuspidata, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta and Quercus glauca as target species and derived their carbon emission factors. The basic wood density that serve as one of the carbon emission factors were 0.583 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 0.657 for Camellia japonica, 0.833 for Quercus acuta and 0.763 for Quercus glauca and their uncertainties ranged from 5.3 to 17.9%. Biomass expansion factors were calculated as well: 1.386 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 2.621 for Camellia japonica, 1.701 for Quercus acuta and 2.123 for Quercus glauca and associated uncertainties varied from 14.7 to 30.5%. Lastly root-shoot ratios for each species were also determined: 0.454 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 0.356 for Camellia japonica, 0.191 for Quercus acuta and 0.299 for Quercus glauca with the uncertainties lying within a range from 19.8 to 35.7%. These three carbon emission factors including basic wood density had the uncertainties of less than 40% recommended by FAO. Therefore the application of country-specific emission factors seemed to provide quite accurate estimates of carbon emissions and removals. The estimation of the carbon stored in the 4 species were also conducted which amounted to $186.10tCO_2/ha$ for Castanopsis cuspidata, $280.63tCO_2/ha$ for Camellia japonica, $344.04tCO_2/ha$ for Quercus acuta and $278.91tCO_2/ha$ for Quercus glauca and their annual carbon removals were $6.65tCO_2/ha/yr$, $6.25tCO_2/ha/yr$, $11.70tCO_2/ha/yr$ and $12.29tCO_2/ha/yr$, respectively. This systematic assessment of forest resources can be a reliable source of information for managing evergreen broadleaved forest in warm temperate regions and thus serve as useful data for effective decision-making to address vegetation zone shifts due to climate change.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.369-381
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• 2004

This study was achieved to present the way to restore the Seonheulgot pasture-grassland damaged by landuse and interference for a long time to evergreen broad-leaved forests as the native vegetation structure. As a result of analyzing ecological succession tendency of structure in survey area, we established the optimal restoration model. The total of survey sites were 26, and the classified plant community types were four types by M.I.P of dominant woody species. Finally we classified the four types based on diameter of dominant woody species in canopy layer. The six community types are as follows: Community I was runner-shrub forest, community II was evergreen broad-leaved shrub forest, and community III was evergreen broad-leaved forest of small diameter. Community IV and V were evergreen broad-leaved forest of middle diameter. Community Ⅵ was evergreen broad-leaved forest of large diameter. The number of constituent species was 24 in community I, 28 in community II as the shrub forest, 16 as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of small diameter, 29 in community III, 30 in community IV as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of middle diameter and 27 in community Ⅵ as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of large diameter. The range of Shannon's index of all communitys was from 0.8763 to 1.2630 and the Similarity index between the community composed of middle diameter woody species and large diameter woody species. The ecological succession of community I, II, and III were changed from pasture-grassland to broad-leaved forest and the structure of community IV, V, and Ⅵ was similar to evergreen broad-leaved forest in warm temperate region. We suggest the restoration planting model evergreen broad-leaved forest of in Seonheulgot pasture-grassland, as follows: The target restoration vegetation were Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community and Queycus glauca community. Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Quercus glauca should be dominant woody species in canopy layer, the number of trees was 10 per 100$m^2$, and Castanopsis cuspidata var, sievoldii, Quercus glauca, Camellia japonica, and Eurya japonica should be dominant woody species in the understory layer, the number of trees was 14 per 100$m^2$.