• Title/Summary/Keyword: W/C

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The Geometry of the Space of Symmetric Bilinear Forms on ℝ2 with Octagonal Norm

  • Kim, Sung Guen
    • Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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    • v.56 no.3
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    • pp.781-791
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    • 2016
  • Let $d_*(1,w)^2 ={\mathbb{R}}^2$ with the octagonal norm of weight w. It is the two dimensional real predual of Lorentz sequence space. In this paper we classify the smooth points of the unit ball of the space of symmetric bilinear forms on $d_*(1,w)^2$. We also show that the unit sphere of the space of symmetric bilinear forms on $d_*(1,w)^2$ is the disjoint union of the sets of smooth points, extreme points and the set A as follows: $$S_{{\mathcal{L}}_s(^2d_*(1,w)^2)}=smB_{{\mathcal{L}}_s(^2d_*(1,w)^2)}{\bigcup}extB_{{\mathcal{L}}_s(^2d_*(1,w)^2)}{\bigcup}A$$, where the set A consists of $ax_1x_2+by_1y_2+c(x_1y_2+x_2y_1)$ with (a = b = 0, $c={\pm}{\frac{1}{1+w^2}}$), ($a{\neq}b$, $ab{\geq}0$, c = 0), (a = b, 0 < ac, 0 < ${\mid}c{\mid}$ < ${\mid}a{\mid}$), ($a{\neq}{\mid}c{\mid}$, a = -b, 0 < ac, 0 < ${\mid}c{\mid}$), ($a={\frac{1-w}{1+w}}$, b = 0, $c={\frac{1}{1+w}}$), ($a={\frac{1+w+w(w^2-3)c}{1+w^2}}$, $b={\frac{w-1+(1-3w^2)c}{w(1+w^2)}}$, ${\frac{1}{2+2w}}$ < c < ${\frac{1}{(1+w)^2(1-w)}}$, $c{\neq}{\frac{1}{1+2w-w^2}}$), ($a={\frac{1+w(1+w)c}{1+w}}$, $b={\frac{-1+(1+w)c}{w(1+w)}}$, 0 < c < $\frac{1}{2+2w}$) or ($a={\frac{1=w(1+w)c}{1+w}}$, $b={\frac{1-(1+w)c}{1+w}}$, $\frac{1}{1+w}$ < c < $\frac{1}{(1+w)^2(1-w)}$).

Interfacial Reactions between W Thin Film and 6H-SiC during Heat Treatments (열처리에 따른 W 박막과 6H-SiC의 계면반응에 관한 연구)

  • Shin, Yang-Soo;Lee, Byung-Taek
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.8 no.6
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    • pp.545-550
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    • 1998
  • Phase reactions at W /6H- SiC interfaces during heat treatments were investigated by X- Ray diffractometer and transmission electron microscopy. No detectable reactions were found after annealing at up to 900$0^{\circ}C$ whereas formation of $W_5Si_3$ and $W_2C$$0^{\circ}C$ This result is consistent with a previous report that the reactions between 3C-SiC and W occurs at llOOoe, and suggests that $W_5Si_3$ and $W_2C$ are the stable phases in this temperature range.

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Effects of Dietary Nutrient on the Biological Index and Serum Chemistry of Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus Achieving Compensatory Growth

  • Cho, Sung-Hwoan
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.69-72
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    • 2012
  • Effects of dietary nutrient content on the biological index and serum chemistry of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus achieving compensatory growth were investigated. Six treatments were prepared in triplicate. Fish were hand-fed with the control (C) diet twice daily for 8 weeks (8W-C) or fish were starved for 2 weeks and then hand-fed with the C, high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high lipid (HL), or intermediate protein, carbohydrate and lipid (IPCL) diets for 6 weeks, referred to as 6W-C, 6W-HP, 6W-HC, 6W-HL, and 6W-IPCL, respectively. Weight gain of fish in the 8W-C, 6W-HP, and 6W-IPCL treatments was higher than that of fish in the 6W-C treatment. Condition factor (CF) of the fish in the 6W-HP, 6W-HC and 6W-IPCL treatments was higher than that of fish in the 8W-C and 6W-C treatments. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) of fish in the 6W-HC, 6W-HL and 6W-IPCL treatments was higher than that of the fish in the 8W-C, 6W-C and 6W-HP treatments. Serum chemistry except triiodothyronine ($T_3$) was not significantly different among the treatments. In conclusion, CF and HSI of the fish could be indices reflecting compensatory growth, whereas $T_3$ seemed to play a partial role in achieving compensatory growth.

Flow structures around rectangular cylinder in the vicinity of a wall

  • Derakhshandeh, J.F.;Alam, Md. Mahbub
    • Wind and Structures
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    • v.26 no.5
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    • pp.293-304
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    • 2018
  • A numerical study is conducted on the flow characteristics of a rectangular cylinder (chord-to-width ratio C/W = 2 - 10) mounted close to a rigid wall at gap-to-width ratios G/W = 0.25 - 6.25. The effects of G/W and C/W on the Strouhal number, vortex structure, and time-mean drag and lift forces are examined. The results reveal that both G/W and C/W have strong influences on vortex structure, which significantly affects the forces on the cylinder. An increase in G/W leads to four different flow regimes, namely no vortex street flow (G/W < 0.75), single-row vortex street flow ($0.75{\leq}G/W{\leq}1.25$), inverted two-row vortex street flow ($1.25<G/W{\leq}2.5$), and two-row vortex street flow (G/W > 2.5). Both Strouhal number and time-mean drag are more sensitive to C/W than to G/W. For a given G/W, Strouhal number grows with C/W while time-mean drag decays with C/W, the growth and decay being large between C/W = 2 and 4. The time-mean drag is largest in the single-row vortex street regime, contributed by a large pressure on the front surface, regardless of C/W. A higher C/W, in general, leads to a higher time-mean lift. The maximum time-mean lift occurs for C/W = 10 at G/W = 0.75, while the minimum time-mean lift appears for C/W = 2 at the same G/W. The impact of C/W on the time-mean lift is more substantial in single-row vortex regime. The effect of G/W on the time-mean lift is larger at a larger C/W.

𝓦-RESOLUTIONS AND GORENSTEIN CATEGORIES WITH RESPECT TO A SEMIDUALIZING BIMODULES

  • YANG, XIAOYAN
    • Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.53 no.1
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    • pp.1-17
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    • 2016
  • Let $\mathcal{W}$ be an additive full subcategory of the category R-Mod of left R-modules. We provide a method to construct a proper ${\mathcal{W}}^H_C$-resolution (resp. coproper ${\mathcal{W}}^T_C$-coresolution) of one term in a short exact sequence in R-Mod from those of the other two terms. By using these constructions, we introduce and study the stability of the Gorenstein categories ${\mathcal{G}}_C({\mathcal{W}}{\mathcal{W}}^T_C)$ and ${\mathcal{G}}_C({\mathcal{W}}^H_C{\mathcal{W}})$ with respect to a semidualizing bimodule C, and investigate the 2-out-of-3 property of these categories of a short exact sequence by using these constructions. Also we prove how they are related to the Gorenstein categories ${\mathcal{G}}((R{\ltimes}C){\otimes}_R{\mathcal{W}})_C$ and ${\mathcal{G}}(Hom_R(R{\ltimes}C,{\mathcal{W}}))_C$ over $R{\ltimes}C$.

Application of White Light Emitting Diodes to Produce Uniform Scions and Rootstocks for Grafted Fruit Vegetable Transplants (과채류 접목 시 균일한 접수와 대목 생산을 위한 백색 LED의 적용)

  • Hwang, Hyunseung;Chun, Changhoo
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.14-21
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    • 2022
  • Uniform scions and rootstocks should be produced to ensure grafting success. Light quality is an important environmental factor that regulates seedling growth. The effects of warm- and cool-white light emitting diode (LED) ratios on seedling growth were investigated. Scions and rootstocks of cucumber, tomato, and watermelon were grown in a closed transplant production system using LED as the sole lighting source. The LED treatments were W1C0 (only warm-white), W1C1 (warm-white: cool-white = 1:1), W3C1 (warm-white: cool-white = 3:1), and W5C2 (warm-white: cool-white = 5:2). The seedlings grown in W1C1 had the shortest hypocotyls, and the seedlings grown in W1C0 had the longest hypocotyls among the three tested vegetables. The hypocotyls of watermelon scions, watermelon rootstocks, and tomato rootstocks were shortest in W1C1, followed by those in W3C1, W5C2, and W1C0, but there was no significant difference between W3C1 and W5C2, which remained the same as the ratio of cool-white LEDs increased. In addition, tomato scions had the first and second longest hypocotyls in W1C0 and W3C1, respectively, and the shortest hypocotyls in W5C2 and W1C1, along with W5C2 and W1C1, although the difference was not significant. The stem diameter was highest in W1C0 except for tomato seedlings and rootstocks of watermelon. The shoot fresh weight of scions and rootstocks of cucumber and watermelon and the root fresh weight of cucumber scions were lowest in W1C1. These results indicated that different ratios of LED lighting sources had a strong effect on the hypocotyl elongation of seedlings.

Research on operation stability of 7kW Inverter for short distance vehicle using SiC Hybrid module (SiC 하이브리드 모듈을 적용한 근거리용 7kW Inverter 동작 안정성에 대한 연구)

  • Jeon, Joon-Hyeok;Kyoung, Sin-Su;Kim, Hee-Jun
    • The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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    • v.12 no.5
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    • pp.499-506
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    • 2019
  • This paper is concerned with the operating stability of 7kW inverter using SIC hybrid module and verifies the validity of the simulation results by comparing the result of the loss equation and the simulation result, Simulation results using Si module and SiC hybrid module are compared to compare switch loss and diode loss. Through the loss equation calculation, the conduction loss of SiC Hybrid module is 168W, switching loss is 9.3W, diode loss is 10.5nW, When compared with the simulation results, similar values were shown. As a result of comparing the simulation results of the Si module and the SiC Hybrid module, The total device loss of the Si module was 246.2W, and the total device loss of the SiC Hybrid module was 189.9W. The loss difference was 56.3W, which was about 0.8W. thereby verifying the reverse recovery characteristics of the SiC SBD. In addition, temperature saturation test was conducted to confirm the stability of SiC Hybrid module and Si module under high temperature saturation, In the case of the Si module, the output power was stopped at 4kW, and the SiC Hybrid module was confirmed to operate at 7kW. Based on this, an efficiency graph and a temperature graph are presented, and the Si module is graphed up to 4kW and the SiC Hybrid module is graphed up to 7kW.

Microstructure and Elevated Temperature Strength of W-ZrC Composites with Micrometric and Nanosized ZrC Particles (서로 다른 입자크기의 ZrC가 첨가된 W-ZrC 복합체의 미세구조 및 고온강도에 관한 연구)

  • Han, Yoon Soo;Ryu, Sung-Soo
    • Journal of Powder Materials
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.415-421
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    • 2014
  • W-10vol.%ZrC composites reinforced by micrometric and nanosized ZrC particles were prepared by hot-pressing of 25 MPa for 2 h at $1900^{\circ}C$. The effect of ZrC particle size on microstructure and mechanical properties at room temperature and elevated temperatures was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope observations and the flexural strength test of the W-ZrC composite. Microstructural analysis of the W-ZrC composite revealed that nanosized ZrC particles were homogeneously dispersed in the W matrix inhibiting W grain growth compared to W specimen with micrometric ZrC particle. As a result, its flexural strength was significantly improved. The flexural strength at room temperature for W-ZrC composite using nanosized ZrC particle being 740 MPa increased by around 2 times than that of specimen using micrometric ZrC particle which was 377 MPa. The maximum strength of 935 MPa was tested at $1200^{\circ}C$ on the W composite specimen containing nanosized ZrC particle.

Effect of Dietary Composition with Different Feeding Regime on Compensatory Growth of Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

  • Cho, S.H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.24 no.8
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    • pp.1148-1156
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    • 2011
  • Compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed different diets with different feeding regime was compared. Four hundred fifty fish (twenty five fish per tank) were randomly distributed into 18 of 180 L flow-through tanks. Six treatments were prepared: fish were hand-fed with the control (C) diet to satiation twice a day, six days a week, for 8 weeks (C-8W treatment); and other groups of fish were starved for 2 weeks and then fed with the C, high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high lipid (HL), and combined protein, carbohydrate and lipid (CPCL) diets to satiation twice a day, six days a week, for 6 weeks, referred to as C-6W, HP-6W, HC-6W, HL-6W, and CPCL-6W treatments, respectively. Final body weight of fish in HP-6W treatment was higher than that of fish in C-6W, but not different from that of fish in C-8W, HC-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments. Specific growth rate of fish in HP-6W treatment was higher than that of fish in all other treatments except for fish in CPCL-6W treatment. Feeding rate of fish in C-8W treatment was higher than that of fish in HP-6W, HC-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments, but not different from that of fish in C-6W treatment. In addition, feeding rate of fish in C-6W treatment was higher than that of fish in HP-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments. Feed and protein efficiency ratios of fish in HP-6W, HC-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments were higher than those of fish in C-6W treatment. None of moisture, crude protein and ash content of the whole body of fish excluding the liver was different among treatments. Dietary supplementation of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and their combination could improve compensatory growth of fish when fish were fed for 6 weeks after 2-week feed deprivation; especially, supplementation of dietary protein was the most effective to improve compensatory growth of fish.

Characteristics and Thermal Stabilities of W-B-C-N Diffusion Barrier by Using the Incorporation of Boron Impurities (Boron 불순물에 의한 W-B-C-N 확산방지막의 특성 및 열적 안정성 연구)

  • Kim, Soo-In;Lee, Chang-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.32-35
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    • 2008
  • Thermally stable diffusion barrier of tungsten carbon nitride(W-C-N) and of tungsten boron carbon nitride(W-B-C-N) thin films have studied to investigate the impurity behaviors of boron and nitrogen. In this paper we newly deposited tungsten boron carbon nitride(W-B-C-N) thin film for various $W_2B$ target power on silicon substrate. The impurities of the 100nm-thick W-C-N and W-B-C-N thin films provide stuffing effect for preventing the inter-diffusion between W-C-N or W-B-C-N thin films and silicon during the high temperature($700^{\circ}C{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$) annealing process.