• Korean Educational Research Journal
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.153-182
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• 2022

This study explored the experiences and difficulties of science teachers who participated in overseas educational voluntary activities. Seven science teachers who had visited Timor-Leste participated in the study. All collected data including the teacher interview were analyzed. As a result, teachers visited Timor-Leste to fulfill social roles and to meet the expectations of others. After returning from Timor-Leste, the teachers regained their passion for teaching and gained confidence in taking on new challenges. Teachers had difficulties in conducting seminars due to the unstable social situation and lack of awareness of Timor-Leste teachers, and experienced communication limitations due to language barriers. Nevertheless, teachers cooperate with local priest to improve these limitations. In addition, teachers supplemented the limitations caused by the non-establishment of the curriculum through the evaluation meeting. In order to improve teaching expertise and promote active participation of Timor-Leste teachers, the seminar method was modified. The experience of volunteering in Timor-Leste made teachers think about the importance of cooperation and the necessity of education. Based on the above results, we discussed ways to activate voluntary service.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.527-535
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• 2008

Many signal processing techniques have been described in the literature for estimating amplitude, frequency and duration variables of the surface EMG signal detected during constant voluntary contractions. They have been used in different application areas for the non-invasive assessment of muscle function. The main purpose of our research is to compare the most frequently used algorithms for information extraction from surface EMG signals under varying conditions in terms of the different window lengths, muscle contraction levels, muscles and subjects. In particular we focus on the issue of estimating the slope and intercept to resolve an linear regression line with utilizing real SEMG signals which represents voluntary contractions during thirty seconds.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.20 no.41
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• pp.61-78
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• 1997

Traditionally most of studies on voluntary turnover have focused on identifying the determinants of it under the implicit assumption that negative attitudue raises turnover rate and, in turn, it undermines organizational effectiveness. But, recently many scholars have argued that more focus be placed on the functionalty than the frequency of turnover. Based on the recent trend of voluntary turnover, this paper is to analyse the differences of the Intention to Leave(IL) level according to job characteristics(job variety, job importance, job autonomy, job identity, feedback)$\times$functionality(employee ability, attitude). Resulting from 2-way ANOVA, the Negative-attitude Group(NG) is found to expose significantly high IL level than the Affirmative-attitude Group(AG) in low job variety, low job autonomy, low job importance.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.8-12
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• 1979

A study on the effects of the root components of Angelica koreana Max. on voluntary activity in mice has confirmed that: 1. MeOH soluble Ex., MeOH insoluble Ex., oxypucedanine and isoimperatorin were antagonized against the voluntary activity in mice pretreated with a dose of C.N.B. 30mg/kg. 2. MeOH insoluble Ex. showed higher depressant effect than MeOH soluble Ex.. 3. the depressant activity of oxypucedanine was significantly more effective than that of isoimperatorin.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.338-349
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• 2000

Neck muscle forces and spinal loads at the C4/5 level were estimated that result from isometric voluntary ramp efforts gradually developing to maximums in flexion, extension, left lateral bending and right lateral bending. Electromyographic (EMG) activities, a three-dimensional anatomic data of the neck and a hybrid model, EMG-assisted optimization (EMGAO) model, were used. The model computed the cervical loads at 25%,50%,75%, and 100% of peak moments. The highest model-predicted C4/5 joint compressive forces occurred during flexion; $361\;({\pm}164)\;N,\;811\;({\pm}288)\;N,\;1207\;({\pm}491)\;N\;and\;1674\;({\pm}319)\;N$ in 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of peak moment respectively. Variations in load distribution among the agonistic muscles and co-contractions of antagonistic muscles were estimated during ramp efforts. Results suggest that higher C4/5 joint loads than previously reported are possible during isometric, voluntary muscle contractions. These higher physiological loads at C4/5 level must be considered possible during orthopedic reconstruction at this level.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 1998

One of the urgently-needed retail strategies is to lower the labor expenses of the store. For this purpose, more stores are developing new, fancy techniques to make consumers work for the stores without paying them. Examples include self-service system, consumer suggestion system and others. These are called customer voluntary performance. Intiated by Bettencourt(1997), customer voluntary performance(CVT) becomes an important concept in modern retailing. This paper applies three dimensions of CVP (loyalty, cooperation, participation) to the setting of Consumer Complaint Intentions(CCI). Similar to CVP, CCI has three dimensions in itself (voice, private, third party). The major focus of this empirical research is on finding the possible relationships between three dimensions of CVP and three dimensions of CCI. The results show that participation is positively related to the levels of consumer complaint intentions, whereas loyalty is negatively related to the levels of them. This implies that the weak tactic of CVP(loyalty) may reduce the levels of complaint, but strong one(participation) may not be so. More conceptual and empirrical studies are urgently needed.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.07a
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• pp.382-383
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• 2006

본 논문은 에너지절약 및 온실가스 배출감소를 목적으로 시행하고 있는 에너지절약정책 중 산업체 자발적협약(Voluntary Agreement)제도의 정책효과를 계량화하기 위한 접근방법을 제시한다. 시책 추진효과의 계량은 2단계 접근으로, 1단계에서 절감효과(에너지 절감 및 온실가스 저감)를 파악하고, 2단계에서 이를 가치화하는 과정으로 수행된다.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.325-338
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to develop the strategies for enhancing activities of the "Korean Rural Leaders' Association" to foster the voluntary leadership in rural area. Literature review and questionnaire survey were carried out. The results of the study were as follows: Firstly, for enhancing the organizational competency, it was regarded as the important components that developing an organizational vision, improvement of structure and functions, promotion of the organizational management efficiency including human resource, securing new members and establishment of organizational culture. And secondly, for accelerating the organizational activities, it was expected to give more concern to such activities as public services, spokesman's role for the farmers, organizational / international cooperations and research at central level of the association.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.173-189
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• 2009

This study investigated contextual characteristics and developmental functions of time spent alone in early adolescence. Participants were 107 6th grade elementary school students. The Experience Sampling Method was used to measure experiences of time spent alone. Findings were that : (1) 2.6% of an early adolescents' daily waking time was involuntarily spent alone and 14.8% was voluntarily spent alone. (2) Psychological states of voluntary time spent alone were more positive than those of involuntary time spent alone, and psychological states of voluntary time spent alone were not significantly different from those of time spent with family members or friends. (3) Experiences during voluntary time spent alone were related to adjustment, suggesting that time spent alone during early adolescence contributes to positive development.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 1993

When the breach of contract is at issue between the contracting parties, the decision of the contents of obligation has an important meaning. The contents of obligation is decided by the construction of cont-ract. Therefore, the construction of contract has very important meaning for the decision of the contents of obligation. And the Civil Law of Korea includes provisions to settle disputes related to contract, and most of these provisions have the nature of voluntary law. And when there is no intention of the contracting parties, or it is not clear, the voluntary law comes into application(Civil code art. 105). Ultimately, voluntary law not only becomes the standard of the construction of the contract, but also it is applied as the law to settle dispute. Thus, it needs to clear what is the relation between the construc-tion of contract and the application of law. Therefore, this paper aims to clarify the relationship between the construction of contract and the appli-cation of law.