• PNF and Movement
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.49-52
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of the area of the base of support formed by the human body on the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of upper limb muscles. Methods: The study was conducted with 20 normal adults. To identify changes in the base of support, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the biceps muscle was measured in a standing position, a sitting position, and a lying position for each subject. The sizes of the base of support formed in the standing, sitting, and lying positions were set to 1, 2, and 3 respectively, based on the sizes, to analyze the correlations. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the biceps muscle was measured using surface electromyograms (EMGs) (Noraxon DTS, Germany). Results: The results showed negative correlations in which, as the size of the base of support increased, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the biceps muscle decreased. Conclusion: Changes in the base of support of the body affect the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the upper limbs. Therefore, when resistance exercises are applied for muscle strengthening, the positions should be changed considering the changes in muscle activity according to those positions. In addition, when EMGs are used to measure the maximal voluntary isometric contraction, the measurements should be conducted in the same positions, considering muscle activity that changes according to the base of support and positions, for data quantification.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.223-232
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate voluntary activities of the elderly. Two hundred and eight older Cheongju residents were selected, and a questionnaire was used to collect data. The results are as follows: The number of participants in voluntary activities was relatively small. The main reasons for negative attitudes toward voluntary activities were significantly different according to sex, educational level, marital status, health status, economic level, religion, and life satisfaction. By using a cluster analysis, the elderly could be divided into four groups. Among them, a group with positive attitudes participating in volunteer activities was more likely to include males or those educated, healthy, and affluent. Based on the results of this study, it is revealed that participating in volunteer activities provides problem solutions and self development for elderly people.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2014

Customer loyalty in on-line context could be determined not only by voluntary factors but also by involuntary factors. Even though customer doesn't satisfy with certain technology and service, customer loyalty could be fostered by involuntary factors such as network effect, bonds, and switching cost. The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of customer loyalty on SNS in terms of voluntary and in voluntary factors. Based on prior studies on satisfaction and customer loyalty, usability and familiarity were identified as voluntary factors and network effect, bonds, and switching cost were identified as involuntary factors. Through the empirical study of 199 survey of SNS users, voluntary factors are found to be significantly related to the satisfaction and customer loyalty. Among involuntary factors, bonds are not found to be significantly related to customer loyalty.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.130-141
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• 1993

This study was to find out variables influenced on the medication patterns (voluntary medication, in-voluntary medication) of antipsychotics taken by schizophrenic outpatients. Purposes of this study were to be identified that there was the significant difference between the group of voluntary medication and involuntary, and that which variables had infuence on outpsychotics medication. The sample consisted of 30 patients takeing their pills voluntary (voluntary medication group), and 15 patients involuntary(involuntary medication group) at a psychiatry hospital and a psychiatric unit of a The findings of the study are as follows : university hospital in Daegu. Data were collected from September to October, 1991 through interview using questionare about antipsychotics medication. Data were analyzed by the technique of two group discriminant function analysis using SPSS pc$^{+}$ 1) Discriminant function discriminating between voluntary medication and involuntary medication was significant at the level of 10% significance (sig.=.055, p〈.10) Hit-ratio was very high (91. 1％) 2) One of General variables, SEX, was significant of discriminating between two medication patterns at the level of 10% significance. 3) One of Family Environmental Variables, BROTH(a number of brother), were significant between two medication patterns. (p〈.10) 4) One of Therapeutic Environmental Variables, FAMHX, was significant between two medication patterns at the level of 10% significance. 5) One of Variables Related to Drug and Medication, NECESS, was significant between two medication patterns. (p〈.05) 6) Variables Related to Disease was not significant between two medication patterns.s.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2020

The study aims to provide some plausible explanation for why Vietnamese listed companies only stop at the level of truthful presentation of information related to accounting data through the opinion of independent auditors. The information is only at the level of compliance with the requirements of Circular 155/2015/TT-BTC in form, but in essence is sketchy. What factors affect the level of voluntary disclosure of listed companies in Vietnam? In order to identify the factors affecting voluntary information disclosure on annual reports of listed companies, the study collected data on annual reports of 122 companies listed on the stock market in Ho Chi Minh City in the period 2015-2018 and uses regression analysis methods. The research presents 8 factors affecting the level of voluntary information disclosure including: Firm size, Listed time, Profitability, Solvency, Separation of board of directors and executive director, Board size, Organizational ownership and Foreign ownership. Next, the study conducted descriptive statistical analysis correlation coefficient analysis to examine the correlation and relevance of independent variables measured by the scale ratio, testing multiple linear regression model. The results of the study show that factors listed time, profitability and organizational ownership affecting voluntary information disclosure on annual reports of listed companies in Vietnam.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate steady-state force depression following active muscle shortening in human tibialis anterior muscle during voluntary contractions. Subjects (n = 7; age $24{\sim}39$ years; 7 males) performed isometric reference contractions and isometric-shortening-isometric contractions, using maximal voluntary effort. Force depression was assessed by comparing the steady-state isometric torque produced following active muscle shortening with the purely isometric reference torque obtained at the corresponding joint angle. In order to test for effects of the shortening conditions on the steady-state force depression, the speed of shortening were changed systematically in a random order but balanced design. Ankle dorsiflexion torque and joint angle were continuously measured using a dynamometer. During voluntary contractions, muscle activation of the tibialis anterior and the medical gastrocnemius was recorded using surface electromyography. Force depression during voluntary contractions, with a constant level of muscle activation, was 12 %, on average over all subjects. Force depression was independent of the speeds of shortening ($13.8{\pm}2.9%$, $10.3{\pm}2.6%$ for 15 and 45 deg/sec over 15 deg of shortening, respectively). The results of this study suggest that steady-state force depression is a basic property of voluntarily-contracting human skeletal muscle and has functional implication to human movements.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.201-214
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• 2020

This study researched the life experiences of 30-40's voluntary single women. Currently, a growing number of women in their 30s and 40s in South Korea are voluntarily choosing single life to achieve self-realization and focus on their lives. We want to take note of this phenomenon and take an in-depth the lives of voluntary single life beings they are experiencing by using hermeneutic phenomenological study method of Van Manen. The results of this study are as follows. First, 30-40s voluntary single women have experienced desire of self-realization through their single life. Second, they were satisfied with their lives based on the concept of having free choices, stable social support and they social-economic base. Third, they have experienced a low awareness of single life in society and many people. Last, they were preparing for their future lives for their physical health, finances, and role as parents' provider. This study provides a better understanding of the lives of 30-40s voluntary single women.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2007

임의동행은 경찰행정작용 또는 임의수사의 한 방법이다. 피의자 등은 수사기관의 임의동행의 요구를 받았을 때에 임의로 동행을 승낙할 수도 있고, 거부할 수도 있다. 피동행자가 임의동행을 거부하였을 때에는 수사기관은 동행을 강요할 수 없고, 구속의 요건이 있을 때에 한하여 체포영장을 발부받아 체포하거나, 긴급구속의 요건에 해당될 때에는 영장 없이 긴급체포 형식으로 강제 동행한 후 구속영장을 청구할 수 있다. 이러한 처분은 형사소송법의 규정에 의하지 않는 한 피동행자의 신체를 구속하거나 그 의사에 반하여 답변을 강요할 수 없기 때문에 문제가 되는 것이다. 이러한 문제를 입법론, 판례 등을 참고하여 실제 우리나라의 임의동행에 의한 수사의 적법성에 부수하여 운영실태의 범위와 한계 등 책임성 문제를 고찰해 본다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.327-333
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• 2021

Accounting information disclosure by enterprises is important for third-party entities (suppliers, creditors, banks, regulators, etc.). Voluntary accounting information disclosure (VAID) refers to additional information related to business activities shown on the annual report above and beyond the required information about business results and financial position as well as cash flow. This supports the stakeholders gaining useful information to make proper business decisions. The article examines the influence of ownership structure on the voluntary accounting information disclosure of the top 100 Vietnamese listed companies (VN100). Data collected by authors on regular annual reports totaled 425 observations from 2015 to 2019. The article uses OLS to test multivariate regression models with time-series data. The research results show that there are three variables affecting voluntary accounting information disclosure, of which foreign ownership and institution ownership have a positive impact, while concentration ownership has an opposite impact. Accordingly, the managers of VN100 should raise awareness in order to demonstrate the obligation of information providers to users to ensure clarity and completeness. The state agencies should encourage VN100 to enhance voluntary accounting information disclosure. This contributes to improve the information level of Vietnamese listed companies to embrace the trend of international economic integration.

• 한국비블리아학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.131-148
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• 2010

본 연구는 공공도서관 장애인서비스를 지원하는 자원봉사자들이 활용할 수 있는 체계화된 매뉴얼을 개발하여 자원봉사 활동의 전문화 및 활성화에 기여하기 시도되었다. 장애인서비스 현황조사와 담당자와 이용자와의 면담, 전문가 간담회 등을 통하여 가장 수요가 많은 도서관 장애인서비스 유형을 파악하고, 국내외 도서관 장애인서비스 자원봉사 매뉴얼의 구성요소를 추출하여 실질적인 장애인 서비스 자원봉사 활용 매뉴얼을 개발하였다. 대면낭독, 입력봉사, 도서관 비방문자 서비스, 이동보조, 보조공학기 서비스의 5개 분야를 선정하여 이들을 효과적으로 수행할 수 있도록 각각의 구체적인 활동 매뉴얼 내용을 제시하였다. 5개자원봉사의 활동분야, 장애 유형, 활동 목적, 세부 활동 내용 및 체크리스트로 구성된 활동내용의 구성도와 구성요소의 정의를 소개하였고, 구성요소의 기술사례를 대면낭독에 적용하여 활동 매뉴얼의 내용을 간략히 제시하였다.