• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1029-1037
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate effects of antifungal substance and carboxylesterase-producing inoculant on fermentation indices and rumen degradation kinetics of whole crop rice (WCR) silage ensiled at different dry matter (DM) contents. Methods: Dual-purpose inoculants, Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and Lactobacillus buchneri 6M1, confirmed both activities of antifungal and carboxylesterase in the previous study. The WCR at mature stage was chopped, and then wilted to obtain three different DM contents consisting of 35.4%, 43.6%, and 51.5%. All WCR forages were applied distilled water (CON) or mixed inoculants with 1:1 ratio at 1×105 colony forming unit/g (INO), and ensiled into 20 L mini silo (5 kg) in quadruplicates for 108 d. Results: The INO silages had lower lactate (p<0.001) and butyrate (p = 0.022) with higher acetate (p<0.001) and propionate (p<0.001) than those of CON silages. Ammonia-N (p<0.001), lactate (tendency; p = 0.068), acetate (p = 0.030), and butyrate (p<0.001) concentrations of INO silages decreased linearly with increasing DM content of WCR forage. The INO silages presented higher lactic acid bacteria (p<0.001) with lower molds (p<0.001) than those of CON silages. Yeasts (p = 0.042) and molds (p = 0.046) of WCR silages decreased linearly with increasing DM content of WCR forage. In the rumen, INO silages had higher the total degradable fraction (p<0.001), total volatile fatty acid (tendency; p = 0.097), and acetate (p = 0.007), but lower the fractional degradation rate (p = 0.011) and propionate (p<0.001) than those of CON silage. The total degradable fraction (p<0.001), total volatile fatty acid (p = 0.001), iso-butyrate (p = 0.036), and valerate (p = 0.008) decreased linearly with increasing DM content of WCR forage, while the lag phase (p<0.001) was increased linearly. Conclusion: This study concluded that application of dual-purpose inoculants on WCR silage confirmed antifungal and carboxylesterase activities by inhibiting mold and improving rumen digestibility, while increase of wilting times decreased organic acids production and rumen digestibility.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2022

본 연구는 유기성 폐기물 중 음식 폐기물의 고형연료제품으로서의 활용 가능성을 평가하기 위해 건조 음식 폐기물의 물리화학적 성질 및 연소 특성을 분석하였다. 기존 고형연료와의 성상 차이를 비교함으로써 건조음식 폐기물의 연료로서의 특성을 분석 하였으며, 연료화 후 연소 특성을 파악하였다.음식 폐기물 시료 2종과 고형연료 제조설비로부터 생산된 고형연료 시료 2종을 이용하여 원소분석, 공업분석, 발열량분석, TGA 분석 실험을 진행 하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 건조 음식 폐기물의 수분함량과 회분함량은 각각 1.7~10.0 wt.%, 7.8~11.7 wt.%로 고형연료 품질기준을 만족하였으며, 건조 음식 폐기물의 저위발열량은 4,000~4,720 kcal/kg으로 고형연료의 품질기준인 3,500 kcal/kg보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 건조 음식 폐기물의 TGA 분석 결과, 연소반응은 약 200℃에서 시작하여 약 500℃에서 연소 속도가 가장 높았다. 100~200℃ 사이에서 수분 증발 후, 200~500℃ 사이에서 초기 휘발분, 탄소 및 잔류 휘발분의 방출 및 연소가 이루어졌다. 건조 음식 폐기물의 높은 발열량 및 낮은 수분, 회분 함량을 바탕으로 향후 효율적 건조 기술 적용 및 엄격한 품질 기준 검사를 통해 건조 음식 폐기물의 고형연료화가 가능한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.128-136
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Hydrothermal carbonization reaction is the thermo-chemical energy conversion technology for producing the solid fuel of high carbon density from organic wastes. The hydrothermal carbonization reaction is accompanied by the thermal hydrolysis reaction which converse particulate organic matters to soluble forms (hydro-thermal hydrolysate). Recently, hydrothermal carbonization is adopted as a pre-treatment technology to improve anaerobic digestion efficiency. This research was carried out to assess the effects of hydro-thermal reaction temperature on the methane potential and anaerobic biodegradability in the thermal hydrolysate of organic sludge generating from the wastewater treatment plant of poultry slaughterhouse .METHODS AND RESULTS: Wastewater treatment sludge cake of poultry slaughterhouse was treated in the different hydro-thermal reaction temperature of 170, 180, 190, 200, and 220℃. Theoretical and experimental methane potential for each hydro-thermal hydrolysate were measured. Then, the organic substance fractions of hydro-thermal hydrolysate were characterized by the optimization of the parallel first order kinetics model. The increase of hydro-thermal reaction temperature from 170℃ to 220℃ caused the enhancement of hydrolysis efficiency. And the methane potential showed the maximum value of 0.381 Nm³ kg^-1-VS_added in the hydro-thermal reaction temperature of 190℃. Biodegradable volatile solid(VSB) content have accounted for 66.41% in 170℃, 72.70% in 180℃, 79.78% in 190℃, 67.05% in 200℃, and 70.31% in 220℃, respectively. The persistent VS content increased with hydro-thermal reaction temperature, which occupied 0.18% for 170℃, 2.96% for 180℃, 6.32% for 190℃, 17.52% for 200℃, and 20.55% for 220℃.CONCLUSION: Biodegradable volatile solid showed the highest amount in the hydro-thermal reaction temperature of 190℃, and then, the optimum hydro-thermal reaction temperature for organic sludge was assessed as 190℃ in the aspect of the methane production. The rise of hydro-thermal reaction temperature caused increase of persistent organic matter content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.352-356
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• 2002

One hundred-fifty lactating, multiparous cow at post-peak of lactation were used to examine the effect of dietary yeast supplementation on milk production, milk composition and ruminal fermentation. The cows were randomly allocated to three groups of fifty cows each: a control group fed on a basal diet without yeast supplementation and two groups fed on basal diets supplemented with one of two commercial sources of yeast cultures, given at the rates of 15 g/head/d ($YC_1$) and 50 g/head/d ($YC_2$), respectively, as per manufacturers' recommendation. Daily milk production was recorded for all cows, while milk samples were taken randomly from ten cows per group for two consecutive days at two-week intervals for chemical analysis of the milk. Rumen fluids were also analyzed for ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids. The results indicated that cows consuming diets supplemented with yeast culture tended to decrease their dry matter intake and to increase their milk yield. Cows fed $YC_2$ supplemented diet produced more milk and 4% fat corrected milk than those fed either $YC_1$-supplemented diet or the control. The highest milk fat percentage was obtained in cows fed $YC_2$ supplemented diet while the highest percentages of protein, lactose, total solids and solids not fat were recorded in cows fed $YC_1$. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased significantly after yeast culture supplementation. Molar proportion of volatile fatty acids did not change significantly with yeast supplementation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.979-983
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• 2005

Indoor air quality has been addressed as an important atmospheric environmental issue and has caught attention of the public in recent years in Korea. Good indoor air quality in classrooms favour student's learning ability, teacher and staff's productivity according to other studies. In this study, each classroom at four different schools was chosen for comparison of indoor and outdoor air quality by means of source generation types such as new constructed classroom, using of cleaning agents and purchased furniture. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), carbon dioxide $(CO_2)$, formaldehyde (HCHO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and particulate matter with diameter less than $10{\mu}m\;(PM_{10})$ were monitored at indoor and outdoor locations during lesson. HCHO was found to be the worst among parameters measured in new constructed classroom, HCHO and TVOCs was worst in classroom with new purchased furniture, and TVOCs was worst in classroom cleaned by cleaning agents, Indoor $(CO_2)$ concentrations often exceeded 1500 ppm indicating importance of ventilation. Active activity of students during break time made the $PM_{10}$ concentration higher than a lesson, Improvements and further researches should be carried out considering indoor air quality at schools is of special concern since children and students are susceptible to poor air quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1601-1607
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the effect of lysozyme addition on in vitro rumen fermentation and to identify the lysozyme inclusion rate for abating methane ($CH_4$) production. An in vitro ruminal fermentation technique was done using a commercial concentrate to rice straw ratio of 8:2 as substrate. The following treatments were applied wherein lysozyme was added into 1 mg dry matter substrate at different levels of inclusion: Without lysozyme, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 U lysozyme. Results revealed that, lysozyme addition had a significant effect on pH after 24 h of incubation, with the highest pH (p<0.01) observed in 8,000 U lysozyme, followed by the 4,000 U, 2,000 U, and without lysozyme. The highest amounts of acetic acid, propionic acid (p<0.01) and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) (p<0.05) were found in 8,000 U after 24 h of incubation. The $CH_4$ concentration was the lowest in the 8,000 U and the highest in the without lysozyme addition after 24 h of incubation. There was no significant differences in general bacteria, methanogen, or protozoan DNA copy number. So far, addition of lysozyme increased the acetate, propionate, TVFA, and decreased $CH_4$ concentration. These results suggest that lysozyme supplementation may improve in vitro rumen fermentation and reduce $CH_4$ emission.

• 셀메드
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.11.1-11.7
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• 2012

Stachys tibetica Vatke (Lamiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in the folk medicine of Ladakh, India and Tibet for the treatment of various mental disorders. Infusion and decoction of the whole plant is used as a cup of tea for a severe fever, headaches and to relieve tension. The recent study is aimed to evaluate the preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical nature of Stachys tibetica Vatke. The whole plant material was subjected to successive soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether (40 - $60^{\circ}C$), chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and finally decocted with water to get the respective extracts. The fluorescence characteristics of the powdered materials were analysed under ultraviolet light and ordinary light. Different physicochemical parameters such as ash value, extractive value, foaming index, pH values, loss on drying and determination of foreign matter were carried out as per WHO guidelines. The total fat, flavonoid, saponin and volatile contents were also determined. Macroscopical studies revealed the authentication of the plant drug. Physicochemical parameters helped to standardize the plant material while preliminary qualitative chemical tests of different extracts showed the presence of Glycosides, Carbohydrates, Phytosterols/triterpenoids, Saponins, Fixed oils, Fats and phenols/tannins. Quantification of the total flavonoids and saponins and contents were determined as $54.66{\pm}0.58mg/g$ and $75.42{\pm}0.48mg/kg$ respectively, while the volatile and fat contents were 6.5% and 0.7% respectively. Results may lay the foundation for the standardization of the drug and discovery of new molecules from S. tibetica for the treatment of various diseases.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.789-793
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• 1995

전통 화식문화(花食文化)의 재조명을 위한 노력의 일환으로 아카시아 꽃잎의 화학성분 조성을 분석 검토하였다. 꽃잎의 수분함량은 86.6%이었다. 건물량 기준으로 조단백질 24.55%, 조회분 8.51% 및 총당 40.97%은 비교적 높은 함량이었으며, 아스코르브산도 160.44 mg% 함유되어 있었다. 유리당 함량은 건물량으로 fructose 75.23mg/g, sucrose 61.70mg/g 및 glucose 43.69mg/g 순이었고, 무기질은 주로 칼륨, 마그네슘, 칼슘, 철, 나트륨 등이 함유되어 있었다. 지방산 조성은 팔미트산 44.44%, 리놀레산 19.31%, 리노렌산 12.90% 등의 순이었고, 포화지방산과 불포화지방산의 비는 약 1.7 : 1이었다. 분석된 18종의 아미노산 중 필수아미노산의 비는 약 0.32%이었다. 휘발성 향기성분은 대부분이 저비점의 탄화수소류, 알콜류, 에스테르류, 유기산류 등으로 확인되었으며 octadecanoic acid 24.19% benzyl alcohol, 9.41%, linalool 7.05% heptacosane 5.43%, geraniol 4.28% 등이 주요 향기성분이었다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.536-544
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• 2017

The effects of catalysts addition on the pyrolysis reaction of biomass have been studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The sample biomasses were Bamboo, Pine and Hinoki. The catalysts tested were K, Zn, Cu metal compounds. The pyrolysis reactions were tested in the nonisothermal condition from the room temperature to $550^{\circ}C$ at a heating rate $50^{\circ}C/min$ on the flowing of $N_2$ purge gases. Cellulose contents of Bamboo was higher than that of Pine and Hinoki. As the results, the pyrolysis reaction of volatile matter was finished near the temperature $450^{\circ}C$. The initial decomposition temperatures of the volatile matters ($T_i$) were $165^{\circ}C$ for Bamboo, $190^{\circ}C$ for Pine, and $193^{\circ}C$ for Hinoki. $T_i$ decreased with increasing the catalyst amounts in the sample biomasses. The temperature of maximum reaction rate ($T_{max}$) were $338^{\circ}C$ for Bamboo, $378^{\circ}C$ for Pine, and $377^{\circ}C$ for Hinoki. The effects of catalysts addition on the $T_{max}$ were to decreased it. The reducing effects about $T_{max}$ was the most effective for K metal compounds catalyst. The char amounts remained after pyrolysis at $550^{\circ}C$ were 26.2% for Bamboo, 20.7% for Pine, and 20.9% for Hinoki. The char amounts increased with the catalyst amounts.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.445-460
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• 2018

Exposure to indoor air pollution is an emerging world-wide problem, with growing evidence that it is a major cause of morbidity worldwide. Whilst most indoor air pollutants are of outdoor origin, these combine with a range of indoor sourced pollutants that may lead to high pollutant levels indoors. The pollutants of greatest concern are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM), both of which are associated with a range of serious health problems. Whilst current buildings usually use ventilation with outdoor air to remove these pollutants, botanical systems are gaining recognition as an effective alternative. Whilst many years research has shown that traditional potted plants and their substrates are capable of removing VOCs effectively, they are inefficient at removing PM, and are limited in their pollutant removal rates by the need for pollutants to diffuse to the active pollutant removal components of these systems. Active botanical biofiltration, using green wall systems combined with mechanical fans to increase pollutant exposure to the plants and substrate, show greatly increased rates of pollutant removal for both VOCs, PM and also carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). A developing body of research indicates that these systems can outperform existing technologies for indoor air pollutant removal, although further research is required before their use will become widespread. Whilst it is known that plant species selection and substrate characteristics can affect the performance of active botanical systems, optimal characteristics are yet to be identified. Once this research has been completed, it is proposed that active botanical biofiltration will provide a cheap and low energy use alternative to mechanical ventilations systems for the maintenance of indoor environmental quality.