• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.611-619
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the technique of modal changes and its performance effect in Manjeong Kim, So-hui's pansori "Chunghyangga" at the portion of jungmori. It is because Manjeong-style "Chunghyangga" effectively presents dramatic scenes, role changes and emotional variations through modal changes of pansori. In this study, such two songs as and in jungmori were examined and study findings are as follows: Modal changes always reflected dramatic scenes, role changes, situational alterations and emotional variations. In addition, all the transpositions of the two songs were related to geunchin-jo and euddeumeum-jo. In , the technique of modal changes was intensively used in the latter half of the song, whereas in , it was used from the middle portion of the song. All of these uses of modal changes resulted in an excellent performance effect, which was musically expressed in order to discriminate it from the portion of role changes or explanations.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 1991

For the purpose of evaluation of clinical characteristics and histopathological properties in mediastinal tumors and cysts, 50 patients with mediastinal tumors and cysts treated at the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in Chosun University Hospital during the period from January, 1978 to Mach, 1990 were reviewed. The results of this cases analysis were as follows; 1. of all 50 mediastinal tumors and cysts, 27 patients were male and 23 patients were female. There was no sex preference. The age distribution was from 10 months to 84 years, and mean age was 37 years old, and no age preference. 2. Subjective symptoms were as follows : Dyspnea[54%], Chest pain[44%], Coughing [34%] Fever[16%] and General malaise[12%]. Objective signs were as follows: Decreased breathing sound[46%], Pleural effusion and hemothorax[32%], Palpable neck mass[24%] and SVC syndrome[14%]. But, there were no definitive symptoms in 5 cases[10%]. 3. The most frequently encountered tumors were teratodermoid tumors[26%] followed by lymphomas[22%], thymomas[12%] and benign cysts[8%] in decreasing order of frequency. 4. Based on the subdivision of the mediastinum, 44% of the tumors were in the anterior mediastinum, 24% in the middle mediastinum, 18% in the superior mediastinum and 14% in the posterior mediastinum. 5. The malignant tumors were 25 cases[50%]. 6. The successful removal was possible in all the benign mediastinal tumors and cysts. In malignant cases, the surgical removal had been 12 cases and inoperable cases were treated to radiation and chemotherapy. 7. Postoperative complications were bleeding, wound infection, pneumothorax and vocal cord paralysis. The recurrence was 3 cases. 8. The most frequent mediastinal tumor in the west is neurogenic tumor but is teratoma in Korea.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.387-392
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• 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of single-port video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in the treatment of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP). Methods: Twenty-four patients who were scheduled to undergo single-port VATS for SSP were studied. The medical records of the patients were retrospectively reviewed. The mean follow-up duration was $26.1{\pm}19.8$ months. In order to evaluate the feasibility of single-port VATS for SSP, the postoperative results of single-port VATS (n=15) in patients with emphysema were compared with those of emphysematous patients who underwent three-port VATS (n=15) during the study period. Results: Single-port VATS was feasible in 19 of 24 patients (79.2%), while an additional port was needed in five patients. In the single-port VATS patients, the median operation time, duration of chest tube drainage, and hospital stay were 84.0 minutes, one day, and two days, respectively. Postoperative complications included prolonged chest tube drainage for more than five days (n=1), wound infection (n=1), and vocal fold palsy (n=1). No recurrence of pneumothorax was observed during the follow-up period. The median operation time, duration of chest tube drainage, and hospital stay of the emphysematous patients who underwent single-port VATS were shorter than those who underwent three-port VATS group (p<0.05 for all parameters). Conclusion: Single-port VATS proved to be a feasible procedure in the treatment of patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.437-446
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• 2008

Electroglottography (EGG) is a simple and non-invasive technique for analyzing the vibratory patterns of the vocal folds by detecting impedance changes across the larynx. An abnormal electroglottogram is shown in patients who have a dysphagia associated with neuromuscular disorder. Electroglottography offers reliable informations for diagnosis of swallowing disorder and gives quantitative datas. The purpose of this study is to provide the normal value of electroglottography in normal adults. We took electroglottograms of 80 adults who have no problem in swallowing and utterance. EGG data were analyzed to find out the value of Pitch, Jitter and Closed quotient with a commercially available software. There were significant differences between a usual voice and loud voice in 3 measures on the EGG signalmean pitch, Avg. jitter, mean quotient. To get a proper electroglottography, phonation of a usual voice was better than a loud voice. Four measurements- S.D pitch, Avg. Jitter, Mean closed quotient, S.D closed quotient- were independent of sex for adult. Three measurements- Mean pitch, S.D pitch, Mean closed quotient - were independent of age for adult aged twenties to fifties. The Avg. Jitter of twenties appeared to be lower than those of forties and fifties. The S.D closed quotient of twenties appeared to be lower than those of thirties, forties and fifties.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1148-1151
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• 1996

For the purpose of clinical analysis In mediastinal tumors, 51 patients with mediastinal tumor who were surgically treated from February 1984 to February 1994 in Chunan hospital of Soonchunhyang university were reviewed. There were 21 male and 30 female patients in the study. Age ranges from 11 months to 75 years, with the mean 39.4$\pm$ 18.8 years. Symptoms and signs were asymptom(21.6%), chest d scomfort(19.6%), dyspnea(15.7%), ptosls(15.7%), general weakness(13.7%) and chest pain(9.8%). The most frequent tumor location was anterosuperior mediastinum(60.8%) followed by posterior(25.5%) and middle(13.7%) mediastinum. In the pathological viewpoint, thymoma(33.3%) was the most frequent type followed by neurogenic tumor(25.5%) an'd germ cell tumor(19.6%). All of benign tumors(46 cases) were completely removed and malignant tumors(5 cases) were treated with rAdiotherapy after operation. The postoperative complications were 2 wound dehesences, 1 pneumothorax, 1 vocal cord palsy and 1 prolonged mechanical ventilation.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.95-102
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• 2008

Multiple physical changes of the larynx and its components occur with age. Vocal pitch, commonly expressed through measures of fundamental frequency (Fo) relate to physical conditions of the larynx. Available data is lacking for the senescent voice, and should be applied to the of changes of elderly speakers' Fo characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Fo of normal elderly speaker's voice. A total of 406 normal elderly speakers (207 males and 199 females) participated in this experiment. Age ranged from 60 years to 89 years. The subjects were asked to produce sustained corner vowels (/a/ /i/ /u/) three times each and the data were analyzed using the MDVP of CSL. According to the results of this study, the mean Fo from the ages of 60's to 80's shows 143.95Hz(SD 13.94) for men and 185.42Hz (SD 15.29) for women. For men, a significant change is found as a function of age in the Fo (F=16.181, p<.05). A post-hoc Scheffe test revealed significant differences between the Fo data of subjects aged 60's and 70's, 60's and 80's. For women, a significant change is found as a function of age in the Fo (F=49.013, p<.05). A post-hoc $Scheff'{e}$ test revealed significant differences between the Fo data of subjects in their 60's and 70's, 70's and 80's, 60's and 80's. The Fo of men goes up from their 60's to 80's gradually, whereas the Fo of women goes down gradually until their 70's, and after their 70's it again increases. It has been known that diminishing estrogen levels in women in old age may be a factor in lowering Fo, whereas diminishing testosterone levels in men may contribute to a rising Fo. This result may be used as some meaningful guideline and lead the basic data to differentiate between normal aged voice and aged voice disorders.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2015

This study was mainly aimed at investigating on the effects of background noises (i.e., white noise, multi-speaker conversational babble) on stuttering rate and other speech-related measures (i.e., articulation rate, speech effort). Nine Korean-speaking adults who stutter participated in the study. Each of the participants was asked to read a series of passages under each of four experimental conditions (i.e., typical solo reading (TR), choral reading (CR), reading under white noise presented (WR), reading with multi-speaker conversational babble presented (BR). Stuttering rate was computed based on a percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS) and articulation rate was also assessed as another speech-related measure under each of the experimental conditions. To examine the amount of physical effort needed to read, the speech effort was measured by using the 9-point Speech Effort Self Rating Scale originally employed by Ingham et al. (2006). Study results showed that there were no significant differences among each of the passage reading conditions in terms of stuttering rate, articulation rate, and speech effort. In conclusion, it can be argued that the two different types of background noises (i.e., white noise and multi-speaker conversational babble) are not different in the extent to which each of them enhances fluency of adults who stutter. Self ratings of speech effort may be also useful in measuring speech-related variables associated with vocal changes induced under each of the fluency enhancing conditions.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.99-107
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine the relative distances among English front vowels in a message produced by 47 Korean and American speakers in order to better instruct pronunciation skills of English vowels for Korean English learners. A Praat script was developed to collect the first and second formant values(F1 and F2) of eight words in each sound file which was recorded from an internet speech archive. Then, the Euclidean distances were measured between the three vowel pairs: [i-ɛ], [i-ɪ], and [ɛ-æ]. The first vowel pair [i-ɛ] was set as the reference from which the relative distances of the other two vowel pairs were measured in percent in order to compare the vowel sounds among speakers of different vocal tract lengths. Results show that F1 values of the front vowels produced by the Korean and American speakers increased from the high front vowel to the low front vowel wih differences among the groups. The Korean speakers generally produced the front vowels with smaller jaw openings than the American speakers did. Secondly, the relative distance of the high front vowel pair [i-ɪ] showed a significant difference between the Korean and American speakers while that of the low front vowel pair [ɛ-æ] showed a non-significant difference. Finally, the Korean speakers in the higher proficiency level produced front vowels with higher F1 values than those in the lower proficiency level. The author concluded that Korean speakers should produce the front high vowels distinctively by securing sufficient relative distance of the formant values. Further studies would be desirable to examine how strong the Korean speakers' English proficiency correlate with the relative distance of target words of comparable productions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.35S no.12
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• pp.93-102
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• 1998

In noisy environments, human speech productions are influenced by noises(Lombard effect), and speech signals are contaminated. These distortions dramatically reduce the performance of speech recognition systems. This paper proposes a method of the Lombard effect compensation and noise suppression in order to improve speech recognition performance in noise environments. To estimate the intensity of the Lombard effect which is a nonlinear distortion depending on the ambient noise levels, speakers, and phonetic units, we formulate the measure of the Lombard effect level based on the acoustic speech signal, and the measure is used to compensate the Lombard effect. The distortions of speech under noisy environments are cancelled out as follows. First, spectral subtraction and band-pass filtering are used to cancel out noise. Second, energy nomalization is proposed to cancel out the variation of vocal intensity by the Lombard effect. Finally, the Lombard effect level controls the transform which converts Lombard speech cepstrum to clean speech cepstrum. The proposed method was validated on 50 korean word recognition. Average recognition rates were 82.6%, 95.7%, 97.6% with the proposed method, while 46.3%, 75.5%, 87.4% without any compensation at SNR 0, 10, 20 dB, respectively.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1509-1521
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• 2013

Social demand for the stability of structures lead to the development of the technology to accomplish it. The non-destructive seismic technique, which is able to assess structural integrity of infrastructures, belongs to this category. Seismic technique is focused on the measurement of seismic velocity propagating through the material, and has to utilize sensors coupled to material surface, which does not allow the testing to be performed on the fly. In this paper, a general vocal microphone, which works as a non-contact sensor, was adopted to facilitate seismic testing with mobility and efficiency improved. The target of using microphones was oriented toward quality assessment of compacted subgrade, stiffness evaluation and health monitoring of concrete structures. Experimental parametric study and field applications were performed to investigate reliability and efficiency of microphones. Finally, the optimal test configuration of microphones was suggested for resonance tests and surface-wave tests.