• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.633-640
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• 1994

The tensile bond strength to dentin was measured for three glass-ionomer cement and composite resin combinations: two light-curing glass-ionomer cements(Vitrebond and XR - Ionomer) and one traditional glass - ionomer cement(Ketac - Bond), two adhesive systems(Scotchbond, and XR - Bonding System), and a corresponding composite resin. The bond strength of this "sandwich" was also compared with that of the same cements used in bulk. Vitredbond showed a significantly higher bond strength in bulk than did the other two cements. Of the sandwiches, the XR - Iomomer and XR - Bond combination showed a bond strength significantly higher than that of the Vitrebond and Scotchbond or Ketac- bond and Scotchbond combination. The fracture of the bond was mainly adhesive for Vitrebond, cohesive for XR - Ionomer when used in bulk and adhesive - cohesive when used in a sandwich, and cohesive for Ketac-Bond.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.261-276
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate for the cytotoxicity of glass-ionomer cement liners(GC liningcement, Ketac-bond, Vitrebond and Fuji lining LC) on the fibroblasts cultured from human pulp. The fibroblasts were cultured in DMEM-10% FBS medium. The measurement of pH, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity test and $^{51}Chromium$ release test were performed. Viable cell count and $^{14}C$-leucine incorporation rate were evaluated following culture time of 2, 4 and 6 days. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The pH in all cements was to be neutralized as time elapsed, and Fuji lining LC was the lowest pH value among them. 2. SDH activity was more inhibited in GC lining cement and Vitrebond than Ketac-bond and Fuji lining LC with the setting process, and GC lining cement and Ketac-bond were reduced after 5 minute's setting and then elevated as time elapsed. 3. In SDH activity test following exposure time, the activity in Vitrebond, GC lining cement and Fuji lining LC was inhibited with increased exposure time, but it was fairly constant in Ketac-bond. 4. Overall the liquid component was more inhibited than the powder component of glass-ionomer cement in SDH activity test. 5. In $^{51}Cr$-release test, Fuji lining LC was the most released of all the cements tested and followed by : Vitrebond, Ketac-bond, GC lining cement. 6. In viable cell count, the number of cells increased as the culture day proceeded in Ketac-bond, but they decreased in GC lining cement. Fuji lining LC was only observed after 2 days culture and there was not observed the whole culture days in Vitrebond. 7. In $^{14}C$-leucine incorporation rate test, protein synthesis was decreased with the number of culture days in GC lining cement, Vitrebond and Fuji lining LC, but it was followed that of control in Ketacbond.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.355-364
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• 1992

This is a study on the effect of the dentinal pretreatment method to the bond strength between dentin and glass ionomer cement. In this study, 196 human molar teeth with sound crown were used. The dentin surfaces of these teeth were exposed with wet trimmer and polished with # 800 Emory paper and teeth were divided into 7 groups according to the pretreatment agent and method. Each group has 4 subroups of the kinds of glass ionomers. The shear bond strength were measured by Instron Universal Testing machine model 1122. The data of the evaluations were then subjected to statistical analysis using one way ANOVA and the result were as follows : 1. In Durelon liquid 20 sec scrubbing & Vitrebond filling subgroup, shear bond strength was highest with measurements of 72.41(kg/$cm^2$) and in no pretreatment & Shofu lining cement filling subgroup, lowest with measurements of 4.77(kg/$cm^2$). 2. In no pretreatment group, statistical significant differences were found between the subgroups of G-C lining cement and Shofu lining cement. 3. In Ketac conditioner 20 sec scrubbing group, Vitrebond were bonded stronger than others, and in Ketac conditioner 10 sec passive contact group, it has the significant difference with other glass ionomers except G-C lining cement. 4. The subgroup og G-C dentin conditioner 20 sec scrubbing & G-C lining cement filling was bonded to dentin stronger than the subgroup of no pretreatment & Shofu lining cement. In G-C dentin conditioner groups, both of 10 sec passive contact and 20 sec scrubbing, Vitrebond has highest bond strength among the subgroups. 5. The subgroup of Durelon liquid 10 sec passive contact & G-C lining cement filling was bonded to dentin stronger than the subgroup of no pretreatment & Shofu lining cement. Also in both Durelon liquid groups, Vitrebond were bonded to dentin with the highest strength among the subgroups.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.24.1-24.12
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of newly proposed root-end filling materials, Biodentine, Micro-Mega mineral trioxide aggregate (MM-MTA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, and Smart Dentin Replacement (SDR), in comparison with contemporary root-end filling materials, intermediate restorative material (IRM), Dyract compomer, ProRoot MTA (PMTA), and Vitrebond, using human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts. Materials and Methods: Ten discs from each material were fabricated in sterile Teflon molds and 24-hour eluates were obtained from each root-end filling material in cell culture media after 1- or 3-day setting. hPDL fibroblasts were plated at a density of $5{\times}10^3/well$, and were incubated for 24 hours with 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8 dilutions of eluates. Cell viability was evaluated by XTT assay. Data was statistically analysed. Apoptotic/necrotic activity of PDL cells exposed to material eluates was established by flow cytometry. Results: The Vitrebond and IRM were significantly more cytotoxic than the other root-end filling materials (p < 0.05). Those cells exposed to the Biodentine and Dyract compomer eluates showed the highest survival rates (p < 0.05), while the PMTA, MM-MTA, SDR, and PMMA groups exhibited similar cell viabilities. Three-day samples were more cytotoxic than 1-day samples (p < 0.05). Eluates from the cements at 1:1 dilution were significantly more cytotoxic (p < 0.05). Vitrebond induced cell necrosis as indicated by flow cytometry. Conclusions: This in vitro study demonstrated that Biodentine and Compomer were more biocompatible than the other root-end filling materials. Vitrebond eluate caused necrotic cell death.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.401-414
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal leakage of resin liner which was used as a liner to amalgam restoration. Control group composed of no liner group, copalite group and experimental group composed of All-bond 2, Vitrebond, Superbond D-liner applied groups were evaluated. Cl.V preparation with a size of $3{\times}2{\times}1.5mm$ on 70 extracted primary molars were made and applied appropriate liners for each groups. After amalgam filling and polishing, polished specimens underwent temperature changed from $5^{\circ}C\;to\;55^{\circ}C$ a thousand times. After thermocycling, specimens were placed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 72 hours in an incubator set at $37^{\circ}C$. The teeth were sectioned buccolingually and the degree of dye penetration was observed with a spectroscopy. (${\times}30$) The following results were obtained. 1. Vitrebond, All-bond 2, Superbond D-liner group exhibited a statistically significant lower degree of dye penetration than no liner and copalite group. (Kruskal-Wallis analysis, P<0.05) 2. No liner group and copalite group exhibited a similar degree of dye penetration. (Mann-Whitney analysis, P>0.05) 3. All-bond 2 group exhibited a statistically significant lower degree of dye penetration than Vitrebond group, (Mann-Whitney analysis, P<0.05) Superbond D-liner group also exhibited a lower degree of dye penetration than Vitrebond group but was statistically insignificant. (Mann-Whitney analysis, P>0.05)

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.520-527
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• 1999

본 연구는 현재 널리 쓰이고 있는 sandwich technique을 임상에 적용함에 있어서, GIC 이장재에 대한 이중중합형 레진과 비교적 근래에 소개된 compomer의 결합력을 측정하여 기존의 광중합형, 화학중합형 복합레진과 비교하고, 가장 우수한 결합력을 보이는 glass ionomer-composite resin의 조합을 밝혀내고자 시도되었다. 이장용 재료로는, 광중합형 GIC인 Vitrebond와 화학중합형 GIC인 Ketac-fil을 사용하였으며, 이 두 가지의 이장재에 대해, 광중합형 복합 레진인 Z-100, 화학중합형 복합 레진인 Clearfil, compomer인 Dyract, 그리고 이중중합형 복합 레진인 Bis-core를 축조하여 각 군당 10개씩, 총 80개의 시편을 제작하였다. 제작된 시편은 $37^{\circ}C$의 증류수에 24시간동안 보관한 후, full load scale 50kg, cross-head speed 1mm/min 조건의 만능 시험기에서 그 전단결합강도를 측정하였으며 실험결과는 student t-test로 검정하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Vitrebond를 이장재로 사용한 경우, Z-100이 가장 낮은 결합강도를 보였으며, 나머지 세 재료는 결합력의 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 2. Ketac-fil을 이장재로 사용한 경우, Clearfil이 가장 높은 결합강도를 보였고, Dyract, Bis-core가 중등도의 결합강도를, Z-100이 가장 낮은 결합강도를 보였다(P<0.05). 3. Clearfil은 Vitrebond 상방에서는 타 재료들과 비슷한 결합강도를 보였으나, Ketac-fil 상방에서는 가장 강한 결합강도를 보임으로써, GIC 이장재의 종류에 따른 결합력의 차이를 보였으나 (P<0.05), 나머지 세 재료의 경우에는 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 4. Vitrebond를 사용할 때보다 Ketac-fil을 이장재로 사용할 때, 상부에 축조되는 복합레진의 종류에 따른 결합력의 차이가 더 크게 나타났다(P<0.05).

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.82-94
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• 1997

For the purpose of establishing the most appropriate method of bonding between glass ionomer liners and composite resin and comparing the materials for sandwich technique, an experiment was performed to measure the shear bond strengths between the two with the variables in the surface treatment of liners and elapsed time till composite buildup. Materials used were Vitrebond and Fuji II LC, each as the restorative and liner respectively, and each group was subdivided by surface treatment (acid etching and sandblasting) and time elapsed from GIC filling to composite buildup (immediately, 1 day, 7 days), consisting 12 groups as a whole. Each subgroup was composed of 10 specimens and the shear bond strength between GIC liners and composite resin was measured under UTM and analyzed. The result were as follows: 1. The shear bond strength between two materials was highest when initially filled Fuji II LC was sandblasted after 1 days and composite built-up (Group FS1). And the lowest value was found when GIC was acid-etched after 7 days and composite built-up (Group FE7). Significant difference was found between the two groups. (P<0.01) 2. In regard of surface treatment of GI liners, acid-etched group (VE) showed higher bond strength than sandblasted group (VS) for Vitrebond. But, the reverse was true for Fuji II LC. (P<0.05) 3. In regard to the time elapsed from GI filling to composite buildup, the group of 1 day elapse showed relatively higher strength for Vitrebond. On the contrary, immediate buildup group (FE0) was stronger for acid-etched group and 1 day elapse group(FS1) was higher for sand-blasted group in Fuji II LC. (P<0.05)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.261-274
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• 1995

This study aimed to evaluate the marginal microleakage of Class V cavities of All-bond 2 (Wet - bonding system), Gluma (Adhesion of resin to exposed collagen fibers), and Scotchbond Multi-purpose(Mild Etching System). Hundred extracted human teeth divided into a control and three experimental groups consisting of eight teeth. The experimental group was further subdivided into All- bond2, Gluma and Scotchbond MP groups, Vitrebond served as the control. The positive control group consisted of specimens filled with resin and with no etching, primer and bonding procesure. Polished specimens underwent temperature changed from $5^{\circ}C$ to $55^{\circ}C$ a thousand times. After thermocycling, speciemens were placed in 2 % methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours in an incubator set at $37^{\circ}C$. The teeth were sectioned buccolingually and the degree of dye penetration was observed with a stereomicroscoped(*20). The following results were obtained. 1. Both the control and the experimental group showed a lower degree of dye penetration on enamel than on dentin margins(p<0.05) 2. Gluma exhibited a statistically significant lower degree of dye penetration than All-bond 2 on enamel margins(p<0.05) Scotchbond MP also exhibited a lower degree of dye penetration than All-bone 2 but was no statistically significant. Gluma and Scotchbond MP exhibited a similar degree of dye penetration. 3. The degree of dye penetration of All-bond 2, Gluma and Scotch bond MP showed no statistically singnificance on enamel margins but was significantly lower than in the control using Vitrebond. 4. All-bond 2 exhibited a statistically significant lower degree of dye penetration than Gluma on dentin margins. All- bond 2 and Scotchbond MP showed a similar degree of dye penetration. 5. The degree of dye penetration of All-bond 2, Gluma and Scotchbond MP showed no statistically significance on dentin margins. There was neither a statistical significance with the control.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.606-614
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• 2006

이 연구의 목적은 이장재의 종류에 따른 광중합형 복합레진 충전 후 중합수축을 비교함으로써 중합수축 감소를 보이는 좀 더 우수한 재료의 조합을 모색하고자 시행되었다. 이장재로는 유동형 레진, 컴포머, 광중합 글래스아이오노머를 사용하였고 수축응력을 측정하기 위해 스트레인 게이지를 사용하였다. 표본은 광원의 종류, 이장재의 종류에 따라 8개의 군으로 나눠졌다. 스트레인 게이지를 아크릴릭 링에 부착하고 strainmeter에 연결한 후 각 군에 따라 이장재 적용 후 광중합 하고 이장재 중합 후 750초간 수축응력을 측정하였다. 결과는 Repeated measures ANOVA와 Tukey test를 이용해 통계학적으로 분석하였다. 이상의 실험을 통해 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 이장재를 사용하지 않은 군보다 이장재를 사용한 군의 중합수축이 적었으나 Ionosit을 사용한 군에서는 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 2, Tetric flow 또는 Vitrebond를 이장재로 사용하는 것이 Ionosit을 사용하는 것보다 중합 수축이 적었다(p<0.05). 3. Tetric flow 이장재를 한 군은 광원에 따른 수축력의 차이가 적었고 Vitrebond와 Ionosit 이장재를 한 군은 할로겐 광원보다 LED 광원에서 수축응력이 컸으나 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.303-315
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• 1995

An adequate and homogeneous cure of light-activated restroative material is very important for improvement of marginal adaptation and prevention of marginal leakage, secondary caries and pulpal irritation as well as expressing natural physical property of that material. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change of surface hardness and cure uniformity of light-activated glass ionomer cements. Restorative(Fuji II LC, Vitremer) and lining(Baseline VLC, Vitrebond) light-activated glass ionomer cements were investigated for this study. The surface hardness of the top and bottom surfaces and cure uniformity of each 1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm, 2.5mm & 3mm in the thickness of specimen were measured immediately, at 1 hour, 24 hours and 1 week after light activation. The surface hardness change and cure uniformity of all the specimens were measured by Knoop hardness tester. The results were as follows. 1. The surface hardness of top and bottom surfaces in all groups increased with time(p<0.01). 2. Both top and bottom surfaces hardness of Vitrebond group measured immediately after light-activation were significantly lower than those of the other groups(p<0.01). 3. The surface hardness of top and bottom surfaces of restorative light -activated glass ionomer cements was higher than those of lining materials at 1 week(p<0.10). 4. Surface hardness of Vitremer group decreased as the specimen thickness increased, except top and bottom surfaces hardness of the specimen at 1 week(p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the surface hardness of Fuji II LC with changes in the thickness except bottom surface hardness of specimen at 24 hours and 1 week (p>0.05). 5. Surface hardness of Vitrebond group significantly decreased as the specimen thickness increased(p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the surface hardness of Baseline VLC group with changes in the thickness except bottom surface hardness of specimen measured immediately after light -activation(p>0.05). 6. The hardness ratio of top against bottom surface in all groups decreased with time(p<0.05). 7. There was no significant difference in the hardness ratio of top against bottom surface with changes of the thickness except Vitrebond group, 24 hours and 1 week of Vitremer group and 1 week of Baseline VLC group (p>0.05). These results suggest that surface hardness of restorative ligh-activated glass ionomer cements were highter than those of lining light-activated materials. In all groups, the surface hardness and cure uniformity continuously increased with time.