• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.265-277
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• 2011

This study was conducted to improve the nutritional status of high school girls via lunch menu intervention. Surveys were carried out twice to evaluate basal status and status after lunch menu intervention. In the first survey nutrient intakes of 24-hour and school lunch were each estimated by 24-hour recall dietary survey and self-recording, respectively. Calcium intake was the lowest among nutrients, and stir-frying was the most preferred cooking method. Five dishes of school lunch menus which were included in the first survey were replaced with recipes containing foods with higher calcium level; anchovy stir-fried with red pepper paste, anchovy stir-fried with almond, pork stir-fried with shredded kelp, crab meat soup, and tteokbokki with cheese. In the second survey calcium intake from school lunch was significantly (p < 0.001) increased from 45.5% to 50.2% of one thirds of recommended intake (RI) after calcium enriched lunch menu intervention. Intakes of vitamin A and E were also significantly increased, whereas those of energy, thiamin, and vitamin C were decreased. Index of nutritional quality values of nutrients of 24-hour intakes (except thiamin, vitamin B6, vitamin C) is increased by intervention; however, those of calcium, folic acid, iron are still very low. Even though this study shows a possibility of improving nutrient intakes of students through school lunch menu intervention, lunch intervention by itself is not enough action to improve nutritional status of micronutrient for adolescents.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the nutritional status associated with alcohol consumption in Korean adults men and women. The data was derived from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. The number of subjects included were 6090 (Men: 2789, Women: 3031) aged 20 (equation omitted) < 65y. Men consuming moderate alcohol ((equation omitted) 24 g/day but < 48g/day) had higher intakes of energy and vitamin B groups than the ones consuming less than 24g/day. Heavy drinking men reporting more than 48g alcohol/day were observed as having 3207.2kcal of energy intake (130% of Korean RDA) and significantly elevated levels in most of the nutrients. For women drinkers, when the alcohol consumption was moderate ((equation omitted) 12g/day but 24g/day) or heavy((equation omitted) 36g/day) the energy intake was 2188.9kcal(100% of RDA) or 2627.5kcal (130% of RDA). The other nutrients protein, fat, calcium, iron and vitamin B group were also higher in women with heavy alcohol consumption. Heavy drinking women showed significantly higher weight, BMI and HDL-C. In contrast, heavy drinking men did not show any significant difference in BMI but showed significantly elevated blood pressure, HDL-C and lower serum cholesterol.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.547-558
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• 2009

This study was carried out to compare the effect of smoking on dietary habits, nutrient intakes and blood lipid profiles in 173 adult male drinkers. Subjects were classified by two groups, alcohol-only and alcohol-smoking, based on their alcohol or smoking habits. The BMI of the alcohol-smoking group was significantly lower than those of alcohol-only group. In dietary habits, the alcohol-smoking group had higher irregular breakfast and dinner intakes than alcoholonly group (p < 0.05). Plant lipid intake of the alcohol-smoking group was higher than those of alcohol-only group (p < 0.05) and the vitamin C intake of the alcohol-smoking group was lower than those of alcohol-only group (p < 0.05). With regard to the diet quality evaluation of subjects, the alcohol-smoking group showed significantly lower values than alcohol-only group in the nutrient density of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sodium, potassium, vitamin $B_6$, and vitamin C. Also, with regard to the index of nutrition quality (INQ) and the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), the alcohol-smoking group showed significantly lower value than alcohol-only group in vitamin C. With these results, we found that the alcohol-smoking group had lower diet quality evaluation. The results of blood analysis showed that HDL-cholesterol in the alcohol-smoking group was significantly lower than that in the alcohol-only group. In conclusion, the alcohol-smoking group had greater health risk than the alcohol-only group. Particularly, alcohol-smoking caused irregular eating patterns and unbalanced nutrition intakes compared to alcohol-only and also changed blood composition as shown in the decrease of HDL-cholesterol. Besides, the index of coronary heart disease such as AI was higher in both groups suggesting that alcohol-only or alcohol-smoking cause health problems. Since there is the limiting point in which the comparative analysis of non-drinkers and non-smokers is unable to be performed in this study, further wide research is needed on that matter.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2013

This study was conducted to assess the dietary intake of college students in Gyeonggi-do. The dietary survey data were obtained by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire given to 103 students, 56 males and 47 females. The average age the of subjects was 22.5 years old for the male students and 20.9 years old for the female students. Among the subjects, 38 males and 26 females' height, weight and percentage of body fat were measured using Inbody 3.0. The average height, weight, Body Mass Index(BMI) and percentage of body fat of the subjects was 173.1cm, 68.6 kg, 22.9 and 18.9% for males and 162.5 cm, 54.1 kg, 20.5 and 28.1% for females, respectively. The mean daily intake of energy was 2,343.0 kcal for males and 2,062.0 kcal for females. The average intake of protein, carbohydrates, Vitamin B1 in the male students were significantly higher than those of the female students(p<0.05). The average of Nutrient Adequacy Ratio(NAR) was ranged from 0.60(folate) to 0.99(phosphorus). NAR of Vitamin A and calcium was 0.71 and 0.75, respectively. The average of Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR) was 0.85. The intake of rice and oriental cereals(sum of the parched cereal powder, ramen, noodles, Chajangmyon, buckwheat vermicelli, buckwheat noodles, dumplings and rice cakes) in the males was significantly higher than those of the females. The intake of snacks in the females was significantly higher than that of the males. Appropriate nutritional education for an optimal intake of nutrients may help to improve the quality of diet in college students.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.325-335
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• 1999

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relations among nutrient intake. self body image and satisfaction, and physical fitness of college students in Taegu. A total of 213 apparently healthy college students living in Taegu were selected for the study. The following anthropometric measurements were made on all participants : weight, height: waist and hip circumferences, and bioimpedence. Using weight and height, the body mass index (kg/$m^2$) was calculated. The 24-hour recall were obtained from subjects. Dietary habits and energy expenditure were examined through questionnaires. Nutrients intake were analyzed by computer aided nutritional analysis program. Variables of Physical fitness were consisted of body fat, muscular strength and endurance, agility. power, flexibility, cardiorespiratory function, physical efficiency index(PEI). Data were analyzed by computer using the SAS 6.12(Statistical Analysis System). The mean heights and weights of these students were similar to those reported for the 50th percentile in a national survey. Nutrient intake of the college students in Taegu was considerably lower than RDA. The male subjects' mean intake of two nutrients, vitamin B$_2$ and calcium, were less than 55% of the RDAs. the female subjects' mean intake of two nutrients, iron and calcium, were less than 55% of the RDAs. A most variables of physical fitness except sit and reach in male students showed a significant higher values than those of female students. There was a significant positive relationship between PEI and the intake of animal protein, fat, Ca. and B$_2$ in male students. Also there was a significant positive relationship between exercise duration of PWC 170 and protein, fat, iron, vitamin A, B$_2$, niacin, and energy intake in female students. The muscular strength showed the significant correlation with weight, height, and waist circumference in male and female students. The cardiorespiratory function and Physical efficiency index showed significantly negative correlation with tricep and subscapular skin thickness in the female students. There were significantly positive correlations between WHR and body efficiency index in male students, and significantly positive correlations between WHR and the cardiorespiratory function in female students. There was no significant level of correlation between the degree of satisfaction of body image and physical efficiency index. However. there was a significant positive correlation between waist circumference (and weight) and physical efficiency index in male and female students and almost all of the surveyed male and female college students wanted less waist circumference or weight even though they were in the criteria of standard waist circumference or weight. In conclusion, a beneficial effect of adequate nutrient intake on physical fitness was found, college students must increase their energy and nutrient intake if it is below than the RDA for improving their physical fitness.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권10호
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• pp.1234-1242
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• 2017

본 연구는 춘천지역 일부 여대생 253명을 대상으로 아침식사 빈도에 따른 신체질량지수(body mass index, BMI), 식행동 및 영양소 섭취상태를 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 아침식사를 주 5회 이상 섭취군과 4회 이하 섭취군으로 분류하였으며, 그 결과 아침 5회 이상 섭취군이 54.9%, 4회 이하 섭취군이 45.1%로 나타났다. 거주형태는 학교 주변에서 자취, 하숙하는 학생들이 가장 많았으며, 아침 5회 이상 섭취군은 부모님과 함께 생활하는 경우가 높게 나타났고, 4회 이하 섭취군은 자취, 하숙하는 경우가 높게 나타나면서 부모님과 함께 생활할수록 아침식사 빈도가 높고 혼자 생활할수록 아침식사를 하지 않거나 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 것을 알 수 있었다. 자신의 체형만족도는 아침 5회 이상 섭취군이 4회 이하 섭취군에 비해 자신의 체형만족도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 아침 5회 이상 섭취군의 신장, 체중 및 BMI는 각각 $161.0{\pm}0.1cm$, $52.6{\pm}7.6kg$, $19.8{\pm}1.9kg/m^2$ 였으며, 4회 이하 섭취군은 각각 $160.7{\pm}0.1cm$, $57.1{\pm}11.8kg$, $21.5{\pm}3.4kg/m^2$로 나타났는데, 체중과 BMI에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. BMI 분포를 보면 아침 5회 이상 섭취군은 저체중이 15.8%, 정상체중이 59.0%, 과체중이 15.8%, 비만이 9.4%였으며, 4회 이하 섭취군은 저체중이 13.2%, 정상체중이 43.8%, 과체중이 28.1%, 비만이 14.9%로 나타났다. 식행동 점수는 아침 5회 이상 섭취군이 4회 이하 섭취군보다 높게 나타나 규칙적인 식사패턴을 보였으며 '우유나 유제품을 매일 1잔 이상 마신다', '과일이나 과일주스를 매일 먹는다', '하루 세끼 규칙적으로 식사한다' 문항에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 영양소 섭취상태를 알아본 결과 1일 평균 에너지는 아침 5회 이상 섭취군이 1,545.8 kcal, 4회 이하 섭취군이 1,378.2 kcal로 나타났고, 탄수화물과 단백질은 아침 5회 이상 섭취군이 각각 218.8 g과 56.1 g, 4회 이하 섭취군이 188.1 g과 49.7 g으로 5회 이상 섭취군이 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였다. 또한, 비타민 A, 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 $B_2$, 나이아신, 비타민 $B_6$, 인, 아연과 콜레스테롤 섭취량도 아침 5회 이상 섭취군이 4회 이하 섭취군에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 에너지 필요추정량(EER)과 영양소의 권장섭취량(RNI)을 살펴보면 EER은 아침 4회 이하 섭취군(65.6%)이 5회 이상 섭취군(73.7%)에 비해 낮은 섭취율을 보였고, 비타민과 무기질에서는 조사대상자들이 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 E, 인과 나트륨을 제외한 모든 영양소를 부족하게 섭취하고 있었다. 이 중 권장섭취량의 80% 이하로 섭취하는 영양소를 알아본 결과 아침 5회 이상 섭취군은 비타민 C, 엽산, 칼슘과 철이었으며, 4회 이하 섭취군은 비타민 A, 비타민 $B_2$, 나이아신, 비타민 $B_6$, 비타민 C, 엽산, 칼슘과 철로 나타나 아침식사의 빈도가 낮을수록 전체 식사에서의 영양소 섭취가 부족함을 알 수 있었다. 조사대상자의 에너지 섭취량에 대한 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 섭취비율은 56.4:14.6:27.7로 나타났으며, 아침식사 빈도에 따른 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 아침식사 빈도와 상관관계가 있는 변인을 알아보기 위하여 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과 거주상태가 가장 중요한 변인으로 작용하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 여대생들의 높은 아침결식률이 전체 식사의 영양소 섭취에도 영향을 미쳐 여대생들에게 아침식사의 중요성을 강조함과 동시에 아침식사 섭취를 통한 에너지 및 대부분의 영양소 섭취량을 증가시켜 다양하고 적절한 식사를 가능하게 해야 할 것이다. 한편 특정 영양소, 칼슘, 비타민 C와 철분 결핍의 우려가 심각해 이들 영양소들은 기존 식사에서의 섭취량을 양적으로 증가시키는 것과 동시에 질적으로 우수한 우유, 멸치, 녹색 채소류(브로콜리, 케일, 청경채 등), 과일, 육류 및 생선 등의 섭취를 유도하여 여대생들의 영양 상태 개선을 위한 꾸준한 노력도 필요할 것으로 보인다. 또한, 아침결식 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안으로 비자택 거주자들의 식생활 교육 강화 및 거주상태가 고려된 연구의 필요성을 제기하는 바이다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.966-974
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• 2010

본 연구는 2009년도 6월 부산, 울산, 경남지역 초등학교 1~3학년에 재학 중인 남녀 학생 중 학급담임교사 또는 학교장의 추천을 받은 체육영재 추천자들을 대상으로 체육과학연구원에서 개발한 KOSTASS 프로그램에 의해 경기 종목별 적합도 분석과 종목별 전문가 심사과정을 거쳐 총 60명을 선발하여 그중 남자 50명의 신체조성, 영양섭취량 및 체력의 상관성을 분석하였다. 영양섭취에 대한 분석 결과 총 열량섭취량은 수영군이 2041 kcal로 가장 많이 섭취하였으나 그룹간 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 비타민 C는 체조군에 비해 수영군이 유의하게 많이 섭취하였다. 대부분의 영양소는 수영군이 많이 섭취하는 것으로 나타났으나 그룹 간 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 신체조성에 대한 분석 결과 신장은 육상군과 수영군이 체조군에 비해 유의하게 크게 나타났으며, 체중, 체지방, 체지방률 및 제지방량은 체조군에 비해 수영군이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 체력에 대한 분석 결과 팔굽혀펴기는 수영군에서 가장 높게 나타났으나 그룹 간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 농구공던지기는 육상군과 수영군이 체조군에 비해 유의하게 멀리 던졌으며, 윗몸일으키기는 육상군에 비해 수영군이 유의하게 많이 실시하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 50 m달리기는 육상군이 유의하게 빠른 것으로 나타났으며, 하프스쿼트, 제자리멀리뛰기, 1,000 m달리기, 사이드스텝, 앉아 앞으로 굽히기는 그룹 간 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 영양섭취와 신체조성의 상관관계에서 체중은 단백질, 인, 나트륨, 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 C, 나이신과 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 그리고 BMI는 나트륨, 나이신과 정적상관관계를 보였으며, 체지방은 나이신과 정적상관관계를 보였다. 체지방률은 비타민 C, E, 나이신, 엽산과 정적상관관계를 나타냈으며, 제지방은 지질, 칼슘, 비타민 A, C, E, 엽산을 제외하고 모두 정적상관관계를 보였다. 영양섭취와 체력과의 상관관계에서 팔굽혀펴기는 철과 비타민 C에서 정적상관관계를 보였다. 앉아서 농구공던지기는 지질, 섬유소, 비타민 A, E, 엽산을 제외한 나머지 모든 변인들과 정적상관관계를 보였으며, 윗몸일으키기는 비타민 $B_1$에서 정적상관관계를 보였다. 하프스쿼트는 철과 정적상관관계를 보였으며, 제자리멀리뛰기는 총 열량섭취량, 지질, 비타민 A, $B_1$, $B_2$에서 정적상관관계를 보였다. 1,000 m달리기는 단백질, 탄수화물, 섬유소, 인, 철, 나트륨, 아연과 부적상관관계를 보였으며, 사이트스텝은 나이신과 정적상관관계를 보였다. 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기는 총 열량섭취량, 탄수화물, 인, 나트륨, 아연, 비타민 $B_2$와 부적상관관계를 보였다. 신체조성과 체력과의 상관관계에서 앉아서 농구공던지기는 체중, BMI, 체지방, 체지방률, 제지방량과 정적상관관계가 나타났으며, 제자리 멀리뛰기는 제지방량과 정적상관관계를 보였다. 하지만 1,000 m달리기와 50 m달리기는 체중과 제지방량과 부적상관관계를 보였다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.977-985
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• 2003

This study was done to evaluate the health and nutritional status of female college students in Seoul. The subjects were 63 healthy college students aged 20 to 29 years. Their body composition, dietary intakes, clinical blood indices were investigated. Their body composition was determined by means of a multifreqency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Their dietary intake was determined using 3-day record method and their nutrient intake was analyzed by Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-pro). Their hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were determined by semi-automated microcell counter (F-520). Their plasma total cholesterol, TG, and HDL-cholesterol levels were measured using test kits. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. Their average consumption of calcium, iron vitamin A, vitamin B2 and niacin were 63.3%, 65.0%, 85.2%, 89.2% and 95.2% of RDA, respectively. The overall mean values of the hematological indices in the female college students were within the normal range. However anemic subjects with hemoglobin (< 12 g/dl) and hematocrit (<36%) accounted for about 20% of the subjects. The mean levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TG were 188.4mg/dl, 69.9mg/dl and 67.4mg/dl, respectively. The percentages of the subjects with plasma total cholesterol level (> 200mg/dl) and LDL-cholesterol (＞130mg/dl) were about 41% and 30.4%, respectively. The data showed a significantly positive correlation between either body fat (%) or BMI and TG. However. there was a significantly negative correlation between either body fat (%) or BMI and HDL-cholesterol. These overall results suggest that it is necessary for college women to be educated regarding consuming more iron and vitamin C and less fat, in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia and/or cardiovascular diseases in later life.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.869-879
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate on nutrient intake status and diet quality of middle and old aged vegetarian women in Korea, The research group was composed of vegetarian women (n=91), all of them were Seven Day Adventists, who had been on vegetarian diets, over 20 yrs. Their anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes, and diet quality indices were compared to omnivores (n=122). The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 61.8 yrs and 60.3 yrs, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes of vegetarians and omnivores were 1428.8 kcal and 1424.5 kcal, respectively and there was no significant difference. The vegetarians consumed significantly lower intakes of protein (p < 0.05), zinc (p < 0.001) and vitamin $B_{2}$ (p < 0.05) compared to omnivores. In the diet quality, zinc and vitamin $B_{2}$ nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of omnivores. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of vegetarians and omnivores were 0.80 and 0.77, respectively and there was no significant difference. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of vegetarians and omnivores were 3.7 and 4.0, respectively, and there was significant difference (p < 0.01). The KDQI (Korean's Diet Quality Index) of vegetarians (1.5) was significantly lower than that (2.1) of omnivores (p < 0.001). In conclusion, vegetarian women have low intake status of protein, zinc and vitamin $B_{2}$, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diets to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in middle and old aged vegetarian women. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $869\∼879$, 2005)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.580-596
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• 2001

This study was performed to assess diet qualities by sexes and ages of adults over thirty years old in Jeon-ju area. Diet survey with one day 24-recall method was used done for 382 subjects(129 males & 253 females). Survey sample was divided into six groups by sex and age groups: male 30-49, male 50-64, male 50-64, male 65-79, female 30-49, female 50-64 and female 65-79 years. Diet quality was assessed by NAR(Nutrient Adequacy Ratio), MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio), INQ(Index of nutrition quality), KDDS(Koreans Dietary Diversity Score), Meal Balance, DVS(Dietary Variety Score), DQI(Diet Quality Index). The 5-point DQI assessed the important dietary guidelines for Koreans. The averages of energy, protein, P, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin and vitamin C intakes were higher than 70% of RDA. The averages intakes of Ca and vitamin A were very lower than RDA all groups. The averages of MAR were 0.78, 0.81, 0.83 in male 30-49, 50-64, 64-79 years, 0.73, 0.77, 0.71 and in female 30-49, 50-64, 65-79 years, respectively. The averages of MAR in female 30-49 years and female 65-79 years were significantly lower than the averages MAR of male 65-79 years. The averages of Sugars and Beverages intakes were significantly higher in male 30-49 years than others. Animal food intake ratio(% total food intake) in the male 65-79 years(16%) was significantly higher than male 30-49 years(11%). The averages of Nutrition intakes were higher in male compared to female. The subjects who consumed all of the major five food groups were 5% in male 30-49, 17.8% in male 50-64, 25.0% in male 65-79 years, 18.9% in female 30-49, 23.7% in female 50-64, 11.5% in female 65-79 years. The averages of KDDS were 3.5, 3.9, 3.9, 3.8, 3.8, 3.5, respectively. The averages of Meal Balance were 8.6, 9.1, 9.1, 8.3, 8.4, 7.8, respectively. The averages of DVS 20.1, 19.9, 19.9, 20.5, 19.0, 17.2, respectively. The averages of DQI were 1.7, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 2.1, 1.7, respectively. 81.8% of the subjects had KDDS scores of 2 to 4 and 87.3% of the subjects has Meal Balance scores 4 to 10. In contrast, 89.8% of the subjects had DQI scores of 0 to 3. In view of these facts there are few who observed the five dietary guidelines for Koreans. There findings suggest that dietary qualities were associated with nutrient intake the relation factors may vary by sex and age of adults over thirty years old in Jeon-ju area. Common problems were lack of Ca, vitamin A and dairy products intakes. Therefore adults over thirty years old in Jeon-ju area need the important nutrient management such as Ca, vitamin A. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 580~596, 2001)