• 수면정신생리
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.120-128
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• 1997

Clinical neuropsychological tests were developed originally for the diagnosis of neurological and neuro-surgical diseases. Recently, these tests are being introduced to psychiatric patients. Authors had the experience to use these tests in pychiatric outpatient clinic. Results were as follows. There was a significantly increase in language and attentional function in residual schizophrenia compared to normal control. In chronic neurosis, as visuospatial function was reduced, language and attentional functions were enhanced. With these results, authors suggest that application of neuropsychological tests in psychiatric patients may be very helpful in classifying the subgroups of disease, in selecting the modality of treatment, and in expecting prognosis.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.38-42
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• 2006

The case of a 66- year-old woman with coexisting idiopathic basal ganglia calcification(IBGC) and dementia was presented. The calcification was detected in bilateral basal ganglia, dentate nucleus, and thalamus by brain imaging. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels were normal. The underlying diseases of calcification of basal ganglia such as parathyroid dysfunction and other infectious, toxic, or metabolic illness were excluded. The patient had memory impairment and frontal executive dysfunction without aphasia, agnosia, apraxia, and visuospatial impairment in neuropsychological test. It suggested that the cognitive impairment might be due to the dysfunction of frontal-subcortical circuit.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between psychotic symptoms and cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Methods : The study group was composed of 36 schizophrenic patients. Positive, negative, and disorganization symptoms were assessed using the PANSS. Verbal, visuospatial, attention, memory, and executive functions were assessed using a battery of cognitive tests. Results : Correlation analysis between symptom vs. cognitive measures showed that (a) positive symptoms were significantly correlated with no cognitive measures, (b) negative symptoms were significantly correlated with all cognitive measures, and (c) disorganization symptoms were significantly correlated with executive and memory measures. Correlation analyses between symptom vs. cognitive factors showed that negative-disorganization factor is significantly correlated with executive-memory factor. Conclusion : Significant relationships were confined mostly to frontal symptoms vs. frontal cognitive functions. Thus, the relationships may be mediated mainly by variations in severity of frontal pathology among patients.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.19-41
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• 2013

What is the foundation of mathematical thinking? Is it logic based symbolic language system? or does it rely more on mental imagery and visuo-spatial abilities? What kind of neural changes happen if someone's mathematical abilities improve through practice? To answer these questions, basic cognitive processes including long term memory, working memory, visuo-spatial perception, number processes are considered through neuropsychological outcomes. Neuronal changes following development and practices are inspected and we can show there are neural networks critical for the mathematical thinking and development: prefrontal-anterior cingulate-parietal network. Through these inquiry, we can infer the answer to our question.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.231-240
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• 2014

본 연구는 경도인지장애가 동반된 파킨슨병 환자에 대하여 인지 기능 평가를 위한 서울신경심리검사와 뇌 자기공명 영상에서 영역별 뇌실에 대한 체적 변화를 분석하여 경도인지장애가 동반된 파킨슨병에 대한 진단적 기준을 판단할 수 있는 가이드라인을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 파킨슨병으로 진단 받은 환자(경도인지장애군: 34명, 비인지장애군: 34명)를 대상으로 주의력, 언어, 기억력, 시공간, 그리고 전두엽 집행 기능에 대한 서울신경심리검사와 뇌 자기공명영상 검사를 시행하였다. 또한 영역별 뇌실에 대한 체적 변화를 비교하기 위하여 정상인 32명(정상 대조군)을 추가 선정하여 추가적으로 뇌 자기공명영상 검사를 시행하였으며 영역별 뇌실에 대한 체적 분석은 프리서퍼(Freesurfer Ver. 5.1, Boston MA, USA)를 통해 수행되었다. 결과적으로 경도인지장애군은 시공간 및 기억력에 대한 수행 능력이 비인지장애군과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의하게 감소되었다(p<0.05). 영역별 뇌실에 대한 체적 변화는 좌 우측뇌실, 좌 우하측뇌실, 제3뇌실에서 통계적으로 유의한 체적 변화를 나타내었으며 객관화된 비교를 위하여 정규화한 백분율을 적용한 체적의 변화는 비인지장애군보다 경도인도장애군에서 확장되어 나타났다. 특히 경도인지장애를 동반한 파킨슨병 환자의 좌 우측뇌실의 확장은 서울신경심리검사에서 시공간 및 기억력 영역에 대하여 뚜렷한 양적 선형관계를 보였다(r>0.5, p<0.05). 따라서 뇌 자기공명영상에서 프리서퍼를 이용하여 영역별 뇌실의 체적 변화를 관찰하고 서울 신경심리검사와 상관관계를 분석함으로써 경도인지장애를 동반한 파킨슨병 환자의 진단적 기준을 마련할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.83-94
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• 1998

Objectives : Phencyclidine(PCP) or PCP-like substances such as ketamine have been known to rekindle the cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The aims of this study were to identify whether PCP-like substances can produce cognitive deficit in schizophrenia, to discuss relation with aging process, and finally to speculate underlying neurochemical mecha-nisms by various drug responses. Methods : In experiment I, radial maze tests were done in 24 Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 days to get baseline data. Being divided into 4 groups(6 rats respectively) of normal aged, normal adult controls, atropine-treated and ketamine-treated, the radial maze tests were repeated on every week for 6 weeks, and then the rats were sacrificed by intracardiac perfusion with phosphate-buffered 10% formaldehyde solution for histology. The brain specimen was stained with hematoxylin-eosin to count cells in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In experiment II, radial maze tests were done for 48 rats before any drug treatment and only after ketamine administration. Thereafter, haloperidol, bromocriptine, clonidine, nimodipine, tacrine, valproic acid, naloxone and fluoxetine were intramuscularly injected on every other day in addition to ketamine. Radial maze tests were repeated on every week for 6 weeks, and then rats were prepared by the same procedure for histology. Results : 1) Reaction times of radial maze tests of atropine-treated rats were significantly prolonged than those of normal aged(p<0.05) or normal adult controls(p<0.05). Cell numbers of prefrontal cortex & hippocampus in ketamine-treated rats were significantly reduced than those in normal aged (p<0.05) or normal adult controls(p<0.005). 2) Reduced cell numbers by ketamine became significantly raised by tacrine administration in prefrontal cortex & hippocampus(p<0.05), while there were no significant changes on radial maze tests. Cell numbers also tended to be raised by nimodipine, fluoxetine and haloperidol administration. Conclusions : In conclusion, the visuospatial memory disorders in ketamine-induced psychotic rats might be partly asso-ciated with aging process. Furthermore, the responses to the various drugs suggested cholinergic system might have an important role in the neurochemical mechanism of the cognitive dysfunction in ketamine-induced psychosis. Otherwise, calcium metabolism as well as serotonergic and dopaminergic systems seemed to be possibly related.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.237-259
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• 2011

수학 학습장애는 정상적인 수학적 역량 획득을 저해하는 학습 장애의 한 유형으로, 아동, 청소년의 5- 10% 정도가 겪는 학습 장애의 한 분야이다. 현재 수학학습장애를 진단하기 위하여 기초학력평가나 표준화된 검사가 사용되고 있다. 검사 결과를 토대로 아동의 사전지식을 파악하고, 취약한 영역을 찾는 것 역시 중요하다. 본 연구는 수학학습장애의 유형을 파악하고, 중재의 출발점을 알려줄 수 있는 포괄적인 진단 검사가 포함해야 하는 구성요소를 찾는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 이를 위하여 신경심리학적 이론에 근거하여 수학학습에 영향을 주는 기본적인 인지적 요인들을 찾고, 관련되어 활성화 되는 두뇌 영역과 그들의 세부적 기능을 살펴본다. 또 수학학습장애 아동의 신경심리학적 특징을 살펴 본 다음 수학학습장애의 유형을 분류한다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 교육현장에서 사용될 수 있는 심층 진단 검사의 개발을 위한 기초연구를 수행하고자 한다.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.175-181
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• 2001

본 연구의 목적은 사람들이 언어과제와 공간지각과제을 수행하는 동안 활성화되는 뇌 영역의 차이를 규명하는 것이다. 428명의 대학생을 대상으로 집단 심리실험을 수행하여, fMRI 연구를 위한 실험참여자로 17명의 오른손잡이 여대생을 선정하였다. 17명 중 8명은 언어능력은 뛰어나지만 공간지각능력이 떨어지고, 나머지 9명은 언어능력은 빈약하지만, 공간지각능력이 우수한 사람들이었다. fMRI 실험에 사용된 패러다임에는 언어과제와 공간지각과제가 각각 8block으로 구성되었으며, 각 block은 동일한 과제 3문항을 포함하였다. fMRI 이미징은 1.5T Siemens Vision Scanner로 수집되었으며, Single-shot EPI 기법으로 (TR/TE : 3840/40ms, flip angle : 90, FOV : 220, 64x64 matrix) 이미지를 스캔하였다. 자료분석은 SPM-99 소프트웨어를 사용하였다. 감산(subtraction)분석결과, 언어능력이 뛰어난 집단에서는 양측 대상회(bilateral cingulate gyri)와 좌측 상두정엽 (left superior parietal lobe)이 더 많이 활성화되었고, 언어능력이 떨어지는 집단에서는 양측 전두엽 (both frontal lobes)이 더 많이 활성화되었다. 공간지각능력이 떨어지는 집단에서는 우측 시상 (right thalamus)과 좌측 측-후두엽 (left temporooccipital)이 더 많이 활성화되었다. 언어능력이나 공간지각능력이 우수한 집단에서는 공통적으로 대상회 (cingulate gyri)가 활성화되었다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was to delineate the structural change of neural pathway after sequential motor learning using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods: The participants were 16 healthy subjects, which were divided by training (n=8) and control (n=8) group. The task for the training was the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) which was designed by Superlab program. When the 'asterisk' shows up in the 4 partition spaces on the monitor, the subject presses the correct response button as soon as possible. The training group participated in the training program of motor learning with SRTT composed of 24 digits pattern in one hour per daily through 10 days during 2 weeks. Results: In the behavioral results the training group showed significant changes in the increase of response number and the reduction of response time than those of the control group. There was significant difference in the left inferior frontal area in the fractional anisotropy (FA) map of the training group in DTI analysis. Conclusion: Motor sequential learning as like SRTT may be needed to the learning of language and visuospatial processing and may be induced for the experience-dependent structural plasticity during short period.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.341-353
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• 2006

Learning disorders are diagnosed when the individual's achievement on standardized tests in reading, mathematics, or written expression is substantially below that expected for age, schooling, and level of intelligence. Subtypes of learning disorders may be classified into two groups, language-based type learning disorders including reading and writing disorder, and nonverbal type learning disorder (NLD) such as those relating to mathematics & visuospatial skills, and those in the autism spectrum. Converging evidence indicates that reading disorder represents a disorder within the language system and more specifically within a particular subcomponent of that system, phonological processing. Recent advances in neuroimaging technology, particularly the development of fMRI, provide evidences of a neurobiological basis for reading disorder, specifically a disruption of two left hemisphere posterior brain systems, one parieto-temporal, the other occipito-temporal. The former is the reading system for beginner reading, the latter for skilled reading. Compensatory engagement of anterior systems around the inferior frontal gyrus(Broca's area) and a posterior(right occipito-temporal) system is noted in persistent poor readers in long-term follow up study. The theoretical model proposed to explain NLD's source is not right hemisphere damage, but rather the white matter model. The working hypothesis of the white matter model is that the underdevelopment of, damage to, or dysfunction of cerebral white matter(long myelinated fibers) is the source of this disorder. The role of an evidence-based effective intervention in the remediation of children with learning disorder is discussed.