• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.411-421
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• 2012

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of balance rehabilitation training with the visual cue deprivation on gait function in stroke patients in comparison with balance training without the visual cue deprivation. METHODS: Twenty two stroke patients participated in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the two balance training program with and without the visual cue deprivation. Balance training session for each group lasted 50 minutes, 3 times a week for a total of 6 weeks. Gait function was measured with the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), the self-selective comfortable gait speed (CGS), the maximal gait speed (MGS), and the Gait Analysis System. Temporal and spatial gait parameters of each evaluation were measured before and after the balance training program respectively. RESULTS: After the program, the visual cue deprivation group improved significantly in the FGA, the CGS, the gait velocity, the step time, the step length, the stride length, and the Functional Ambulation Performance (FAP) in comparison with the balance training group with the visual cue (p<.05). CONCLUSION: The gait function of the participants with the visual cue deprivation showed more improvement after the balance training program compared to the patients group without the visual cue deprivation, Therefore, the balance training program with the visual cue deprivation may be useful for rehabilitation of patients with chronic stroke.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.30-36
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• 2022

This paper explored the effect of using eye gaze pointer in addition to the hand gesture visual communication cue in remote collaboration. We recruited 24 participants and conducted a user study comparing two conditions: (1) only hand gesture visual communication cue, and (2) eye gaze pointer with hand gesture visual cue. The results showed that the added eye gaze pointer cue reduced the workload and increased the co-presence when using it together with hand gesture cue.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.66-74
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• 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate age-related differences in stepping behavior in response to sensory perturbations of postural balance. The participants for this study were 2 healthy elderly adults (mean age=76.0) and 2 younger adults (mean age=25.5). Subjects were asked to step over a 10 cm high obstacle at self-paced speed with the right limb to land on the primary target (normal step length) that is 10 cm in diameter. However, if, during movement, the light was illuminated, then the subject had to step on the secondary target (long step length). It was planned that the onset of the light would be prior to peak Fx of swing limb, between swing peak Fx and swing toe-off, and after swing toe-off. In the younger adults these secondary visual cues were provided at mean times of 240 ms (standard deviation (SD)=11), 402 ms (SD=13), and 476 ms (SD=88) following the movement onset. Corresponding mean times for the healthy elderly were 150 ms (SD=67), 352 ms (SD=39), and 562 ms (SD=115). Results showed great changes in both group and visual cue condition in Fx ground reaction forces and temporal events following the swing toe-off. Swing limb acceleration force (Fx) and stance peak Fx1 was much greater in the young adults compared to the older adults. Both young and older adults increased stance peak Fx2 in the visual cue condition compared to normal stepping. There was no difference in stance peak Fx2 between the visual cue conditions in both groups. Similarly, the time to stance peak Fx2 was much longer for the visual cue condition than for the normal stepping. It was not different between the visual cue conditions in the young adults, but in the elderly mid and late cue was much greater than early cue. In addition, time to stance peak Fx2 and swing and stance time were much longer in the older adults compared to the young adults for the visual cue conditions. These results suggest that unlike young adults, elderly adults did not flexibly modify their responses to unexpected changes in step length while stepping over obstacles.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.23-33
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• 2020

Purpose: In the digital age, visual cues in computer-mediated environments are becoming a very popular means of communication. Therefore, it is a very critical market for marketers to utilize for marketing communication and platform providers and manufacturers of mobile devices which create and distribute the visual cues While the prevalent research on visual cue consumption focuses on the positive side, the dark side of consuming visual cues has not been investigated. Therefore, in this research, the dark side of using visual cues, such as difficulties and problems in their application, will be investigated. Research design, data, and methodology: Due to the nature of this study, a netnography approach was adopted. Twitter which the users regularly utilise visual cues in their communications was a prime source for data of this research. Results: This research suggests that visual cue users experience anxiety about the subordination of expression and suffer from the myth of an ideal practice of expression. Conclusions: As the previous research emphasised the complementary role of visual cues, has failed to recognise the problems associated with the extensive and growing dependence on visual cues. This awareness demonstrates that we need to take a careful approach to visual cue usage.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-87
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• 2019

Most studies on how people perceive a given quantity of items were conducted with visual cues exclusively and only offered spatial area based explanations, such as spatial estimation and perceptual grouping theories. This article establishes how people perceive a given quantity when only a written description is provided without any visual cues. Across two studies we show that variety decreases perceived quantity when a variety cue is given, while variety increases perceived quantity when a visual cue is not given. This is because people tend to rely heavily on spatial areas when a visual cue is present and because people are prone to confirmation bias when they are provided with no visual cues but only written descriptions. Furthermore, we highlight that quantity perception has a mediation effect on consumers' attitude-the intention to participate in sales promotional events. Lastly, we summarize the article and discuss its contributions, implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.281-287
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The study was designed to investigate the effects of visual, auditory, and visuoauditory cues on simple Serial Task Performance in heaithy adults. METHODS: Sixty-three right-handed heaithy adults without history of neurological dysfunction were participated. A modified version of the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) using five blocks of perceptual motor sequences was administered. The blocked paradigm consisted of the five blocks with randomly repeated 8 digit sequences with 5 repetition. Three types of sensory cue were employed: visual cue, auditory cue and visuoauditory cue. All subjects were assigned to press the matched botton as quickly and accurately as possible, when one of 8 stimulations was presented(one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight). The reaction time, accuracy, and P300 latency were measured during serial task performance. The mean reaction time(ms), accuracy(%), and P300 latency(ms) were compared between three types of cue using ANOVA. RESULTS: The reaction time to auditory cue was significantly longer than visual and visuoauditory cues(p<.001). And accuracy to auditory cue was significantly lower than visual and visuoauditory cues(p<.001). All P300 latency(at Fz, Cz, Pz) were significantly longer than to visual and visuoauditory cues(p<.05). CONCLUSION: It is suggested that type of cues influence in choice reaction. These data may helpful in designing not only effective motor learning training programs for healthy persons but also reeducation programs for patients with neurological dysfunction.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of visual cue deprivation during sideways treadmill training in individuals with stroke. Twenty-eight stroke patients were divided into two groups, and each group participated in a sideways treadmill training session for 20 minutes, three times per week for 4 weeks. The eyes close group (15 subjects) performed this treadmill training with visual cue deprivation, while the eyes open group (13 subjects) performed it without visual cue deprivation. Gait function was measured in both groups before and after the training sessions with the Biodex Gait Trainer 2, which determined walking speed, distance, step length, and time on each foot. Balance was measured before and after each training period in both groups using the Five-Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and the seven-item Berg Balance Scale-3P (7-item BBS-3P). The eyes close group showed significantly improved gait function, walking speed, distance, step length, and time on each foot after training (p<.05). The eyes close group showed improved balance ability, FTSST, TUG, and 7-item BBS-3P test after training (p<.05). The findings indicated that sideways treadmill training with visual cue deprivation positively affects gait ability of stroke patients. Therefore, sideways treadmill training with visual cue deprivation may be useful for the recovery of gait ability of stroke patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.51-56
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• 2009

Purpose: This study examined the difference in the static balance ability according to the visual cues and postural tasks in normal subjects. Methods: Thirty participants (12 male, 18 female; mean age $24.63\pm1.43$ years) stood barefoot on a force platform in a one-legged stance, tandem Romberg stance and tandem Romberg with neck extension stance with a visual cue open and closes. The static balance was assessed by the center of pressure (CoP), surface electromyography root mean square (RMS) of the leg muscles according to the stance position. Results: In the CoP tests, the difference in the unit path length and circumference area was affected by the visual cue according to the stance posture (p<0.01). In the RMS tests, the difference in the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscle was affected by visual cue in accordance with the stance posture (p<0.01). Conclusion: The visual cue and postural task affect the balance ability in normal subjects. Therefore, this study provides clinical evidence that the balance and postural control can be improved. Therapeutic intervention, such as an obstacle course, and a lower leg muscle performance program with a change in the base of support can affect the balance and postural control.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.73-88
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• 2018

The present study examined how processing features of visual information near the hand would affect task switching. Recent studies reported enhanced cognitive control of visual information presented the near hands. To investigate the enhancement of cognitive control based on the relationship between hand proximity and attention, we implemented 2 experiments. In the task switching performance experiment, the hand proximity effect depended on modality of cue and target. The first experiment showed that stimuli near the hand received greater cognitive control than stimuli far from the hand, resulting in smaller switch cost. The result could rule out the feature-binding problem, which identifies reduced switch cost as the cause instead of hand proximity. Our results show that hand proximity actually reduced switch cost. In the second experiment, we examined the effects of hand nearness, modality, and their interaction on switch cost. In task switching, the target was always visual, and the cue was presented either visually or auditorily. In addition, we manipulated the cue-target interval to observe the preparation effect of cue. The results showed that a visual cue near the hand reduced switch cost by shortening task preparation time. Also, modality switching between an auditory cue and visual target was remarkable in a hand-near condition. The results for the visual cue could be interpreted as a benefit of rapid visual attention orienting. On the other hand, the results for the auditory cue could be interpreted as the cost of interference of modality switching by slower attentional disengagement of stimuli near the hands. Finally, modulation of switch cost by attention induced by hand nearness was discussed.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 1994

It is well known that visual cues can improve the motor performance of Parkinsonian patients. Previous laboratory studies have examined the effects of visual cueing to the floor. This case study examined the effects of using a visual cue above eye level on the gait of a Parkinsonian man. It was found that cueing the patient to a target above eye level while waking not only improved the kinematic parameters of the gait cycle but also facilitated a more functional gait pattern with re-intergration of arm swing, rhythm, heel strike and a more erect posture. Visual targeting above eye level may serve as an important clinical tool for physiotherapists treating Parkinsonian patients.