• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate antioxidant activities of Mistletoe (MS) extracts by measuring electron donating ability (EDA), super oxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and total polyphenol content (TPC). The extracts were obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide, hot-water and ethanol extraction. EDAs was the higher in ethanol extract (70.53%) than water (36.73%) or supercritical carbon dioxide extract (15.73% at 400 bar, $30^{\circ}C$) at concentration of 10 mg/mL. However, SOD-like activities and TPCs were the highest in the supercritical carbon dioxide extract. At concentration of 1 mg/mL, supercritical carbon dioxide extract (22.54% at 200 bar, $40^{\circ}C$) was higher SOD activity than water (7.85%) and ethanol extract (6.12%). Regarding TPCs of MS extracts, the content was the highest in supercritical carbon dioxide extract (17.57 wt% catechin equivalent at 200 bar, $50^{\circ}C$) followed by ethanol and water extract. These results suggest that it can be useful to develop functional foods using antioxidative active compounds of MS with high polyphenol contents.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2006

In order to search the availability of the lectin extracted from Korean mistletoe(Viscum album coloratum) as an adjuvant for the avian vaccines, attempts were made to determine toxicity of the lectin in chicks and its immunostimulating activity on the inactivated vaccines against Newcastle disease virus(NDV). For the determination of toxicity, the lectin was injected into the thigh muscle of SPF chicks(Charles River) of 1-week-old and observed hematologically and pathologically. For the determination of immunostimulating effects, lectin-adjuvanted, inactivated NDV vaccines were injected into the thigh muscle of SPF chicks in the same age group. Sera of the chicks were examined for the hemagglutination-inhibition(HI) antibodies induced, their HI titers and reaction to the NDV antigens. The data were further compared with those from aluminum hydroxide [$Al(OH)_3$]-adjuvanted vaccines and vaccines without adjuvant, and the results are as follows. There were no significant changes observed in the values of RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine and total proteins in the chicks administered with lectin of 1.1, 2.2 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight, which means the lectin has no effects on blood values and functions of liver and kidney. In histopathologic observation, no lesions were observed in the brain, heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, thymus and bursa of Fabricius of the chicks administered with lectin of 1.1, 2.2 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight. There were inflammatory lesions, such as congestion, hemorrhage, edema, infiltration of macrophages and coagulation necrosis observed in the thigh muscle of chicks administered with lectin of $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight, whereas no changes were observed in 1.1 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ lectin administered chicks. In chicks immunized with lectin($4.4{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted B1, LaSota and Ulster 2C vaccines, HI titers in reciprocal values for $log_2$ were 1.8-2.2 at 1 week after vaccination, which was similar with those of 1.5-2.9 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines. The HI titers by the lectin-adjuvanted vaccines reached to 3.9-5.3 at 4 weeks, whereas those by the $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines were more high as 7.3-9.3. Meanwhile, the immunostimulating effects of the lectin were recognized while compared to the HI titers with 2.4-3.7 in chicks immunized with vaccines without adjuvants at 4 weeks after vaccination. The chicks immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccines were enough to resist challenges by Kyojeongwon strain, a very virulent NDV at 4 weeks after vaccination as well as chicks immunized with $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines. The HI titers by the lectin-adjuvanted vaccines reached to high level as 8.7-10.3 as those with 8.2-9.6 by the $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines at 6 weeks after vaccination, which may be the booster effects by the challenge virus. Antibodies specific to the HN and F antigens of NDV were observed in the sera of both chicks immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccines and $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2007

Korean mistletoe (Viscum album L) extract has been found to posses immunoregulating activity. In this study, Korean mistletoe extract, M11C (non-lectin components), was used to know whether this extract activates splenocytes to secret interleukin $1\beta(IL-1\beta)$. The splenocytes were treated with M11C, and then collected the supernatant and cell lysate that were prepared to analyze the level of $IL-1\beta$, using ELISA, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR. Maximum effective dose and time of M11C on $IL-1\beta$ secretion from splenocytes were $200{\mu}g/m\ell$ and 8 hours, respectively. Treatment dose and time for the maximum expression of $IL-1\beta$ mRNA were $200{\mu}g/m\ell$ and 4 hours, respectively. Saccharide degradation enzyme Viscozyme L completely blocked the effect of M11C on $IL-1\beta$ secretion from splenocytes. As the result, among non-lectin components saccharide could be regarded as a main component for $IL-1\beta$ expression from splenocytes.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.32 no.2 s.125
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• pp.168-174
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• 2001

Induction of phase II enzymes is a major mechanism of chemoprevention. The induction levels of quinone reductase (QR) activity in cultured murine hepatoma (Hepa 1c1c7) cells by 80%-methanol extracts of traditional medicinal plants were measured. Among the tested 81 plants, the extracts of Aralia continentalis, Magnolia obovata, and Viscum album were found to induce QR activities over 250%. The maximum induction levels obtained were 401.9%, 270.5%, and 301.8% by treatments of the extracts of A. continentalis $(318\;{\mu}g/ml)$, M. obovata $(53.8\;{\mu}g/ml)$ and V. album $(80.6\;{\mu}g/ml)$, respectively. These QR induction activities were more potent than those of the known QR inducers, t-butylhydroquinone (170.1%) and ${\beta}-naphthoflavone$ (320.0%).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.517-518
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• 2002

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.215.2-216
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• 2003

Velutin and betulinic acid were isolated as a cytotoxic principle from the dichloromethane extract of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) by repeated silicagel chromatography and recrystallization. In in vitro analysis of cytotoxic activity using NIH-3T3 cells, dichloromethane extract of Korean mistletoe was shown to be highly cytotoxic against tumor cells. And we obtained active compound (reffered to VD-2 and VD-6) from the dichloromethane extract. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.259.1-259.1
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• 2001

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2010

Mistletoe (Viscum album) is a common name for many species of semi-parasitic plants which grow on deciduous trees all over the world. In this study, the immunomodulatory activity of the water-extract of Korean mistletoe fruits (KMFWE), was investigated on murine peritoneal macrophages. The culture supernatants of KMF-WE-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages showed the increased production of IFN-$\gamma$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-$\alpha$, in a dose-dependent manner. KMF-WE also induced chemokine production from murine peritoneal macrophages such as RANTES, MCP-1, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ and MIP-$1{\beta}$, as well as nitric oxide (NO) production, in a dose-dependent manner. The gel filtration fraction revealed F-1, which is the early-eluted and high molecular weight product, is the major fraction of KMF-WE to activate the murine peritoneal macrophage to induce cytokines, chemokines and NO. The nature of F-1 fraction needs to be examined in detail in further studies to define the regulatory mechanisms of cytokine or chemokine induction by KMF-WE on macrophages. These results suggest that KMF-WE possess a potent immunostimulant activity and can be a promising candidate available for development of immunomodulators.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2010

To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of a water extract (KMF-WE) of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) fruit, we examined its ability to induce humoral and cellular immune response against keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH). Immunized mice with KLH admixed with KMF-WE (KLH/KMF-WE) showed significant induction of KLH-specific antibodies compared to mice immunized with KLH alone. The assay for determining isotypes of antibodies revealed that KMFWE augmented KLH-specific-IgG1 and -IgG2a production. In vitro T lymphocyte proliferation analysis against KLH revealed that the splenocytes of mice immunized with KLH/KMF-WE showed a significantly higher proliferative ability than those from mice immunized with KLH alone. The culture supernatants of splenocytes, which were harvested from mice immunized with KLH/KMF-WE, showed higher levels of both Th-1 type (IL-2, IFN-${\gamma}$) and Th-2 type (IL-4) cytokines in response to KLH stimulation compared to those from mice immunized with KLH alone. Also, in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay, mice immunized with KLH/KMF-WE showed a significantly higher reaction to KLH than mice treated with KLH alone. These results suggest that KMF-WE possess immunoadjuvant activity to enhance both antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses against protein antigens (KLH).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.293-298
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• 2009

Korean mistletoe lectin (KML) is the major component found in Viscum album var. (coloratum), displaying anti-cancer and immunostimulating activities. Even though it has been shown to boost host immune defense mechanisms, the regulatory roles of KML on the functional activation of macrophages have not been fully elucidated. In this study, regulatory mechanism of KML on macrophage-mediated immune responses was examined in terms of KML-mediated signaling event. KML clearly induced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phagocytic uptake in RAW264.7 cells. All of these events were strongly suppressed by U0126, whereas TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA was not diminished by SB203580 and SP600125, indicating ERK as a central enzyme managing KML-induced up-regulation of macrophage functions. Indeed, KML strongly induced the phosphorylation of ERK in a time-dependent manner without altering its total level. Therefore, these data suggest that ERK may be a major signaling enzyme with regulatory property toward various KML-mediated macrophage responses.