• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.101-124
• /
• 2009

According to Wikipedia, virtual reality (VR) is defined as a technology that allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment. Due to a rapid growth in information technology (IT), the cost of virtual reality has been decreasing while the utility of virtual reality advertisements has dramatically increased. Nevertheless, only a few studies have investigated the effects of virtual reality advertisement on consumer behaviors. Therefore, the objective of this study is to empirically examine the effects of virtual reality advertisement. Compared to traditional online advertisements, virtual reality advertisement enables consumers to experience products realistically over the Internet by providing high media richness, interactivity, and telepresence (Suh and Lee, 2005). Advertisements with high media richness facilitate consumers' understanding of advertised products by providing them with a large amount and a high variety of information on the products. Interactivity also provides consumers with a high level of control over the computer-simulated environment in terms of their abilities to adjust the information according to their individual interests and concerns and to be active rather than passive in their engagement with the information (Pimentel and Teixera, 1994). Through high media richness and interactivity, virtual reality advertisements can generate compelling feelings of "telepresence" (Suh and Lee, 2005). Telepresence is a sense of being there in an environment by means of a communication medium (Steuer, 1992). Virtual reality advertisements enable consumers to create a perceptual illusion of being present and highly engaged in a simulated environment, while they are in reality physically present in another place (Biocca, 1997). Based on the characteristics of virtual reality advertisements, a research model has been proposed to explain consumer responses to the virtual reality advertisements. The proposed model includes two dimensions of consumer responses. One dimension is consumers' rational response, which is based on the Information Processing Theory. Based on the Information Processing Theory, product knowledge and perceived risk are selected as antecedents of intention to purchase. The other dimension is emotional response of consumers, which is based on the Attitude-Structure Theory. Based on the Attitude-Structure Theory, arousal, flow, and positive affect are selected as antecedents of intention to purchase. Because it has been criticized to have investigated only one of the two dimensions of consumer response in prior studies, our research model has been built so as to incorporate both dimensions. Based on the Attitude-Structure Theory, we hypothesized the path of consumers' emotional responses to a virtual reality advertisement: (H1) Arousal by the virtual reality advertisement increases flow; (H2) Flow increases positive affect; and (H3) Positive affect increases intension to purchase. In addition, we hypothesized the path of consumers' rational responses to the virtual reality advertisement based on the Information Processing Theory: (H4) Increased product knowledge through the virtual reality advertisement decreases perceived risk; and (H5) Perceived risk decreases intension to purchase. Based on literature of flow, we additionally hypothesized the relationship between flow and product knowledge: (H6) Flow increases product knowledge. To test the hypotheses, we conducted a free simulation experiment [Fromkin and Streufert, 1976] with 300 people. Subjects were asked to use the virtual reality advertisement of a cellular phone on the Internet and then answer questions about the variables. To check whether subjects fully experienced the virtual reality advertisement, they were asked to answer a quiz about the virtual reality advertisement itself. Responses of 26 subjects were dropped because of their incomplete answers. Responses of 274 subjects were used to test the hypotheses. It was found that all of six hypotheses are accepted. In addition, we found that consumers' emotional response has stronger impact on their intention to purchase than their rational response does. This study sheds much light into practical implications for both IS researchers and managers. First of all, while most of previous research has analyzed only one of the customers' rational and emotional responses, we theoretically incorporated and empirically examined both of the two sides. Second, we empirically showed that mediators such as arousal, flow, positive affect, product knowledge, and perceived risk play an important role between virtual reality advertisement and customer's intention to purchase. In addition, the findings of this study can provide a basis of practical strategies for managers. It was found that consumers' emotional response is stronger than their rational response. This result indicates that advertisements using virtual reality should focus on the emotional side, and that virtual reality can be served as an appropriate advertisement tool for fancy products that require their online advertisements to give an impetus to customers' emotion. Finally, even if this study examined the effects of virtual reality advertisement of cellular phone, its findings could be applied to other products that are suited for virtual experience. However, this research has some limitations. We were unable to control different kinds of consumers and different attributes of products on consumers' intention to purchase. It is, therefore, deemed important for future research to control the consumer and product types for more reliable results. In addition to the consumer and product attributes, other variables could affect consumers' intention to purchase. Thus, the future research needs to find ways t control other variables.

• 스마트미디어저널
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.62-66
• /
• 2016

최근 가상현실 기술이 세계적으로 대두되면서 다양한 분야의 기술들과 결합하면서 새로운 트렌드로 형성하고 있다. 광고의 경우, 가상현실에서는 사용자가 화면을 건드리지 못한다는 특성 때문에 사용자가 광고를 시청하였는지에 여부에 대한 탐지와 확인이 어렵다. 그러나 기술의 진화로 가상현실 광고나 가상 쇼룸을 통해 보여 지는 영상을 디텍팅하고 분석이 가능한 솔루션을 통해 소비자의 인지를 확인할 수가 있다. 즉 시선추적(Eye Tracking) 기술은 이러한 가상현실 광고분야에 있어서 사용자가 어떤 광고를 시청하였는지, 얼마나 자주 시청하였는지, 얼마동안 시청하였는지 등에 대한 데이터를 추출하고 분석함으로써 기존의 가상현실상의 광고 탐지와 VR 매체 광고 연구의 어려웠던 부분을 해소할 수 있다. 논문에서는 가상현실에서 광고를 시선추적으로 인식하는 방법에 대해서 제안하고자 한다. 그리하여 새로운 VR플랫폼상 광고효과를 통해 기존의 TV, 인터넷, 지면 광고와 비교 분석을 통한 광고의 몰입도 및 광고 효용성을 연구하고자 한다. 제안된 연구내용은 서버와 VR HMD(Virtual Reality Head Mounted Display)와의 통신 및, 서버 측 출력화면 등이 포함 되어 있다.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.39-54
• /
• 2017

At present, various technologies are rapidly advancing, centering on the concept of virtuality. From the technology of virtual reality, which allows us to experience the senses as if they existed, to the technology of augmented reality, which provides new information or services based on reality, they are no longer strange things for ourselves because we experience them every day and night. Even though the concept of virtual is very familiar in terms of technology, it is not known how individuals accept the concept of virtuality, how they change our way of thinking, and how their behavior changes. This study aims to approach virtuality perceived by the individual from the viewpoint of individual's information processing. Virtuality is defined as the degree to which the situation facing an individual is far from actual reality. An individual can judge the degree of virtuality easily, which is considered to be a psychological distance which is an important factor in personal information processing. In this study, we have confirmed whether the argument is applied to the real world in the context of advertisement. According to the construal level theory, when an individual feels virtuality at a high level, the individual thinks that the situation they are facing is psychologically distant and accordingly has a high level construal. Therefore, it is more influenced by 'advertisement emphasizing symbolic appeal' which is matching with higher level. On the other hand, when an individual feels a low level of virtuality, the individual thinks that the situation they are facing is psychologically near and thus has a low level construal. Therefore, respondents are more sensitive to functional appeal, which is related to lower level. This study has the theoretical contribution in terms that the degree of virtuality affects the psychological distance of the individual. In addition, the results of this study have practical contribution in terms of being able to be actively used in the information delivery strategy centered on the advertisement.

• 디자인학연구
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.163-170
• /
• 2002

가상현실 기술은 인간이 현실세계에서 경험하는 것과 유사한 상호작용 행위를 가상의 공간을 통하여 체험할 수 있게 하는 기술이다. 가상현실 기술을 이용하여 3차인 가상공간에 참여한 사용자는 시간적 공간적 제약에 구애받지 않고 원하는 공간에서 다양한 경험을 할 수 있어서 영상산업, 오락, 시뮬레이션, 의료, 건축 및 설계분야 등 수많은 응용분야에서 그 기술이 활용되고 있다. 그 중 영상분야는 고 부가가치 산업으로 가장 각광을 받고 있는 분야라 할 수 있다. 이와 관련하여 본고에서는 영상산업의 영화, 방송, 광고, 인터넷 등 4가지로 분류하여 각각의 특징 및 적용사례와 발전 가능성을 관하여 살펴보고자 한다. 영상산업에서 가상현실 기술을 이용한 산업을 보면, 영화분야에서는 가상현실 기술을 이용하여 특수효과에 제작되고 있으며, 방송분야에서는 가상 스튜디오와 가상 캐릭터 도입으로 시청자에게 다양한 그래픽 가상세계를 제공하고 있다. 광고분야에서는 방송 생중계시 가상공간에 실시간으로 3차원적 광고 삽입하여 시청자에게 큰 시너지 효과를 줄 수가 있다. 또한, 가상현실 언어인 VRML의 등장으로 웹 상에서도 가상 박물관, 가상 모델하우스, 가상 홈쇼핑, 오락 등 3타원 가상현실 구현이 가능하게 되어 보다 다양한 엔터테인먼트 역할을 수행하고 있다. 이와 같이 본 고는 가상현실 기술을 이용하여 영상산업에 있어 활용방안을 모색하고자 하였다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.626-637
• /
• 2019

Due to the rapid development of computer and digital technologies, those technologies were used in advertising. In order to meet the needs of marketing, a virtual space or character using 3D graphic augmented reality technology was developed and applied to advertisement. This study analyzed the characteristics of augmented reality in terms of interface design and spatial expression of augmented reality through case study. Firstly, we wanted to find the relationship between the types of the augmented reality advertisement and interface effects. Secondly, we wanted to find the spatial expression methods. The sample survey case studies based on 42 articles from 2012 to 2018 using Chinese and Korean site sharing augmented reality advertisement. The results of the case studies were divided into two parts. Firstly, the relationship between augmented reality types and interface effects were found basing on the augmented reality index. It means that the augmented reality index can be illustrated by using the augmented reality type. Simultaneously, the augmented reality type can be illustrated using the interface effect. The second part was that the types of display were used as a spatial representation. And the results showed that mobile display and public place display were the most frequently used.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.63-74
• /
• 2021

Virtual Reality (VR) is one of the core components of the fourth industrial revolution as a technology that makes the virtual world feel as if it is real. VR is being used in various fields such as entertainment, advertisement, education, medical care, training, sports, and tourism, as well as providing contents for such things as games and videos. Libraries are already looking for ways to utilize VR from various angles, such as operating experiential programs. The purpose of this thesis is to develop and propose a VR-based library user education program. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, we analyzed previous studies from a theoretical perspective to find a way to construct a user education program, and also to derive possible implications based on examples of countries such as the United States and Korea that are already introducing and applying VR technology to library services. Therefore, the user education program proposed in this study can be used as a basic building block when many libraries want to develop VR-based programs in the future.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
• /
• 제20권9호
• /
• pp.1574-1583
• /
• 2017

This paper proposes how to develop a multi-sensory virtual reality system based on realistic media that can improve the sense of immersion and reality experienced by the user. We suggest four types of multi-sensory virtual reality system; a realistic media experience system which provides sensory experiences to user by interlocking the media file with the sensory informations and reproducing the sensory information suitable for the scene, a real image-based panorama experience system which maximizes the sense of reality, an experience ball system in which users engage themselves into the system environment to lead the story and immersion of the content through interaction with the system, and a cultural heritage experience system based on hand movement recognition. The suggested systems can be applied in a various area such as education, advertisement, culture and arts, performance, exhibition, sports, game, 4D Experience Center, and so on. We supposed that it can contribute to create a variety of sensible contents services in the realistic media industry through the convergence of media, contents, and devices.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제12권8호
• /
• pp.123-135
• /
• 2012

콘텐츠의 디지털화와 네트워크의 광대역화로 인한 다매체 다채널 환경은 광고시장에도 많은 변화를 초래하고 있다. 콘텐츠 유통 윈도우로서의 플랫폼은 증가하고 있지만 이를 장악하는 미디어는 제작능력과 자본능력을 보유한 소수의 매체라는 점에서 증가하는 플랫폼을 통한 추가 광고의 수익은 대부분 이들 거대 독점 미디어에 쏠려 있는 것이 현실이다. 여기에 미디어렙 법안이 국회 본회의를 통과하면서 일부 미디어에 편중된 광고시장의 쏠림현상이 가속화될 전망이다. 이와 같은 현실에서 다양한 장르와 실험적인 도전으로 새로운 콘텐츠 제작과 유통의 성장이 예견되고 있는 유료방송시장이 직접적인 영향권에 놓일 전망이다. 따라서 본 연구는 유료방송광고시장의 확대를 위한 방법론과 대안을 제시하고자 한다. 연구의 결과, 간접광고와 가상광고, 광고금지 품목에 대한 개선방안이 제시되었고, 기업과 정부 차원에서 광고시장 확대를 위한 방법론이 제시되었다.

• 융합정보논문지
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.278-285
• /
• 2022

본 연구는 VR 광고에서 현준감과 플로우 수준에 따라 광고태도와 기억정보의 유형인 속성 관련 기억정보와 종합적인 평가적 기억정보에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보는 것이다. 실험은 3X2 피험자간 요인설계로 진행되었다. 현대자동차 아이오닉 VR영상으로 진행되었고 143명의 피험자 설문지가 연구에 사용되었다. 연구 결과 감정적 현존감이 가장 높을 때 광고태도가 긍정적이었다. 또한 인지적 현존감이 기억에 미치는 영향은 플로우가 높을 때 제품 속성 정보 등의 ARM이 증가하였고 플로우 수준이 낮을 때는 GRM이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 플로우가 높을 때는 GRM이 증가하는 것이 확인되었지만 플로우가 낮을 때는 ARM이 증가하는 것이 확인되었다. 본 실험에서 사용된 가상현실 광고는 기존의 광고로 브랜드 현존하는 브랜도여서 사전태도가 연구 결과의 가외 변인으로 작용되어 연구 결과의 일반화에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤을 가능성이 있다. 이에 향후 연구에서는 가상의 브랜드로 실험을 진행하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제17권9호
• /
• pp.107-119
• /
• 2017

최근 광고, PR 분야는 새로운 도전에 직면하고 있는데 새로운 디지털 콘텐츠 시장 성장과 패러다임의 변화가 일어나고 있기 때문이다. ICT(정보통신 : Infomation and Communication Technology) 및 디지털 콘텐츠 시장에서도 가장 빠르게 성장하고 있는 분야 중 하나가 VR(Virtual Reality) 등의 기술과 관련된 실감형 분야라고 할 수 있다. 하지만 급변하는 VR 콘텐츠 시장에서 어떠한 광고, PR 전략으로 참여해야 하는지에 대한 명확한 해답을 찾기 힘들다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 국내 VR 콘텐츠 시장을 이끌고 있는 VR 전문가 11명과의 심층면접을 통해 VR 광고, PR 시장에 대한 P(정치)E(경제)S(사회)T(기술)분석을 하여 VR 산업의 거시적인 면을 분석하였다. 또한 VR 시장의 S(강점)W(약점)O(기회)T(위협) 분석을 통해 대내외적으로 광고, PR 분야의 VR 콘텐츠 활용가능성을 탐색해 보았다. 연구결과 광고, PR 분야에서 VR을 활성화하기 위해서는 먼저 킬러 콘텐츠를 육성하고, 이용자의 니즈에 맞춰 불편한 점을 개선해야 하며, 소비자 및 업계의 인식을 개선하여야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지속적인 광고, PR 관련 VR 활성화 정책이 마련되어야 하며, 마지막으로 중장기 관점의 VR 로드맵을 구축해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 이제 막 태동하는 VR 콘텐츠 시장에서 광고, PR 분야의 VR 콘텐츠 전략 방향을 제공하고, 향후 VR 활성화를 위한 연구에 기초를 제공하고자 한다.