• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.298-306
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• 2017

Objectives: Since 1998, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) has been conducted in order to investigate the health and nutritional status of Koreans. The food intake data of individuals in the KNHANES has also been utilized as source dataset for risk assessment of chemicals via food. To improve the reliability of intake estimation and prevent missing data for less-responded foods, the structure of integrated long-standing datasets is significant. However, it is difficult to merge multi-year survey datasets due to ineffective cleaning processes for handling extensive numbers of codes for each food item along with changes in dietary habits over time. Therefore, this study aims at 1) cleaning the process of abnormal data 2) generation of integrated long-standing raw data, and 3) contributing to the production of consistent dietary exposure factors. Methods: Codebooks, the guideline book, and raw intake data from KNHANES V and VI were used for analysis. The violation of the primary key constraint and the $1^{st}-3rd$ normal form in relational database theory were tested for the codebook and the structure of the raw data, respectively. Afterwards, the cleaning process was executed for the raw data by using these integrated codes. Results: Duplication of key records and abnormality in table structures were observed. However, after adjusting according to the suggested method above, the codes were corrected and integrated codes were newly created. Finally, we were able to clean the raw data provided by respondents to the KNHANES survey. Conclusion: The results of this study will contribute to the integration of the multi-year datasets and help improve the data production system by clarifying, testing, and verifying the primary key, integrity of the code, and primitive data structure according to the database normalization theory in the national health data.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.159-177
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• 2015

As smart phones become more common nowadays, mobile instant messengers such as kakao talk and line are used as essential communication tools exchanging information between individuals. Also, the mobile instant messengers extend their use to business area beyond communication between individuals. This study is on how factors of mobile instant messenger such as perceived security, perceived privacy, perceived enjoyment and perceived interactivity affect business continual usage intention through perceived usefulness. The proposed model is based on Expectation-Confirmation Theory of Oliver and Technology Acceptance Mode of Bhattacherjee. For an analysis, 159 survey responses were collected from the office workers in Seoul and nearby cities, having experiences of mobile instant messengers. To validate the proposed research model, PLS analysis is performed with the valid 154 questionnaires. The path analysis results are as follows. First, perceived security has a positive effect on expectation-confirmation. Second, perceived enjoyment has a positive effect on perceived usefulness. Third, perceived interactivity has a positive effect on both perceived usefulness and expectation-confirmation. Fourth, perceived usefulness has a positive usefulness on satisfaction and continual usage intention of mobile instant messenger. Last, expectation-confirmation has a positive effect on perceived usefulness, and satisfaction has a positive effect on continual usage intention of mobile instant messenger. Since the mobile instant messenger may bring a pressure of work and a violation of privacy, it is necessary that the company provide a guideline for use of the mobile instant messenger and establish the in-house mobile instant messenger system.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제6권9호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2006

온라인 게임범죄 주요 행위 유형은 타인 명의의 주민등록번호의 도용으로부터 폭행범죄, 사기범죄, 컴퓨터등 사용사기범죄 등에 이르기까지 다양하다. 동 범죄에 대한 법적 대응은 현행 형법을 기본법으로 특별 법안들이 마련되어 있으나 다양한 행정부처에 분산되어 있어 효과적인 대응에 문제를 제기하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 나날이 다양해져 가고 있는 인터넷상 온라인 게임범죄에 즉시 대처할 수 있는 기본법안을 중심으로 통일적으로 대처할 수 있는 입법적 문제가 선결되어야 함을 강조하고 있다. 자연환경상 또는 인터넷 환경상 범죄에 대한 대응방안은 사전예방이 최선책이라 할 수 있으며, 그 중 가장 중요한 사전예방 조치는 보안이라 할 수 있다. 온라인 게임을 제공하는 포털업체나 개인의 경우 개인정보 유출에 대한 보안에 가장 신경을 곤두세워야 한다 나아가 인터넷감리제도, 실명확인과정과 온라인 게임에 중독 여부에 관하여 자가 체크등도 이를 사전에 예방책이라 할 수 있다. 온라인 게임범죄의 경우 자신의 행위가 범죄라는 인식조차 없이 범행을 저지르고 자신이 노출되지 않는다고 믿는 의식에서 비롯되기 때문에 동 게임을 이용하는 게이머의 의식변화와 윤리의식 확립도 게임범죄의 사전 예방책이란 점도 밝히고 있다.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.131-150
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• 2003

A new numerical algorithm of finite element methods is presented to solve high Deborah number flow problems with geometric singularities. The steady inertialess planar 4 : 1 contraction flow is chosen for its test. As a viscoelastic constitutive equation, we have applied the globally stable (dissipative and Hadamard stable) Leonov model that can also properly accommodate important nonlinear viscoelastic phenomena. The streamline upwinding method with discrete elastic-viscous stress splitting is incorporated. New interpolation functions classified as rational interpolation, an alternative formalism to enhance numerical convergence at high Deborah number, are implemented not for the whole set of finite elements but for a few elements attached to the entrance comer, where stress singularity seems to exist. The rational interpolation scheme contains one arbitrary parameter b that controls the singular behavior of the rational functions, and its value is specified to yield the best stabilization effect. The new interpolation method raises the limit of Deborah number by 2∼5 times. Therefore on average, we can obtain convergent solution up to the Deborah number of 200 for which the comer vortex size reaches 1.6 times of the half width of the upstream reservoir. Examining spatial violation of the positive definiteness of the elastic strain tensor, we conjecture that the stabilization effect results from the peculiar behavior of rational functions identified as steep gradient on one domain boundary and linear slope on the other. Whereas the rational interpolation of both elastic strain and velocity distorts solutions significantly, it is shown that the variation of solutions incurred by rational interpolation only of the elastic strain is almost negligible. It is also verified that the rational interpolation deteriorates speed of convergence with respect to mesh refinement.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 2010

Objective : The use of segmental instrumentation technique using pedicle screw has been increasingly popular in recent years owing to its biomechanical stability. Recently, intralaminar screws have been used as a potentially safer alternative to traditional fusion constructs involving fixation of C2 and the cervicothoracic junction including C7. However, to date, there have been few clinical series of C7 laminar screw fixation in the literature. Thus, the purpose of this study is to report our clinical experiences using C7 laminar screw and the early clinical outcome of this rather new fixation technique. Methods : Thirteen patients underwent C7 intralaminar fixation to treat lesions from trauma or degenerative disease. Seventeen intralaminar screws were placed at C7. The patients were assessed both clinically and radiographically with postoperative computed tomographic scans. Results : There was no violation of the screw into the spinal canal during the procedure and no neurological worsening or vascular injury from screw placement. The mean clinical and radiographic follow up was about 19 months, at which time there were no cases of screw pull-out, screw fracture or non-union. Complications included two cases of dorsal breech of intralaminar screw and one case of postoperative infection. Conclusion : Intralaminar screws can be potentially safe alternative technique for C7 fixation. Even though this technique cannot be used in the cases of C7 laminar fracture, large margin of safety and the ease of screw placement create a niche for this technique in the armamentarium of spine surgeons.

• 의료법학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.149-179
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• 2010

In November 2007, the Korean Constiutional Court held that a joint penal provision in which the individual employer is punished when his or her employee is determined to have committed a crime was unconstitutional, because the joint penal provision had no contents for the culpability of an individual employer and thus violated the constitutionally protected principle of culpability. After the Korean Constitutional Court's judgment, since December 2008 the Ministry of Justice began to change the old joint penal provision into the new revised joint penal provision. On January 2010, the old joint penal provisions of 110 laws were revised. The new revised joint penal provision adds only an additional sentence: "If a juristic person, an entity or an individual perform due care and supervision over its employee for the prevention of such a crime, it will be exempted from the punishment". But an presumption of negligence clause that is added in the new revised joint penal provision is still vacuum in concerned with supervision responsibility. Probably the new form of penal provision, that is understood to be a kind of the presumption of negligence, could let the burden of proof be changed from the public prosecutor to the accused, in other words employer-side. Especially, when joint penal provision is applied to hospital as administrative punishment, according to the hospital is a (juridical) foundation or not, the application of the joint penal provision is different and unfaithful. In my opinion, therefore, a corporation liability could be considered according to various liability of employee's business and the crime its employee committed because of an organizational failure of the corporation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.351-354
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• 2011

Objective : This investigation was conducted to evaluate a new, safe entry point for the C2 pedicle screw, determined using the anatomical landmarks of the C2 lateral mass, the lamina, and the isthmus of the pars interarticularis. Methods : Fifteen patients underwent bilateral C1 lateral mass-C2 pedicle screw fixation, combined with posterior wiring. The C2 pedicle screw was inserted at the entry point determined using the following method : 4 mm lateral to and 4 mm inferior to the transitional point (from the superior end line of the lamina to the isthmus of the pars interarticularis). After a small hole was made with a high-speed drill, the taper was inserted with a 30 degree convergence in the cephalad direction. Other surgical procedures were performed according to Harm's description. Preoperatively, careful evaluation was performed with a cervical X-ray for C1-C2 alignment, magnetic resonance imaging for spinal cord and ligamentous structures, and a contrast-enhanced 3-dimensional computed tomogram (3-D CT) for bony anatomy and the course of the vertebral artery. A 3-D CT was checked postoperatively to evaluate screw placement Results : Bone fusion was achieved in all 15 patients (100%) without screw violation into the spinal canal, vertebral artery injury, or hardware failure. Occipital neuralgia developed in one patient, but this subsided after a C2 ganglion block. Conclusion : C2 transpedicular screw fixation can be easily and safely performed using the entry point of the present study. However, careful preoperative radiographic evaluation, regardless of methods, is mandatory.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2007

경찰은 2005년 정지선 준수율 향상을 위하여 '정지선 지키기 생활화 운동'과 함께 정지선위반 단속을 수행하였다. 단속기간 동안 정지선 준수율이 향상되었으나, 단속기간 이후 정지선 준수율은 단속 이전 수준으로 회귀되어 캠페인 및 단속을 통한 정지선 준수율 향상 노력의 장기적인 실효성 문제가 지적되었다. 교통안전시설물(신호기) 설치위치 조정 등의 교통환경 개선을 통해 장기적이며 근본적인 정지선 준수율 향상 필요성이 공론화 되고 있으나 해당분야의 기초 연구가 부재하다. 본 연구는 신호기 설치위치에 따른 차량의 정지선 준수율 변화 여부를 분석 및 제시한다. 현장자료를 토대로 수행한 통계분석 결과 신호기 위치에 따라 정지선 준수율이 변화하며, 정지선으로부터 신호기까지의 거리가 $10{\sim}20m$일 경우 정지선 준수율이 높아지는 것으로 분석되었다. '교통신호기설치관리매뉴얼'에서 허용하는 신호기 설치위치 범위에 포함되는 정지선 하류 $10{\sim}20m$의 위치를 신호기 적정 설치위치로 제안한다.

• Strategy21
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• 통권32호
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• pp.97-122
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• 2013

The basic stance of the Republic of Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs was 'quiet diplomacy'. However, there had been demands for specific plans for practical protection of Dokdo. In 2011, Prime Minister Kim Hwang Sik mentioned that they are reviewing measures of stationing marines on Dokdo, while on August 10th, 2012, former president Lee Myung Bak visited Dokdo. The visit itself was meaningful as he was the first supreme commander to visit Dokdo. This paper studies on the necessity of naval power on Dokdo to maintain its effective control. The effective control must be done by a national organization in a peaceful and unimpaired method. If so, can stationing naval power, whether directly or indirectly, on Dokdo be considered a violation of 'peaceful' method? A 'peaceful' effective of control meas the right of sovereignty over a territory without other country's protest. In such terms, protecting a territory falls under practicing the right of sovereignty, and therefore does not violate 'peaceful'. In addition, looking at international cases such as Ligitan/Sipadan Case and Pedra Blanca Case, evidences such as 'navy activity', 'flyng ensign', and 'military communication facility installation' was used. In ter case of Yemen-Eritrea dispute over Hanish, methods on effective control over island and sea was also ruled by the installation of military posts and military surveillance activities. Thus, stationing naval power on Dokdo can be a way of maintaining effective control per international law. To station naval poer on Dokdo, Presidential Instruction 24 integrated Defense Guideline Enforcement Ordinance, which is domestic law, must be revised. Reason being, the Enforcement Ordinance states that the navy area of responsibility excluded Ullundo, where Dokdo is under jurisdiction of Ullungdim thus excluding navy control. In addition, considering the diplomatic situation, it is more fut to install navy radar site on Dokdo rather than 'stationing marines'. In other words, enforcing surveillance in the vicinity of Dokdo and installing radar site instead of stationing direct combatants is one way of practicing effective control without stimulating diplomatic disputes.

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 1996

데이타베이스 관리 측면에서 데이타의 무결성은 매우 중요한 의미를 가진다. 따라 서 특정의 데이타베이스 구축시 무결성 규정들을 반드시 고려하여야 하며, 데이타베이 스의 무결성 유지를 위해 데이타베이스 관리자는 지속적으로 데이타베이스의 내용을 감시하면서 데이타의 무결성을 저해하는 요소가 발생될경우 이를 제거해 주어야만 한 다.그러나 이러한 무결성 유지 작업은 응용 영역 데이타의 양이 증가 할수록 더욱 복잡해지며 또한 많은 시간을 필요로 하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위한 규칙 기반 데이타베이스 검증 시스템을 제시한다. 제시 하는 규칙 기반 데이타베이스 검증 시스템은 문제 영역 모델로부터 필요한 데이타 베이스와 무결성 유지를 위한 규 칙들을 생성하고, 추론 시스템과 데이타베이스의 결합을 통해 데이타베이스의 무결성 검증 작업을 수행한다.