• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5-11
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• 2014

In this study, chemical analysis and ecotoxicity tests of leachate from disposal site for foot-and-mouth disease carcasses (FMD leachate) were conducted to collect fundamental data that will be used to develop environmental risk assessment tools for FMD leachate. For chemical analysis, concentration of $Cl^-$, $NH{_4}{^+}-N$, Korea standard method indicators for detection of leachate released from animal carcasses burial site into groundwater and NRN (Ninhydrin-Reactive Nitrogens), a newly suggested screening test indicator to detect groundwater contamination by FMD leachate, were assessed. For ecotoxicity tests, luminescent bacteria (V. fischeri), micro-algae (P. subcapitata) and water flea (D. magna) were selected as test species. Correlation analysis between the concentration of $Cl^-$, $NH{_4}{^+}-N$, NRN and the toxicity to V. fischeri was performed to identify the better indicators to monitor FMD leachate contamination. From regression analysis, the concentration of the indicators in FMD leachate contaminated sample that induced halfmaximal toxic effect to V. fischeri was evaluated. Results obtained from this study can be applied to assess the risk by FMD leachate and to establish the guideline to manage risk in relation to FMD leachate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1430-1437
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• 2009

Functional bread was manufactured with single cell detritus (SCD) of sea tangle. The optimum ingredient formula for SCD bread was determined based on mixture model. Flour and water reduced max weight, strength, hardness and specific loaf volume, whereas the increased SCD reversed the volume change of dough. Flour increased $L^*$ and $b^*$ values of SCD bread, while SCD decreased. Flour and water decreased $a^*$ value, while SCD increased. Max weight, strength, hardness, specific loaf volume, $b^*$ value and water holding capacity (WHC) were linear model on ANOVA table, whereas distance, volume change of dough, $L^*$ and $a^*$ values were nonlinear model. The response constraint coefficient showed that SCD influenced texture of SCD bread more than flour and water did, whereas water influenced the volume change of dough, specific loaf volume and WHC more than flour and SCD did. Moreover, flour influenced color value more than did water and SCD. Distance and $a^*$ value fitted nonlinear model with interaction terms for flour-SCD and water-SCD. Optimum ingredient formula for SCD bread was: flour, 48.25%; water, 30.89%; SCD, 3.86%. Sensory evaluation of SCD bread was a little lower than industrial bread and electrolyzed SCD bread.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.1249-1256
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• 2010

Forty natural plants collected in Jeju, Jeonnam-Goheung, and Gyeongbuk-Ulleung were extracted using a pressurized liquid. Extraction yields of total soluble solids and total phenolics (TP), and integral antioxidative capacity (IAC) were measured, and antimicrobial activity was tested against Streptococcus parauberis, Streptococcus iniae, Edwardsiella tarda, and Vibrio ordalii. Jipsinnamul showed the highest content of TP (174.4 mg GAE/g), followed by Mulchamnamu (116.9), Seoeonamu (113.3), and Buknamu (108.2). Percent TP/TSS was high in Jipsinnamul (72.6%), Seoeonamu (47.3%), Mulchamnamu (46.4%), Jageumu (40.2%), and Baneulkkot (40.1%), respectively. Magamok, Nadosongipul, Buknamu, Mulchamnamu, and Seoeonamu showed 5.81, 3.96, 3.63, 3.63, and 3.34 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g of IAC of water-soluble substances, and Seoeonamu, Magamok, Seipijilpul, Mulchamnamu, Baneulkkot, and Seomgirincho showed 8.51, 6.57, 5.68, 3.85, 3.83, and 3.69 mmol Trolox equivalents/g of IAC of lipid-soluble substances, respectively. Only nine species such as Baneulkkot, Dokhwal, Jipsinnamul, Mulchamnamu, Nadosongipul, Seipijilpul, Seoeonamu, Seomgirincho, and Sumbadi of 40 selected plants showed the antimicrobial activity against four bacteria tested. Jipsinnamul showed the strong antimicrobial activity against S. iniae, while Dokhwal, Nadosongipul, and Sumbadi against S. parauberis and S. iniae, and Mulchamnamu, Seoeonamu, and Seipijilpul against V. ordalii.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.2 s.58
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• pp.146-151
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• 2005

Recent studies indicated the utility of whole effluent assessment as a measure to control discharge of toxic effluents to receiving water in Korea. However, most studies have been focussed on acute lethal effects of toxic wastewater with little consideration of chronic sublethal impacts which are of growing concern in protecting aquatic ecosystem. We conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests with effluents discharged from five different dyeing plants in Gyeong-gi province using a marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and a freshwater macroinvertebrate Daphnia magna to demonstrate the importance of assessing chronic sublethal effects. Various levels of acute and chronic toxicities were observed in many samples tested in this study. In 21-d chronic toxicity tests using D. magna all samples showed effects on reproduction and growth. Notable mortalities were also noted in three out of five effluents. The result of the Microtox assay indicated that acute microbial toxicity existed in effluents from two out of five plants and acute daphnid toxicity was observed in only one effluent. The result of this study clearly suggests chronic toxicity tests are more suitable to assess biological effects of effluents because it was shown from this study that even an effluent with no acute toxicity could cause chronically lethal and/or sublethal adverse effects on aquatic biota which may affect the population dynamics in aquatic ecosystem.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2001

The cDNA encoding human NeuAc ${\alpha}$2,3Gal$\beta$ 1,3GalNAc GalNac ${\alpha}$2,6-Sialyltransferase (hST6GalNac IV) was isolated by screening of human fetal liver cDNA library with a DNA probe generated from the cDNA sequence of mouse ST6Gal NAc IV (mkST6GalNAc IV). The cDNA sequence included an open reading frame coding for 302 amino acids, and comparative analysis of this cDNA with mST6GalNAc IV showed that each sequence of the predicted coding region contains 88% and 85% identifies in nucleotide and amino acid levels, respecively. The primary structure of this enzyme suggested a putative domain structure, like that in other glycosyltransferases, consisting of a short N-terminal cytoplamic domain, a transmembrane domain and a large C-terminal active domain. This enzyme expressed in COS-7 cells echibited transferase activity toward NeuAc ${\alpha}$2,3Gal$\beta$ 1,3GalNAc, fetuin and GM1b, although the activity toward the later is very low, no significant activity being detected toward Gal${\beta}$ 1,3Gal NAc or asialofetuin, the other glycoprotein substrates tested. The $^{14}$ C-sialylated residue of fetuin sialylated by this enzyem with CMP-[$^{14}$C]NeuAc was sensitive to treatment with ${\alpha}$2,8-specific sialidase of Vibrio cholerae but resistant to treatment with ${\alpha}$2,3-specific sialidase (NaNase I), and ${\alpha}$2,3- and ${\alpha}$2,8-specific sialidase of Newcastle disease virus. These results clearly indicated that the expressed enzyme is a type of GalNAc ${\alpha}$2,6-sialyltransferase like mST6GalNAc IV, which requires sialic acid residues linked to Gal${\beta}$1,3GalNAc-residues for its activity.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 1997

The effect of $\beta$-glucan as an immunostimulant to increase resistance to bacterial diseases by enhancing non-specific defense mechanism in rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) was examined by oral and bath administration. After oral or bath administration with $\beta$-glucan, the injection challenges with Vibro ordalii, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Edwardsiella tarda were performed to assess $\beta$-glucan efficacy. After injection of V. ordalii, oral administration for 30 days with 1% $\beta$-glucan showed 25% of survival rate. But all control fish died within 3 days after the injection. After injection of S, epidermidis, oral administration group for 20 and 30 days showed a remarkably increased survival rate of 95%. But oral administration of $\beta$-glucan to rockfish did not induce protection against experimental E. tarda infection. $\beta$-Glucan bath administration with or without formalin-killed V. ordalii showed that no protection was observed at 10 days after challenge. The results show that $\beta$-glucan to rockfish was effective to increase survival rate of bacterial infections of S. epidermidis and V. ordalii but not against E. tarda.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 1991

In the late summer of 1990 and 1991, mass mortality occured among cage-cultured grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus in south cost of Korea. The moribund fish didn't feed and became pale or dark chestnut colour and irregularly swimmed due to the loss of equilibrium, finally the diseased fish fell down side away on the bottom or the surface of cage showing the bent of body and died. The diseased fish showed the extensive hemorrahge in brain, the swelling of spleen and bile duct as the specific syptoms of internal organs. So the gill, skin and other organs of the diseased fish were examined for the presence of pathogenic parasites and bacteria. The parasitic Trichodina sp. were detected only from the gill lamella of the diseased fish, but these parasites seemed to be not a direct causative agents that induced the gross mortality of the cultured grouper. because these parasites were also observed in normal grouper, yellowtail, red seabream and rock bream co-cultured with the diseased grouper in same or near cages. In the viral examination, although isolation of the causative agent by the use of estabilshed cell Lines, RTG-2 and CHSE-214, was not succeed, the normal grouper inoculated intramuscularly with the filtered homogenate of the organs of the diseased fish showed the same external and internal signs with the naturally infected grouper. They died within a week. By using the naturally and the artificially infected fishes, electron microscopic observation revealed numerous hexagonal or polygonal particles in the cytoplasm of liver cells. Based on the these results, we suggest that the mass mortality of the cultured grouper would be occurred by the infection of a viral agent.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1990

As the putrefaction of fish is greatly relied on the microorganisms inhabited in the viscera of them, we investigated the microfloral changes in the viscera of sardine, Sardinops melanosticta, which has been caught a lot in adjacent sea of Korea but showed rapid spoilage, after storages with various temperature. The following results were obtained. Viable cell counts at $25^{\circ}C$ of the viscera of sardine were $1.6\times10^5/g$ at the fresh sample, $1.5\times10^5/g$ at the frozen sample, $2.9\times10^8/g$ at the spoiled samples. The most predominant microbial genera from the fresh sardine were Moraxella spp.($31.4\%$) and Pseudomonas spp.($28.6\%$), but Enterobacteriaceae($83.1\%$) was in spoiled sample. While Moraxella spp.($46.2\%$) and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga($21.0\%$) were predominant in the frozen sample and Enterobacteriacear($69.6\%$) was in the thawed-spoiled sample. The rates of proteolytic enzyme producing bacteria were $20\%$ in the fresh sample, $22\%$ in the frozen sample but the rates were increased to $52\%,\;29\%$ in the spoiled sample and the thawed-spoiled sample respectively.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.355-364
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• 2016

This study was initiated to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanol extract (ME) and hot water extract (HWE) obtained from the fruiting bodies of medicinal mushroom, Phellinus gilvus. The free radical scavenging activity of ME from P. gilvus on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 93.65% at 2 mg/mL, which was comparable with the positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 96.97%) at the same concentration. The ferrous ion-chelating ability of ME and HWE was significantly higher than that of BHT at all concentration levels. The antimicrobial assay of ME was performed against six bacteria and one species of fungus. ME exhibited antibacterial activity against 5 out of 6 bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; whereas, ME did not show antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacterium Vibrio vulnificus and fungal species Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ME against 5 strains of bacteria, such as S. aureus, S. mutans, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, was 100, 100, 50, 100, 200 mg/mL, respectively. The results suggest that good antioxidant and microbial activities of P. gilvus fruiting bodies might be used for natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.183-188
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• 2003

Bactericidal effect of $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$ was observed, when Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, the causative bacteria of food poisoning, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Shigella sonnei were treated with the diluted solution of $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$(33.3%~4.1%) for 30min at $20^{\circ}C$. All the bacteria were killed in 30 sec, when 33.3%-diluted $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$ was applied, except for S. aureus. Coronavirus, the same virus with SARS virus taxonomically, was also lilled with the 20%-diluted $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$. Canine parvovirus and Canine distermper virus were also killed even in the organic matter and hard water when treated with $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$. When applied to food such as raw fish, chilled meat, vegetables, $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$ could also decrease the number of microorganism, expecially for E. Coli. From these results, $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$ is thought to be effective for killing virus and bacteria, and also was proved to be safe when applied directrly to food.