• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1499-1505
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• 2007

Peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) is a reactive oxidant formed from superoxide anion radical (${\cdot}\;O_2-$) and nitric oxide (NO), which can oxidize cellular components such as essential protein, non-protein thiols, DNA, low-density lipoproteins and membrane phospholipids. ${\cdot}\;O_2-$ and $ONOO^-$ have contributed to the pathogenesis of diseases such as stroke, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. Because of damaging effects of ${\cdot}\;O_2-$ and $ONOO^-$ oxidants, Vespae Nidus, which has been known to strengthen the kidneys to preserve the vital energy. was tested as a potential specific scavenger of those oxidants. In this study, the viability of Vespae Nidus (1, 10, 50 g/ml) to scavenge ${\cdot}\;O_2-$, NO, $ONOO^-$ and so to protect cells against tert-butylhydroxyperoxide (t-BHP) induced cell death was tested. The levels of ${\cdot}\;O_2-$ and $ONOO^-$ were detected by staining with DCFH-DA and DHR 123, respectively. Protein expression levels of COX-2, iNOS and $NF{-\kappa}B$ were assayed by western blot. Vespae Nidus blocked t-BHP-induced cell death in a dose-dependent fashion. Vespae Nidus inhibited t-BHP-induced production of ${\cdot}\;O_2-$, NO and $ONOO^-$ in YPEN cells. The lipid peroxide level was increased and glutathione level was decreased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated ICR mouse, whereas the ones in the Vespae Nidus-administered group were regulated beneficially. Vespae Nidus inhibited the expression of COX-2, iNOS and NF-κB (p65 and p50) genes in LPS-treated ICR mouse. The present study suggests that Vespae Nidus is a powerful antioxidant and promotes cellular defense activity by scavenging the toxic oxidants such as ${\cdot}\;O_2-$ and $ONOO^-$.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2 s.66
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• pp.171-181
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• 2006

Objectives : Peroxynitrite($ONOO^-$), superoxide anion(${\cdot}{O_2}^-$) and nitric oxide (NO) is a cytotoxic species that can oxidize several cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. It has been implicated in the aging process and age-related disease such as Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate scavenging activities for $ONOO^-$ and its precursors, NO and ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ of Vespae Nidus. Methods : Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2) and dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) were used to investigate scavenging activities of $ONOO^-,\;NO,\;{\cdot}{O_2}^-$. Six-months-old ICR mice were used. After mice were injected with lipopolysaccharides(LPS), kidney organization was evaluated. Three comparison groups of ICR mice were used : a normal group, an experimental group that was fed Vespae Nidus extract and then injected with LPS, and a control group that was injected with LPS. Scavenging activities of $ONOO^-,\;NO,\;{\cdot}{O_2}^-$ in these groups were measured in the same way. Results : Vespae Nidus markedly scavenged authentic $ONOO^-,\;{\cdot}{O_2}^-$ and NO. It also inhibited $ONOO^-$ induced by ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ and NO which are derived trom SIN-1. Furthermore, it inhibited $ONOO^-,\;{\cdot}{O_2}^-$, and NO generation by Vespae Nidus in LPS-treated ICR mouse kidney postmitochondria. Conclusions : These results suggest that Vespae Nidus might be developed as an effective $ONOO^-,\;{\cdot}{O_2}^-$, and NO scavenger for the prevention of the aging process and age-related diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.86-95
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this clinical research was to investigate the effects of herbal cosmetics containing Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an ingredient compound of various herbs including Vespae Nidus, on the Whitening Effects. Methods: A total of 20 subjects who visited Pusan National University Hospital from March 2nd, 2017 to April 11th, 2017 were included. In this study, we evaluated the visual evaluation, the melanin index (M) and erythema index (E) through skin analysis equipment, the subjective whitening improvement analysis, and the adverse reaction according to product use. Statistical analysis was performed with independent t-test and Mann-Whitney's U test. Statistical significance was achieved if the probability was less than 5% (p<0.05) Results: As a result of the visual evaluation, it was effective in improving skin whitening. The subjective whitening improvement analysis also showed positive results. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the test and control cosmetics in the melanin index (M) and erythema index (E) through skin analysis equipment. In the safety evaluation, some adverse reactions were reported, but no significant were observed directly from cosmetics. Conclusions: Considering the above results, we have confirmed the possibility of herbal cosmetics containing containing CAPE of Vespae Nidus Extracts.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.167-174
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• 2001

According to the literatual study on the external treatment of premature ejaculation, the results were as follows. 1. Linition is inunction glans penis after infiltrate ASARI HERBA CUM RADICE(細辛), CARYOPHYLLI FLOS(丁香), CHEBULAE FRUCTUS(訶子), PAPAVERIS FRUCTUS(罌粟殼), FOSSILIA OSSIS MASTODI(龍骨), OSTREAE CONCHA(牡蠣 in oenostagma. 2. Retrojection or hypoatmism method is boiling CHINENSIS GALLA(五倍子), CNIDII FRUCTUS(蛇牀子) and hypoatmism, down temperature infiltrate glans penis. 3. Mesompharion apposition method is calorization VESPAE NIDUS(露蜂房), ANGELICAE DAHARICAE RADIX(白芷), and utilization vineger apposite mesompharion. 4. Medicament belt method is belt on lumbus and bythus by ROSAE LAEVIGATAE FRUCTUS(金櫻子), EURYALES SEMEN, OSTREAE CONCHA(牡蠣), TRIBULI FRUCTUS, AIPINIAE OXYPHYLLAE FRUCTUS(益智仁), NELUMBINIS SEMEN(蓮子肉) Powders. 5. Enema is injection in the rectum ANGELICAE GIGANTIS RADIX(當歸) effusion. 6. Much utilization agent are ASARI HERBA CUM RADICE(細辛), CHINENSIS GALLA(五倍子), OSTREAE CONCHA(牡蠣), CNIDII FRUCTUS(蛇床子), GRANATI PERICARPIUM(石榴皮), CARYOPHYLLI FLOS(丁香), CHEBULAE FRUCTUS(訶子), FOSSILIA OSSIS MASTODI(龍骨), VESPAE NIDUS(露蜂房), PAPAVERIS FRUCTUS(罌粟殼) etc. They are occupied in adstringentia, juventia, divergence agent, liver stabilizer agent.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.195-209
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• 2009

Objectives : Transient inflammation has been demonstrated to alter visceral sensory function in animal models and acute mucosal inflammation may precede the manifestation of visceral hyperalgesia. Thus in this study we compared effects of herbal acupuncture of Nidus Vespae (NV) applied to the different acupoints in the acute colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) intracolonic injection in rats. Methods : In Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250 ~ 400 g, TNBS (5 mg/kg) was infused intrarectally through a silicon rubber catheter into the anus under isoflurane anaesthesia. Under general anesthesia, acupoints of LI4 (Hapkok), SI25 (Cheonchu), ST36 (Joksamni), BL25 (Daejangsu) were intramuscularly injected by NV. Expressions of cFos protein in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), and the 6th lumbar spinal cord (L6 s.c.) were observed at 24 hrs after TNBS induced colitis by immunohistochemistry. Results : The expression of c-Fos protein in L6 s.c., Sol, LC and PAG increased 24 hrs after TNBS injection into colorectum as compared to normal group. NV herbal acupuncture also inhibited the expression of c-Fos protein in Sol but not L6 s.c., LC, and PAG. NV to ST36 inhibited significantly the c-Fos expression in Sol and PAG. NV to ST25 inhibited the c-Fos protein expression all over the observation area. NV to BL25 showed the inhibitory effects in the areas except LC. Whether or not a role of endogenous opioids, intrathecal injection of naltrexone (30 ug / 30 ul) was applied before the 2nd herbal acupuncture treatment 24 hrs after TNBS-induced colitis in rat. Naltrexone reversed the inhibition of c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord and brainstem under different conditions such as type of herbal acupuncture compound and choice of acupoint. Conclusions : In summary, these data show that herbal acupuncture of NV inhibits signal pathways such as spinal cord and brain stem ascending hypersensitivity of colorectum after TNBS induced colitis. This effect may be mediated by acupoints through the endogenous opioid system involving the pain modulation.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.477-481
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• 2000

The cytotoxicity of crude insect drugs was measured using HeLa cells originating from human cervix and uterine cancer. using the dye uptake assay in order to find potential anticancer agents. Three kinds of extracts (buffer, methanol and ethylacetate) were prepared from 26 insects and used as raw materials for the activity assay. Among these, the buffer extracts from Tabanus, Mylabris and Huechys showed a potent anticancer activity, and those from Catharsius, Red ant, Scorpion, Tabanus and Vespae Nidus showed a strong L-amino acid oxidase (AAO) activity as well as cytotoxicity. In contrast, buffer extracts from Gryllotalpa orientalis and Apriona germari larvae showed greater/more rapid Hela cell growth than that of other insects.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find out herb-pair prototype composed of Pericarpium Zanthoxyli in "Donguibogam", to investigate origin of them. Methods : We researched the usages of Pericarpium Zanthoxyli compatibility as following procedure : 1. Choosing a related words such as Pericarpium Zanthoxyli(蜀椒, 川椒, 花椒) 2. Searching prescriptions: We searched prescriptions containing the related words in "Dongeuibogam" through "wook system", analyzed the selected prescription and found out herb-pair prototype composed of Pericarpium Zanthoxyli. Results : We found 12 fomulas in which Pericarpium Zanthoxyli herb pair was combinated and We made a Table 1. for the description of name of fomula, indication and herb configuration. Conclusions : Pericarpium Zanthoxyli was paired with below herbs; 檳榔(Arecae Semen), 細辛(Asari Radix), 苦楝根(Meliae Radix), 蔥白(Allii Fistulosi Bulbus), 茴香(Foeniculi Fructus), 巴豆(Crotonis Semen), 蓽撥(Piperis Longi Fructus), 露蜂房(Vespae Nidus), 肉桂(Cinnamomi Cortex), 艾葉(Artemisiae Argyi Folium), 細茶(Camellia sinensis), 雄黃(Realgar), 杏仁(Armeniacae Amarum Semen).

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.66-70
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• 2002

The in vitro anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities of crude extracts from insects were evaluated in order to find effective therapeutic drugs for the treatment of myocardial and cerebral thrombosis. We prepared three types of extracts (water, methanol and ethylacetate) from 28 insects for use as raw materials for the activity assays. The fibrinolytic activity was tested using the fibrin plate method and the activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time were measured for blood clotting activity. With regards to the fibrinolytic system, water extracts of six kinds of insects displayed a remarkable level of activity with a plasmin-like action. The water extracts of [Catharsius molossus, Eupolyphaga sinensis, Huechys sanguinea, Mantidis $o\ddot{o}theca$, Mimela splendens, and Polistes mandarinus (Vespae Nidus)] exhibited the activity. On the other hand, the methanol extracts did not display any fibrinolytic activity. In terms of the coagulation system, an aqueous extract of silkworm Tongchunghacho (Paecilomyces japonica), Oxya japonica japonica and Buthus martensi (Scorpion) increased the clotting time significantly longer (181 times) than the control. These results suggest that crude drugs from insects are useful sources for the development of new drugs for use in treatments involving blood coagulation and fibrinolysis.