• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.1-16
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to understand the vegetation structure of the Corylopsis coreana habitats in South Korea and their correlation with environmental factors, in order to provide basic data for preparing conservation. A total of 40 vegetation survey plots were established in around Southern region, Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do Province. The cluster analysis revealed four distinct clusters: Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora (QmPd), Castanea crenata (Cc), Quercus mongolica (Qm), and Pinus koraiensis (Pk). Among them, the QmPd cluster was selected as the representative community. Soil texture analysis that most areas consisted of loamy soil and were distributed on the northern aspects. The plantation, represented by Pk, exhibited a high content of exchangeable aluminum (5.227±0.342 mg/kg), suggesting the need for soil improvement and monitoring in these habitats. The canopy openness (forest gap) ranged from 11% to 21%, indicating a relatively closed canopy in many survey plots. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis indicated heterogeneous species composition between the QmPd cluster and the Pk cluster (total R² = 0.608).

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.111-124
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• 2008

The changes in flora and distribution and structure of vegetation were monitored for seven years at a restored reach of an urban stream, the Yangjae Stream, southeast of Seoul, Korea. In the restored reach, diverse kinds of the close-to-nature stream restoration techniques were adapted and implemented in the winter of 1998-1999. The species numbers and diversity indices of riparian plants at the restored reach were higher than those at the unrestored reach seven years after the restoration implementation. But plant diversity was decreased from the early restoration stage of 1999 - 2001 to seven years after the implementation. The dominant species changed from a ruderal annual, Humulus japonicus, to a perennial, Phragmites australis. The floral structure was distinctly different between in the early stage and seven years later on the results of principal component analysis (PCA) because of decreasing in numbers of exotic or ruderal species and planted or introduced plants in newly disturbed habitats. The distribution areas of communities of Humulus japonicus and Erigeron annuus were decreased and those of communities Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus were increased after the restoration implementation. The results of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of plant communities revealed that the community structure were changed from the disturbed vegetations to the stable and natural vegetation after the restoration implementation. Total seven species of willows were found at the restored reach, of which two species were planted and the others were naturally introduced. The monitoring results showed that the stream ecosystem of the study reach were successfully recovered in flora and vegetation and could be used as a model site for the stream restoration in urban streams.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

This study's purpose was to provide basic data for the monitoring of ecological changes caused by change of vegetation structure of Abies koreana forest in a study site susceptible to climatic change in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, Jeju Island. Surveys revealed this: in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, per 1 ha of A. koreana forests, total number 1,781, and A. koreana number 989, accounting for 55.5% of the total number of trees. 190 A. koreana or 19.2% were found to be dead. For the number of individual trees by DBH, trees standing 5 cm - 10 cm tall formed the largest portion at 39.9%, and in the case of other trees except A. koreana, the number of individual trees below 5 cm accounted for 23.5% of the total number of trees. The survey of importance by height revealed this: at the top level, the importance of A. koreana was the highest at 106.23, but the sum of importance of temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees (Prunus maximowiczii, Quercus mongolica, and Taxus cuspidata) was higher at 142.84 than that of A. koreana. The analysis of species diversity revealed 0.645 species diversity for the tree layer and 0.817 for the shrub layer; for evenness, 0.549 for the tree layer and 0.664 for the shrub layer; for dominance value; 0.451 for the tree layer and 0.336 for the shrub layer. The analysis of tree vitality revealed that for the A. koreana forests in Yeongsil, the composition ratio of A. koreana by type is AS type>AL type>DS type>DB type, and that of the other trees is AL type>AS type>AF type>AB type. Compared with the forests in other areas, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area have a very high occurrence rate of dead trees, and a high importance of trees is shown in the deciduous broad-leaved tree forests. Compared with the A. koreana forests in the Jindallaebat area, with the same level above sea, the vegetation structures are fast changing. Also, due to dryness and other non-physical environmental changes caused by a lack of rainwater and dry winds in winter, dead trees are fast increasing in number. Environmental changes such as climate change diversely affect the maintenance of A. koreana in individual areas, and if environmental changes are fast and continue long, of the A. koreana forest areas in the Hallasan Mountain, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area will decrease fastest in number and will experience changes in the vegetation structure. Thus, it is necessary to survey the vegetation changes in A. koreana forests, which are distributed in all directions but are centered on Hallasan Mountain, and to thus conduct long-term monitoring and research.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.537-544
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• 2013

Baton Peninsula, where Sejong station is located, mainly covered with snow and vegetation. Because this area is sensitive to climate change, monitoring of surface variation is important to understand climate change on the polar region. Due to the inaccessibility, the remote sensing is useful to continuously monitor the area. The objectives of this research are 1) map classification of land-cover types in the Barton Peninsular around King Sejong station and 2) grasp distribution of vegetation species in classified area. A KOMPSAT-2 multispectral satellite image was used to classify land-cover types and vegetation species. We performed classification with hierarchical procedure using KOMPSAT-2 satellite image and ground reference data, and the result is evaluated for accuracy as well. As the results, vegetation and non-vegetation were clearly classified although species shown lower accuracies within vegetation class.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 1996

Remote sensing technique is a probable means to estimate distribution of actual evapotranspiration over wide area in connection with regional characteristics of vegetation and landuse. Factors controlling evapotranspiration from ground are air temperature, humidity, wind, radiation, soil moisture and so on. Not only the vegetation influences directly the evapotranspiration, but also these factors strongly influnce the vegetation at the area. Therefore we can expect high correlation between the evapotranspiration and the vegetation. To grasp the state of vegetation at any point, NDVI calculated from NOAA/AVHRR data is utilized. It can be considered that evapotranspiration at a forest region is linearly proportional to the NDVI. Here, a model which adopts a direct method to estimate actual evapotranspiration is developed by using the relationship between NDVI and evapotranspiration. This method makes possible to estimate evapotranspiration of Korean Peninsula including North Korea where enough meteorological and hydrological data are unavailable.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.423-438
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• 2008

BEIS2 (Biogenic Emissions Inventory System version 2) and BEIS3.12 (BEIS version 3.12) were used to estimate hourly biogenic emissions over South Korea using a set of vegetation and meteorological data simulated with the MM5 (Mesoscale Model version 5). Two biogenic emission models utilized different emission factors and showed different responses to solar radiations, resulting in about $10{\sim}20%$ difference in the nationwide isoprene emission estimates. Among the 11-vegetation classes, it was found that mixed forest and deciduous forest are the most important vegetation classes producing isoprene emissions over South Korea comprising ${\sim}90%$ of the total. The simulated isoprene concentrations over Seoul metropolitan area show that diurnal and daily variations match relatively well with the PAMS (Photochemical Air Monitoring Station) measurements during the period of June 3${\sim}$June 10, 2004. Compared to BEIS2, BEIS3.12 yielded ${\sim}35%$ higher isoprene concentrations during daytime and presented better matches to the high peaks observed over the Seoul area. This study showed that the importance of vegetation data and emission factors to estimate biogenic emissions. Thus, it is expected to improve domestic vegetation categories and emission factors in order to better represent biogenic emissions over South Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.351-361
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• 2010

The primary purposes for using fire are to enhance marsh vegetation to support waterfowl, and to manage invasive plant species. The study was conducted for two consecutive years in 2004 and 2005, investigating the effects of prescribed fire regimes on vegetation biomass in tidal brackish marsh areas of the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge located on the eastern shore of Maryland, USA, that are under relatively similar environmental conditions. Four different burn regimes (i.e., annual burn, 3-5 year burn, 7-10 year burn, and no burn) were applied in the study. Above- and below-ground vegetation biomass samples as affected by the different burn regimes were harvested in each year for five plant species native to the marsh; Distichlis spicata, Spartina alterniflora, Schoenoplectus americanus, Spartina cynosuroides and Spartina patens. No significant difference was found either in total above-ground biomass or in above-ground biomass by species between burn regimes in 2004. However, more total above-ground biomass was produced in annual burn regime in 2005 than in the other burn regimes. There were no consistent effects of burning on vegetative biomass production by species, but it seemed D. spicata was somewhat benefited by prescribed burning for its biomass production. Moreover, the stem density for D. spicata under annual burn regime was significantly higher than that in the other burn regimes, showing some positive effects of burning on vegetation. The below-ground biomass was significantly greater in 2004 than in 2005, yet with no significant difference between burn regimes in either year. A longer-term monitoring is strongly recommended.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2013

This study examined the status of the vegetation around Gangcheonsan provincial park located in Sunchang-gun in Jeollabuk-do and Damyang-gun in Jeollanam-do from June 4 to October 12, 2011. Gangcheonsan vegetation was arranged 9 plant communities in accordance with data of 28 releves. Major forest vegetation included Quercus variabilis communityand Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community, Pinus densiflora community, and Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community (evergreen coniferous forest in all), and Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis community (plantation). Wetland vegetation included Salix gracilistyla community (riverbank forests), Phragmites japonica community, and Polygonia thunbergii community. Gangcheonsan Provincial Park has beautiful scenery that is in harmony with fantastically-shaped rocks, waterfalls, and valleys and conserves a specific plant community habitat distributed through the forest wetlands including its valleys. It is necessary to conduct long-term monitoring with its focus on Pinus densiflora community, Lycoris koreana community, and Lycoris squamigera community in the provincial park to grasp the characteristics of ecological inhabit changes in major communities and provide active methods for conservation, restoration, and publicity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2001

Recently there have been increasing demands and desire for the urban open space due to urban development or environmental deterioration. Urban natural parks in Seoul provide citizens with comfortable open space and thus play an important role as learning spaces to experience nature and understand the environment. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze existing vegetation and provide basic data for the conservation and management plans of urban natural parks and education programs. The contents of the study encompass natural environment such as topography, altitude, slope and aspect and botanical ecosystem including the structure of plant communities and tree growth. According to the result of topography analysis, the overall altitude was not high but the slope was relative steep. Vegetation of Seoo Royal Tomb, a urban natural park has been classified into 12 types, and they include; Quercus acutissima community(lowland type), Quercus acutissima community(valley type), quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Castanea crenata community, Capinus laxiflora community, Pinus densiflora community(lowland type), Pinus densiflora community(slope type), Robinia pseudo-acacia community, Populos$\times$albaglandulosa community, Pinus rigida community, and Pinus koraiensis community. Based on the survey and analysis results, we have classified the study area into conservation, buffer, and utilization zones for the effective management. This study provides basic data to support the establishment of master plans for urban natural parks by analyzing vegetation conditions at Seoo Royal Tomb, an urban natural park, Based on the results presented in the study, consistent monitoring work needs to be conducted, and elaborate management plans also should be prepared.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.280-291
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• 2021

The study examined the influence of climate and soil dynamics on vegetation health across the ecological zones in Rivers State, Nigeria. MODIS imagery was used to assess the vegetation health through NDVI and point grid pattern of meteorological data for total precipitation (TP), air temperature (AT), soil moisture (SM) and soil temperature (ST) of 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015 were used for the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Findings showed that NDVI ranged between 0.420 and 0.612 in the freshwater swamp (FWS) while between 0.465 and 0.611 in the rainforest and the NDVI in the mangrove was generally low. The highest mean AT was experienced in the mangrove ecological zone and the least was experienced in the rainforest. The mean SM was generally highest in the rainforest with highest value in 2000 (774.44 m³/m³). The ST was highest in the mangrove and the least was experienced in the rainforest while the TP was highest in the mangrove. NDVI correlated significantly with SM (r=0.720; p<0.05) and ST (r= -0.493; p<0.05). NDVI, SM, TP and ST significantly varied among the ecological zones. Regression analysis showed that vegetation health was significantly related to the combination of soil temperature and soil moisture (R²=0.641; p=0.000). Thus, monitoring the factors that affect vegetation health in a changing climate and soil environments is highly required.