• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.893-902
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to survey structures and growth conditions of Pinus densiflora village groves, and to establish management strategies for their desirable growth and conservation. Twelve village groves were selected in western Gangwon province for the study. The age of the study groves ranged from 50 to 200 years. Average dbh (diameter at breast height) and density of trees for each study grove were 27~52cm and 0.5~9.3 trees/$100m^2$, respectively. Soil environments were favorable to Pinus densiflora growth in the majority of the study groves, but 2 study groves with sandy soils showed considerably poor nutrient contents. Low tree vitality was found in some of the study groves due to poor conditions of root growth from soil fill and trampling. There were detachment of cambial tissue and damage of stem cavity at 6 study groves, which were caused by artificial injury, careless pruning, and frost damage. Light disease damage by Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii and phomopsis blight were found at 6 study groves. Light pest damage by Thecodiplosis japonensis was also found at 6 study groves, but the pest damage at 2 study groves was relatively considerable. Thus, major factors limiting normal growth of Pinus densiflora village groves were infertility, soil fill and trampling, stem damage, and disease and pest. Desirable management strategies were explored to solve growth-related problems and to conserve the study groves. The management strategies included fertilization of organic matter and lime, removal of soil fill, soil plowing and graveling, wood-trail installation or woodchip mulching, supply of wood fences and protective frames, surgical operation for damaged stems, vitality enhancement, and trunk injection to improve growth environments or control stem damage and disease/pest.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.406-425
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• 2010

The flora for resource plants in Hapcheon-gun were investigated 10 times from March to October, 2009. Based on collected voucher specimens, the flora of this area consisted of 489 taxa in total; 82 families, 292 genera, 427 species, 4 subspecies, 49 varieties and 9 forms. The resources plants in the area were categorized by usage into 9 groups including an unknown group: 187 edible, 126 pasturing, 137 medicinal, 112 dyeing, 52 ornamental, 16 timber, 9 fiber, 2 industrial taxa and 134 unknown resource plants were recorded respectively. In addition, there were 18 taxa of Korean endemic plants, 33 taxa of specific plants which were designated by the Ministry of Environment, and 2 taxa of rare plants. Furthermore, 44 taxa of naturalized plants were observed in this investigated area. The vegetation status of the investigated area was well conserved, but it is likely that the contaminated area could be rapidly increased and exacerbated by the climbers and development of forest roads. Therefore, the systems for conservation need to be prepared for the effective management of forests, and there must be special rules to control the number of climbers and visitors.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.483-487
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• 2006

본 연구는 비점오염원에 의한 수질오염현상을 억제하기 위한 수변지역의 관리기법 중 하나인 식생여과대를 효과적으로 설치하기 위하여 식생에 의한 오염물질의 저감능력을 파악하고 효율적 설치방안을 모색하기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구결과 T-N과 T-P의 깊이별 오염물질 저감효과는 나대지에서 표면유출이 각각 17.6%, -23.9%, 단면유출이 각각 51.7%, 91.0%, 하부유출이 각각 38.4%, 89.3%인 것으로 나타나 표면층을 통한 유출보다는 토양층에 침투될수록 오염물질의 저감효과가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 잔디로 표면층을 식재한 실험에서는 표면, 단면, 하부유출에서의 T-N이 각각 16.0%, 57.1%, 38.4%의 오염물질 저감효과를 보였고, T-P의 저감효과는 각각 -9.7%, 83.6%, 88.8%인 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 돌미나리로 표면층을 식재한 실험에서는 표면, 단면, 하부유출에서의 T-N 처리효율이 각각 -2.6%, 62.1%, 71.2%로 나타났으며, T-P는 각각 -7.2%, 94.5%, 84.5%인 것으로 조사되었다. 결론적으로 식생을 한 경우 전체적으로 오염물질의 저감효율이 비교적 안정되게 유지되는 것으로 나타났으나, T-P의 표면층을 제외하면 전체적인 저감효과에 크게 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 일반적으로 알려져 있는 식생에 따른 오염물 저감효과에 대한 순기능 즉 토양입자의 침식방지, 토양용액의 저류작용 및 공극확대에 따른 침투능력 증대, 토성의 개량 등과 같은 기능을 무시할 수 없으므로 오염저감효과를 극대화하기 위해서는 처리대상이 되는 하천유역의 자생적 식생을 보다 효과적으로 활용할 수 있는 방안마련이 비용적 측면이나 생태 보존적 측면에서 유리할 것으로 판단된다.one)을 설치하는 대책이 필요하다. 저수지 관리를 효과적으로 수행하기 위해서는 저수지 내부의 탁도 거동을 정확히 예측할 수 있어야 한다. 따라서 추후 동수역학 및 열역학에 기초한 3차원 수치모형 연구와 성층흐름에 정밀한 밀도류 실험연구 및 이에 대한 적용이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.함으로써 정보의 질적보장과 정보전환의 표준화방안을 제시하는 정보분석시스템이다.이용, 수자원의 지속적 확보기술의 특성에 따른 4개의 평가기준과 26개의 평가속성으로 이루어진 2단계 기술가치평가 모형을 구축하였으며 2개의 개별기술에 대한 시범적용을 실행하였다.하는 것으로 추정되었다.면으로의 월류량을 산정하고 유입된 지표유량에 대해서 배수시스템에서의 흐름해석을 수행하였다. 그리고, 침수해석을 위해서는 2차원 침수해석을 위한 DEM기반 침수해석모형을 개발하였고, 건물의 영향을 고려할 수 있도록 구성하였다. 본 연구결과 지표류 유출 해석의 물리적 특성을 잘 반영하며, 도시지역의 복잡한 배수시스템 해석모형과 지표범람 모형을 통합한 모형 개발로 인해 더욱 정교한 도시지역에서의 홍수 범람 해석을 실시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 모형의 개발로 침수상황의 시간별 진행과정을 분석함으로써 도시홍수에 대한 침수위험 지점 파악 및 주민대피지도 구축 등에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 있을 것으로 판단되었다.4일간의 기상변화가 자발성 기흉 발생에 영향을 미친다고 추론할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 추론된 기상변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다.게 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.는 초과수익률이 상승하지만, 이후로는 감소하므로, 반전거래전략을 활용하는 경우 주식투자기간은 24개월이하의 중단기가 적합함을 발견하였

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1157-1168
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• 2012

In this study, we assess changes in water quality trends over time based on certain control measurements in order to identify and analyze the cause of the trend in water quality. The current water pollution in the Nakdong River was analyzed, as it suggests that the significant changes in water quality have occurred in between 2006 and 2010. Based on monthly average data, we have examined for trends of the Nakdong River watershed in water temperature, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP). Moreover, we have investigated seasonal variation of water quality of sites within the Nakdong River Basin by implementing further analyses such as, Correlation Coefficient, Regression Analysis, Hierarchical Clustering Method, and Time Series Analysis on SPSS. Geology and topography of the watershed, controlled by various conditions such as, climate, vegetation, topography, soil, and rain medium, have been affected by the non-homogeneity. Our study suggests that such variables could possibly cause eutrophication problems in the river. One possible way to overcome this particular problem is to lay up a ship on the river by increasing the nasal flow measurement of the Nakdong River during rainy season. Moreover, the water management requires arranging the measurement of the flow in order to secure the river while the numerous construction projects need to be continuously observed. However, the water is not flowing tributary of the reason for the timing to be flowing in a natural state of river water and industrial water intake because agriculture. Therefore, ongoing research is needed in addition to configuration of all observations.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

Recently, the construction of three dimensional spatial information of Dam reservoir area is very important part in Dam management work such as sediment survey, but it is difficult to acquire detailed terrain data because totalstation and single beam echo sounder are applied to terrain survey. This study presented method to construct detailed terrain data of Dam reservoir area using LiDAR and multi beam echo sounder. First, LiDAR survey was carried out in land zone and calibration process was applied by ground control point. And also the DEM of land zone was constructed by using algorithm, which eliminated building and vegetation class. As the result of validation of LiDAR DEM using GPS terrain survey, it was possible to construct three dimensional terrain data that was satisfied with the tolerance error of LiDAR, which was the standard error of LiDAR DEM showed as 0.108m. Also multi beam echo sounder was applied to the survey of water zone and it could construct spatial information that was satisfied with bathymetry surveying tolerance error of International Hydrographic Organization by validation with terrain survey data. And LiDAR and multi beam echo sounder data were integrated and it was possible to construct three dimensional spatial imagery information that can be applied to Dam management work such as the estimation of sediment amounts or the monitoring of terrain change by linking with high resolution orthophoto.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2015

In 2014, the city of Seoul revised the ordinance regarding water-cycle restoration in the Seoul Metropolitan areas by incorporating the 'Low Impact Development (LID)' policy. The new ordinance plan will utilize 630 mm or almost 45 to 50% of annual rainfall until 2050 by means of providing a rainwater management system consisting of infiltration, retention and vegetation. The LID is believed to be the key to achieving the target requirements, specifically in development projects. This research was performed to evaluate the stormwater runoff and pollutant reduction performance of three different LID facilities (water circulation facilities) including an infiltration inlet, bioretention swale, and permeable pavement constructed in Seoul City. Results show that among the water circulation facilities, the permeable pavement achieved the highest runoff reduction as it was able to entirely capture and infiltrate the runoff to the ground. However, in order to attain a long-term performance it is necessary to manage the accumulated sediment and trapped pollutants in the landscape areas through other water circulation techniques such as through soil erosion control. In terms of pollutant reduction capability, the infiltration inlet performed well since it was applied in highly polluted areas. The bioretention facility integrating the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms of soil, microorganisms and plants were able to also achieve a high runoff and pollutant reduction. The water circulation facilities provided not only benefits for water circulation but also various other benefits such as pollutant reduction, ecological restoration, and aesthetic functions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.734-747
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• 2019

This study surveyed the visitors to the Seoseokdae Peak of the Mudeungsan National Park, to analyze the factors that affected user behavior, perception of the National Park, and satisfaction with the visit and establish the strategy for the management of the Mudeungsan National Park. The analysis result showed that Gwangju residents (78.1%) accounted for the majority of the visitors to the Seoseokdae Peak and that the Mudeungsan National Park showed the attributes of both mountain type and suburb type. Most visitors (91.2%) perceived that columnar joints, including the Seoseokdae Peak, possessed the largest resource value in the Mudeungsan National Park, and the visitors showed concern over the potential damage to vegetation in the Seoseokdae Peak as the result of the overcrowded visitors. Over half of the visitors showed a positive response to the measures like partially restricted access or detour of mountain path to preserve and restore the Seoseokdae Peak. The total visitors and the regional visitors (residents of Gwangju, Damyang, and Hwasun), indicated that the facility management aimed at facilitating visitor experience affected the most on the satisfaction with park management. Moreover, the regional visitors answered that the visit management to control disorder and overcrowding would increase satisfaction. The result of the importance-satisfaction analysis showed a difference between the total visitors and the regional visitors in needed improvements as the total visitors believed that "amenities and information facilities" should be improved while the regional visitors believed that the focus should be on the "prevention of illegal and disorderly behaviors" and the "amenities and information facilities."

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the Fukiage sand dunes of southern Kyushu, Japan. We surveyed the status of recovery of coastal Japanese black pine forests damaged by pine wilt disease and their disaster prevention capability. We placed two transects: Transect 1, in an area that was severely damaged (80-90% damage rate) by pine wilt disease, and Transect 2, in an area that was mostly undamaged (<10% damage rate). Then, we installed survey lines, carried out vegetation surveys, and measured the depth and pH of humus soil. The survey lines were placed perpendicular to the coastline from the top of the fore-dune to the inland area, and divided into five 50 m sections. Before the point 100 m inland from the top of the fore-dune, the number of invasive hardwoods and of Japanese black pines were small because of the poor growth environment in both transects. Past the 100 m point, the species and number of Japanese black pines and broad-leaved trees increased further inland because the growth environment improved. In addition, the recovery metrics of tree height, diameter at breast height, age, and number in Transect 1 were much lower than those in Transect 2, and the basal area of broad-leaved trees and the depth of humus soil in Transect 1 were lower than in Transect 2, and the soil pH of humus soil in Transect 1 was higher than that of Transect 2. The shape ratio of the Japanese black pine forests indicated that they were insufficient for disaster prevention. Therefore, in order to fully promote the disaster prevention capability of coastal Japanese black pine forests, we should not only focus on prevention of pine wilt disease but also undertake continuous control efforts taking into consideration the sound growth environment such as appropriate density and soil management and removal of invasive broad-leaved trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1983

To develope the fundamental models suitable for slope stabilization and scenic effect improvement of the roadside slopes, this study has continuously been conducted for last about 10 years through the field survey and observations on the roadside slopes of 100 plots located in the Capital region. The results obtained could be summarized as follows: 1) In general, due to unsuitable treatments and constructions to the man-made bare slope characteristics of the roadsides, the treatment aims for stabilizing and improving the scenic beauty of the slopes have not been successfully reached in the surveyed regions. 2) Particularly, because of insufficiency of the follow-up maintenance techniques to the roadside slopes treated, denudations of slope scenery established as well as the withering of the vegetation planted have been accelerated for the most part of the slopes treated. 3) 6 fundamental models for the roadside slope treatments have been developed and could be edaptable to the nation-wide purposes. The fundamental models are the model of forest scenery match plantation, roadside scenery establishment, denuded land rehabilitation, rock slope greenification, absolute stabilization, and environmental plantation belt establishment, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.1
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• pp.50-61
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• 2020

Street trees are very important to urban environments as they can alleviate air pollution. However, when ozone is absorbed through the stomata, it can induce the formation of free radicals inside the tree, negatively affecting the vegetation. The present study investigated the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of four major street tree species: Prunus yedoensis, Zelkova serrata, Chionanthus retusus, and Pinus densiflora. Two-year-old seedlings were placed in a phytotron and fumigated with 100 nL·L^-1 (ppb) ozone for 4 weeks, following which the ascorbic acid contents, chlorophyll contents, leaf pHs, and relative water contents were measured. There was no significant difference in the APTI of Prunus yedoensis and Zelkova serrata between the ozone and control treatments. By contrast, the ozone treatment caused the APTI of Chionanthus retusus to increase and that of Pinus densiflora to decrease compared with the respective controls. These results suggest that the APTI of these tree species exhibit very different responses to ozone. Therefore, more detailed research should be conducted on a range of species in the future.