• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.339-347
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• 2007

Zooplankton community dynamics were studied after establishment of an artificial vegetation island (AVI) in Lake Paldang, from April 2005 to November 2006. There were distinct seasonal and inter-annual changes of total zooplankton abundance at the survey site. Total zooplankton abundance rapidly increased in spring and fall, while it remained low throughout winter. During summer, the dynamics of zooplankton community seemed to be largely affected by hydrological parameters such as, precipitation and inflow. Total zooplankton abundance and biomass below AVI was much higher than that of pelagic zone (L1) in Lake Paldang. Copepoda and cladocera represented the main bulk of the zooplankton community from summer to fall at the both sites. Copepods were more dominant at AVI area, while cladocera were more dominant at pelagic zone (L1). Water quality, prey and habitat condition, species competition between zooplankton seemed to play important roles in dominance of the copepoda and cladocera in zooplankton community at AVI area. Our results conclude that artificial vegetation island provide the stable habitat and besides phytoplankton, diverse food to zooplankton, and consequently influence the diversity and richness of zooplankton community.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2012

This study was carried out for the purpose of presenting basic data bases for conservation and management measures of Ecological and Scenery Conservation Area in Bongsan. The analysis results of the actual vegetation showed that rate of vegetation cover were composed of 72.3% of Robinia pseudo-acacia Forest, 10.7% of Sorbus alnifoila Forest, and Sorbus alnifoila was founded as a dominant woody plant species in the Core Zone of Bongsan Ecological and Scenery Conservation Area. To investigate the vegetation structure of Sorbus alnifolia Community in Bongsan Ecological and Scenery Conservation Area, twelve $100m^2$ sized plots were set up in Bongsan. According to the classification by TWINSPAN, the communities were divided into the three groups of Sorbus alnifolia Community, Pinus koraiensis Community and Robinia pseudo-acacia Community, To analyze annual diameter growth rate for major tree species, nine sample trees from research plots were measured. Expected ages of Sorbus alnifoila trees were 27~37years, Robinia pseudo-acacia trees were 17~26 years, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida, Prunus sargentii, and Quercus mongolica trees were 27~38 years. As a result, annual diameter growth rates of Robinia pseudo-acacia and Pinus rigida tended to remarkably decreased, Sorbus alnifoila had the wood on inter-specific competition of the woody plant species. Importance values of Sorbus alnifoila in the three layers of Sorbus alnifoila communities were evenly high.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2004

Forest community structure analysis in the Seooreung area, Goyang-si was carried out to supply basic data for reasonable management and conservation. The forest vegetation of the Seooreung area was classified into Alnus japonica community, Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community, Quercus serrata community, and Pinus densiflora community. The dominant species in the area were in the order of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus variabilis, Quercus aliena, Styrax japonica, Pinus rigida, and Alnus hirsuta. According to the DBH analysis result, Pinus densiflora was dominance species in Tomb area. Pinus rigida had a density of normal distribution style in the entire forests, therefore, their dominance are expected to continue for now. However, Quercus serrata is expected to extend their influence in the future in competition with Pinus rigida. Quercus mongolica had a density of normal distribution style in the Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community, therefore, their dominance are expected to continue for now. Carpinus laxiflora is expected to extend their influence in the future in competition with Quercus mongolica. The relationship between the distribution of dominant species of forest vegetation and soil condition in Seooreung area was investigated by analyzing soil nutrition and moisture gradient. Alnus hirsuta community was distributed in the mesic and medium nutrition area and Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community in the serix and relative good nutrition area. Pinus densiflora community was distributed in the serix and poor nutrition area and Quercus serrata community in the subserix and medium nutrition area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.2
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• pp.130-149
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• 2017

The subalpine zone which is vulnerable to climate change could be functioning as a habitat for northern plant species especially in the Korean peninsula. In this study, classification of phytosociological community type and investigation on flora of vascular plants of Daecheongbong area in Mt. Seorak were carried out in order to provide a basic information for an ecological restoration and management of the vegetation through community ecological approach. Vegetation data were collected from 31 of quadrates from May to October, 2016. We analyzed vegetation types with phytosociological method, importance value with Curtis & McIntosh method, CCA using PC-ORD program tool, and flora of vascular plants. As a result, the forest vegetation was classified into Abies nephrolepis community. The community was divided 3 groups such as Pinus pumila group, Rhododendron brachycarpum group and Angelica decursiva group. Therefore, the vegetation had 3 kinds of units. The differential species group, it was classified into total of 7 species group units including Thuja koraiensis and Smilacina bicolor differential species group. The mean importance percentage (MIP) in VU 1 was shown Pinus koraiensis (24.1), A. nephrolepis (23.6) and Betula ermanii (10.5), and in VU 2, it was P. koraiensis (26.2), A. nephrolepis (20.8) and B. ermanii (10.5), and in VU 3, it was P. koraiensis (22.2), A. nephrolepis (16.4), B. ermanii (13.5) in the order, respectively. As for importance values of P. koraiensis and A. nephrolepis representative competition species, were different at each layers. The former (46.7) was higher than the latter (26.1) in tree layer, but the latter was higher than the former in subtree and, shrub and herb layers of VU 1. VU 2 and VU 3 also indicated the same tendency. P. pumila group and A. decursiva group were shown to have positive correlation with altitude and present species, respectively. The designated as the endemic plant was 11 taxa and, as the rare plant 24 taxa and 62.5% of vascular plant was northern plant species. It is necessary to continue further long-term monitoring of 3 vegetation units, IV of main competition species (P. koraiensis and A. nephrolepis) with stratum and main specific species (rare plants and endemic plants) considering vegetation science and, population and community ecology approaches.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.304-317
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• 2020

This study conducted selected two sites in Geumnamhonam and four sites in Honam-Jeongmaek for vegetation survey with consideration to the location environment and anthropogenic impacts to investigate the vegetation structures of the Geumnamhonam-Jeongmaek·Honam-Jeongmaek ridge areas. Using TWINSPAN (two-way indicator species analysis), each of the two ridge areas were categorized into seven plant communities. The differential species in the TWINSPAN technique indirectly represent the environmental factors of plant communities, and the community types of the two ridge areas were divided based on environmental factors such as altitudes above sea level, soil moisture, and disturbance. These results were in harmony with the environmental factors of the DCA (detrended correspondence analysis) axis 1. In the low-lying areas of both ridge areas, afforestation tree species such as Pinus rigida and P. thunbergii were in competition with native tree species. As such, in the low-lying areas, artificial vegetation disturbance was severe due to afforestation and development projects. In relatively highland areas, such as upper slopes, and top areas, in the ridge, the vegetation type with the dominance of Quercus mongolica, Q. variabilis, and P. densiflora was preserved well. As for differences between the two ridge areas, communities dominated by Q. mongolica were distributed widely in Geumnamhonam-Jeongmaek because of the altitudes above sea level, and the latitude of this ridge area are higher than those of Honam-Jeongmaek. On the other hand, communities dominated by P. densiflora were distributed along with communities dominated by Q. mongolica, and communities dominated by Q. variabilis appeared in Honam-Jeongmaek because it is adjacent to the south coast. In quantitative vegetation analysis such as TWINSPAN and DCA, changes in species composition and the extracting environmental factors that cause the changes are important. To that end, the removal of accidental emergent species, the establishment of an investigation plan that assumes environmental factors, and the selection of the optimal analytical method suitable for the characteristics of the survey data are necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effect against the regeneration of the seedling and to identify the presence of allelochemicals in Picea jezoensis natural population in Jirisan. Water-soluble extracts from leaves of different competition plants were collected to test their effects on seed germination and seedling growth of P. jezoensis. Phenolic compounds from leaves were quantified using GC/MS. The seed germination rate and seedling growth of P. jezoensis was reduced by extracts of all competition plants leaves. Monoterpenoids compound, which are generally well known in the allelochemicals has been detected in the leaf extracts. In conclusion, allelopathic chemicals of competition vegetation in P. jezoensis natural population could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of P. jezoensis, that is considered as a result of the lower seedling establishment.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.219-228
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• 2021

During our observations of changes in halophyte distribution in Hampyeong Bay over a period of five years, we found that the distribution area showed a maintenance for Phragmites communis community, a tendency of gradual increase for Zoysia sinica community, gradual decrease for Suaeda maritima community, and disappearance for Limonium tetragonum community during the studied period. The Phragmites communis community stably settled in areas adjacent to land and appeared not to be significantly affected by physical factors (such as tides and waves) or disturbances caused by biological factors (such as interspecific competition). Among studied species, germination time was shown to be the fastest for Suaeda maritima. In addition, this species showed certain characteristics that allowed it to settle primarily in new habitats formed by sand deposition as its growth was not halted under conditions with high amounts of sand and high organic matter content. However, in areas where Zoysia sinica and Suaeda maritima resided together, the area inhabited by Suaeda maritima gradually decreased due to interspecific competition between the two species. This was believed to be the result of a sharp decrease in the germination of Suaeda maritima since May, while the germination of Zoysia sinica was continuously maintained, indicating that the latter had an advantage in terms of seedling competition. In the case of the Limonium tetragonum community, its habitat was found to have been completely destroyed because it was covered by sand. The study area was confirmed to have undergone a large change in topography as tides and waves resulted in sand deposition onto these lands. Hampyeong Bay is considered to have experienced changes in halophyte distribution related to certain complex factors, such as changes in physical habitats and changes in biological factors such as interspecific competition.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.539-551
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the vegetation structure and ecological characteristics of the coastal forest Pinus thunbergii community in Busan Metropolitan City (BMC) and to establish reference information for the management of the coastal forest in BMC in the future. We set up 97 plots with an area of $100m^2$ each for the analysis and investigation of the vegetation characteristics. The analysis using the TWINSPAN and DCA techniques found seven community groups: Pinus thunbergii-Quercus aliena community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica(1) community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica(2) community, Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica(1) community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica(2) community, and Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica-Camellia japonica community. According to the analysis of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii was a main dominant species at the canopy layer in all sites while Eurya japonica and Camellia japonica were dominant species at the understory layer. Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community is predicted in the forest succession because of the competition between Pinus thunbergii and Quercus serrata in the canopy layer and the understory layer. As such, it is necessary to observe changes by continually monitoring this community. Tree species with strong salinity tolerance, including Pinus thunbergii, have formed community groups because of the environmental characteristics of coastal forests, strong with salinity tolerance species are forming community groups. Therefore, all community groups except for the Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community will maintain the current vegetation structure unless drastic environmental changes occur.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.211-221
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• 2021

The Rabbit grass(Trifolium Repens, call it 'Clover') is a representative harmful plant of lawn, and it starts growing earlier than lawn, forming a water pipe on top of the lawn and hindering the photosynthesis and growth of the lawn. As a result, in competition between lawn and clover, clover territory spreads, but lawn is damaged and dried up. Damage to the affected lawn area will accelerate during the rainy season as well as during the plant's rear stage, spreading the area where soil is exposed. Therefore, the restoration of damaged lawn is causing psychological stress and a lot of economic burden. The purpose of this study is to distinguish clover which is a representative harmful plant on lawn, to identify the distribution of damaged areas due to the spread of clover, and to review of changes in vegetation before and after the eradication of clover. For this purpose, a time series analysis of three vegetation indices calculated based on images of convergence Drone with RGB(Red Green Blue) and BG-NIR(Near Infra Red)sensors was reviewed to identify the separation between lawn and clover for selective eradication, and the distribution of damaged lawn for recovery plan. In particular, examined timeseries changes in the ecology of clover before and after the weed-whacking by manual and brush cutter. And also, the method of distinguishing lawn from clover was explored during the mid-year period of growth of the two plants. This study shows that the time series analysis of the MGRVI(Modified Green-Red Vegetation Index), NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and MSAVI(Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) indices of drone-based RGB and BG-NIR images according to the growth characteristics between lawn and clover can confirm the availability of change trends after lawn damage and clover eradication.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.305-316
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• 1993

Stands profiles, yearly changes in growth of annual rings, age and diameter structure, and spatial distribution pattern of individuals in the Pinus densiflora stands around the Yeocheon industrial complex were investigated. Growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora, which survived when vegetation of this area was damaged by air pollutants, was suppressed for about 10 years since 1974 when factories in this area began to operate, but since then such suppressed growth tended to be recovered. It was supposed that the suppresed growth was originated from air pollution and that improvement of growth since the suppressed period was due to the release from competition with them by death of neighbouring trees and the resuction of the amount of air pollutants. Physiognomy of Pinus densiflora stands showed mosaic pattern composed of different patches. Spatial distribution pattern of individuals an stand profiles were similar to those of Pinus densiflora stands regenerated after natural and artificial disturbances. In an age distribution diagram, age of Pinus densiflora population ranged from 1 to 33 years, Among these individuals were recrited corresponded to the suppresed period of growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora survived when the vegetation was damaged by air pollution. On the other hand, from the result of analysis of frequency distribution diagram of diameter, it was postulated that even if whis Pinus densiflora community can be maintained as it is for the time being, it might be changed to Quercus community with the lapse of time.