• Applied Microscopy
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 1981

배추흰나비 (Pieris rapae L.)의 정소를 적출하여 광학현미경과 전자현미경으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 성숙정소는 1 개이었고 난형이었으며 붉은 빛을 띄고 있었다. 2. 복막초는 3 개의 층으로 이루어져 있었는데 가장 바깥층은 큐티클층이었고 그 안쪽으로 필라멘트가 관찰되는 층과 필라멘트가 관찰되지 않는 층으로 관찰되었다. 3. 여포는 복막층에 의해 둘러싸여 있었는데 여포는 여포상피에 의해 나뉘어져 있었으며 또한 이는 수정관쪽으로 개구되어 합쳐져 있었다. 4. 여포상피에는 기관 (氣管)이 들어와 있었고 침상형의 구조물과 글리코겐과립이 다수 관찰되었고 전체적으로 전자밀도가 높았다. 5. 피낭세표의 핵의 모양은 불규칙하였고 세포소기관은 비교적 풍부하였다. 6. 전형적인 침체는 관찰되지 않았으나, 다른 곤충이나 고등동물의 침체와 유사한 구조가 관찰되었다. 7. 피낭세표는 정자를 방출하고 난 뒤에 분해를 일으키는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 1989

Guppy fry were treated for the first 40 days of life with 0, 20, 40, 60 & 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ of estradiol per gram of food in order to change the sex of normal males to functional females(genetic male). The present investigation deals with the effects of steroid hormones, such as $\beta$-estradiol and testosterone, on the sex differentiation in guppy and tilapia. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. In B (20$\mu\textrm{g}$/g diet) group 17$\beta$-estradiol-treated, 67.8% of male offsprings were produced. 2. In D (60$\mu\textrm{g}$/g diet) group 17$\beta$-treated, 67% of female offsprings were produced. 3. B, D groups of genetic male brooders had significantly different effects (P<0.01) upon sex ratios of their progeny. 4. This strongly indicates that sex direction has been achieved and that the male is the heterogametic sex. 5. The group that produced the highest percentage of male offspring(male percentage of observed number to expected number was 91%) contained only full-sibling male brooders to the sex-reversed female brooders. 6. After 7 months following treatment, the sex-reversed males had ovarian portion in the anterior region and a testicular portion in the posterior region of the same intersexual gonad, respectively. 7. At 7 months after treatment, the ovareis revealed a complete arrest of the ovarian formation, and appearances of spermatogenetic cell cysts among surviving auxocytes. 8. In most of sex-reversed fish, anterior portion of test is was devoid of sperm ducts including the seminal vesicle and vas deferens. 9. The male transferrin showed two strong bands, while the female transferrin showed a single weak band. 10. One of the two bands of male transferrin showed the same mobility with band of female transferrin.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.995-1001
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• 2005

Morphine-induced analgesia has been shown to be antagonized by ginseng total saponins (GTS), which also inhibit the development of analgesic tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine. GTS is involved in both of these processes by inhibiting morphine-6-dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the synthesis of morphinone from morphine, and by increasing the level of hepatic glutathione, which participates in the toxicity response. Thus, the dual actions of ginseng are associated with the detoxification of morphine. In addition, the inhibitory or facilitated effects of GTS on electrically evoked contractions in guinea pig ileum (I-L-receptors) and mouse vas deferens $(\delta-receptors)$ are not mediated through opioid receptors, suggesting the involvement of non-opioid mechanisms. GTS also attenuates hyperactivity, reverse tolerance (behavioral sensitization), and conditioned place preference induced by psychotropic agents, such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and morphine. These effects of GTS may be attributed to complex pharmacological actions between dopamine receptors and a serotonergic/adenosine $A_{2A}1\delta-opioid$ receptor complex. Ginsenosides also attenuate the morphine-induced cAMP signaling pathway. Together, the results suggest that GTS may be useful in the prevention and therapy of the behavioral side effects induced by psychotropic agents.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2005년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.49-66
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• 2005

Panax ginseng has been useful for the treatment of diverse disease in oriental countries for thousands of years. In addition, a folk medicine prescribed by seven herbal drugs including Panax ginseng has been antinarcotics in the treatment of morphine-dependent patients. Many articles have been reported on these works. Therefore, we review the protective effects of Panax ginseng on the neurotoxicity induced by abuse drugs. Ginseng total saponins (GTS) extracted and isolated by Panax ginseng antagonized Morphine-induced analgesia, and inhibited the development of analgesic tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine. GTS inhibited morphine-6 dehydrogenase, which catalyzes production of mophinone from morphine, and increased hepatic glutathione level responsible to toxicity. Therefore, we hypothesized that these dual actions of ginseng can be associated with the detoxication of morphine. In addition, the inhibitory or facilitated effects of GTS on electrically evoked contraction in guinea pig ileum ($\mu$-receptors) and mouse vas deferens($\delta$-receptors) were not mediated through opioid receptors, suggesting non-opioid mechanisms. On the hand, antagonism of U-50,488H ($\kappa$-agonist)-induced antinociception is mediated by serotonergic mechanisms. GTS also inhibited hyperactivity, reverse tolerance (sensitization) and conditioned place preference-induced by psychostimulants such as methamphetamine, cocaine and morphine. On the other hand, GTS reduced the dopamine levels induced by methamphetamine. Moreover, GTS blocked the development of dopamine receptor activation, showing antidopaminergic effect. We suggest that GTS Prevent the methamphetamine-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. In addition, Ginsenoside also attenuates morphine-induced cAMP signaling pathway. These results suggested that GTS might be useful for the therapy of the adverse actions of drugs with abuse liability.

• 한국환경생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생물학회 2002년도 학술대회
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• pp.33-37
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• 2002

The present was performed to identify the effects of tributyltin (TBT) in the immature mice testes. 3-week-old male ICR mice were orally administrated on one time basis of TBT dose of O (Vehicle control, VC), 25 (TBT 25 mg/kg, T$_{25}$ ), 50 (TBT 50 mg/kg, T$_{50}$ ), 100 (TBT 100 mg/kg, T$_{100}$ ) mg/kg per each one. After 3 days the time treated of TBT, mice were sacrified and wighted body, testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and prostate. As the result of weighing, wights of each oragan and gonad index were tendency decresed in comparing groups of TBT treated with that (C) of unteated (p <0.05). As the result of examination of steroid hormones in the immature male mice, The concentrations of serum and intratesticular testosterone were significatly increased rather than the control group. But concentrations of estradiol were decresed objectly. A group of the highest change of concentrations of steroid hormones is T$_{100}$ . The high dose group, T$_{100}$ , was decreased all of concentrations of steroid hormones rather than those of T$^{25}$ . The result of observation with histological changes in testis showed a tendency for innercellular wall to increase damage and extinction in seminiferous tubles. As the result of investigation apoptotic cell numbers in the testis using teminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase -mediated dUTP-digoxygenin nick end-labeling immunohistochemical straia, The ratio of Apoptic cells significantly was incensed in depending on treatment of TBT does. In conclusion, these results shows that TBT triggers apoptosis on reproductive cell in testis and changes level of concentrations of steroid hormones in the immature male mice , as endocrine disruptors (EDs).

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.447-456
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• 1999

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using epididymal and testicular sperm in patients with azoospermia. Methods: From March, 1993 to May, 1999, a retrospective clinical analysis was done of a total of 140 cycles in 112 patients who underwent ICSI. Subjects were divided into three groups: ejaculated-ICSI group included 42 cycles in 34 patients with ejaculated sperm who underwent ICSI due to severe oligospermia and past history of failed or poor fertilization in the previous in vitro fertilization and embryo tranfer (IVF-ET) cycles, microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (MESA-ICSI) group included 50 cycles in 42 patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD) or unreconstructable obstructive azoospermia and testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (TESE-ICSI) group included 48 cycles in 36 patients with no spermatozoa which can be retrieved from epididymis or non-obstructive azoospermia. Results: Normal two-pronuclear fertilization rates were similar in three groups: 64.4% for ejaculated-ICSI group, 59.4% for MESA-ICSI group and 60.4% for TESE-ICSI group. The pregnancy rates were 26.2%, 26.0% and 25.0% respectively. There were no significant differences in the fertilization, cleavage, and clinical pregnancy rates among ICSI cycles using ejaculated, epididymal and testicular sperm. Conclusion: Epididymal and testicular sperm obtained in azoospermic patients can fertilize oocyte successfully and may lead to be similar fertilization rates and clinical pregnancy rates to ejaculated sperm.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 1995

To present and assess the efficacy of combination of microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration(MESA) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) for the treatment of infertility due to unreconstructable obstructive azoospermia or congenital bilateral agenesis of vas deferens (CBAVD), MESA was performed in the 45 husbands ( 16 CBAVD, 29 unreconstructable genital tract obstruction), followed by ICSI of oocytes recovered from the wives hyperstimulated by GnRH agonist in combination with hMG and FSH. Cleaving embryos were transfered to the uterine cavity or follopian tube(ZIFT) 18 or 24 hours after ICSI procedure. In 45 cycles of MESA, 492 oocyte complexes were recovered. ICSI was carried out on 355 metaphase II oocytes and 226 oocytes (63.7%) showed normal two pronucleus fertilization. After 198 embryos were transferred in 43 cycles, an average of 5 per cycle, 20 patients presented a positive HCG and intrauterine pregnancy was confirmed by US. So, the clinical ongoing pregnancy rate per transfer was 46.5%. Until now, 8 patients have given birth to 9 babies, 5 male and 4 female, including 1 twin. The babies were all healthy except 1 twin female baby. There was 1 miscarriage at 7 weeks and chromosomal study of abortus revealed as 45X, monosomy. These results suggested that it was possible to achieve high normal fertilization and pregnancy rate by ICSI using epididymal sperm.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.273-277
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• 1997

This case report describes the pregnancy following the transfer of cryopreserved embryos generated from intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using frozen-thawed sperm obtained by microepididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) in patient with congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD).

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2005년도 창립30주년기념 추계 학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.41-63
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• 2005

Ginseng has been useful for the treatment of diverse disease in oriental countries for thousands of years. In addition, a folk medicine prescribed by seven herbal drugs including Panax ginseng has been antinarcotics in the treatment of morphine-dependent patients. Many articles have been reported on these works. Therefore, we review the protective effects of Panax ginseng on the neurotoxicity induced by abuse drugs. Ginseng total saponins (GTS) extracted and isolated by Panax ginseng antagonized morphine-induced analgesia, and inhibited the development of analgesic tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine. CTS inhibited morphine-6 dehydrogenase, which catalyzes production of mophinone from morphine, and increased hepatic glutathione level responsible to toxicity. Therefore, wehypothesized that these dual actions of ginseng can be associated with the detoxication of morphine. In addition, the inhibitory or facilitated effects of GTS on electrically evoked contraction in guinea pig ileum (${\mu}$-receptors) and mouse vas deferens(${\delta}$-receptors) were not mediated through opioid receptors, suggesting non-opioid mechanisms. On the hand, antagonism of U-50,488H (${\kappa}$-agonist)-induced antinociception is mediated by serotonergic mechanisms. GTS also inhibited hyperactivity, reverse tolerance (sensitization) and conditioned place preference-induced by psychostimulants such as methamphetamine, cocaine and morphine. On the other hand, GTS reduced the dopamine levels induced by methamphetamine. Moreover, GTS blocked the development of dopamine receptor activation, showing antidopaminergic effect. We suggest that GTS prevent the methamphetamine-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. In addition, Ginsenoside also attenuates morphine-induced CAMP signaling pathway. These results suggested that GTS might be useful for the therapy of the adverse actions of drugs with abuse liability.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1981

1) 흰쥐 및 가토정관표본(家兎精管標本)에서 전기자극(電氣刺戟)(Field Stimulation)에 의한 수축반응(收縮反應)에 미치는 McN-A-343. cocain 및 clonidine등 그 작용(作用)에 NE와의 유관성(有關性)이 시사(示唆)되어 있는 약물(藥物)의 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하였다. 2) 소양(小量)의 McN-A-343$(0.003,\;0.03,\;0.3{\mu}\;g/ml)$, clonidine$(0.003,\;0.03\;{\mu}g/ml)$, cocaine$(0.03\;{\mu}g/ml)$존재하(存在下)에서 $5{\sim}10Hz$에 의한 자극효과(刺戟效果)는 억제(抑制)되었고 이 억제(抑制)는 yohimbine, piperoxan 투여(投與)에 의하여 원수축반응(原收縮反應)으로 회복(回復)되었다. 3) 전술(前述)한 McN-A-343$(0.03\;{\mu}g/ml)$ 또는 cocaine $(0.03\;{\mu}g/ml)$에 의한 억제(抑制)는 각각 동량(同量)의 cocaine 또는 McN-A-343으로 더욱 강화(張化)되었다. 이 강화(强化)된 억제효과(抑制效果)는 yohimbine으로 회복(回復)되었다. 4) 비교적(比較的) 대량(大量)의 McN-A-343$(30\;{\mu}g/ml)$ 및 cocaine$(3\;{\mu}g/ml)$존재하(存在下)에서 $5{\sim}10Hz$ 및 0.01 Hz의 자극효과(刺戟效果)는 강화(强化)되었다. 이 강화(强化)는 thymoxamine 존재하(存在下)에서 소실(消失)되었고, atropine 존재하(存在下)에서는 McN-A-343의 강화(强化)만이 소실(消失)되었다. 5) Muscarine에 의하여 자극효과(刺戟效果)는 강화(强化)되었고 이 강화(强化)는 thymoxamine 및 atropine 존재하(存在下)에서 억제(抑制)되었다. 6) 흰쥐 정관표본(精管標本)의 0.01 Hz의 자극효과(刺戟效果)는 McN-A-343 또는 clonidine에 의하여 억제(抑制)되었고, yohimbine 존재하(存在下)에서 후자(後者)에 의한 억제(抑制)는 부분회복(部分回復)되었으나 전자(前者)에 의한 억제(抑制)는 영향(影響)받지 않았다. 7) 이상(以上)의 성적(成績)으로 McN-A-434은 교감신경말단(交感神經末端)으로부터의 NE유리(遊離)에 대하여 상반(相反)된 두가지 작용(作用) 즉(卽) $pre-{\alpha}$를 통(通)한 NE유리(遊離)의 억제(抑制) 및 muscarinic recepor를 통(通)한 NE유리(遊離)의 증가(增加)를 일으키는 성질(性質)을 갖고, cocain(소량(少量))은 NE-uptake 억제(抑制)에 의하여 NE를 통(通)해 $pre-{\alpha}$에 작용(作用)하여 NE유리(遊離)를 억제(抑制)시키는 성질(性質)을 갖고 있음을 알 수 있다.