• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.11-20
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to investigate the subjective wearing sensation of sleepwear, and to evaluate the comfort properties of fabrics used in the sleepwear. Design of experimental clothing was pajamas made with four types of woven fabrics: plain weave and satin weave made by cotton and polyester. The comfort properties were evaluated with respect to thermal retention, Qmax, moisture regain, water vapor transmission, and air permeability. The wear trials of experimental clothing were performed in two different environments, single-detached unit($23{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $45%{\pm}3%$ R.H.) and apartment($27{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $40{\pm}3%$ R.H), to evaluate microclimate temperature and humidity, and subjective wearing sensation. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. There were significant differences between the two environments on the clothing microclimate. 2. In the single detached unit environment, the microclimate temperature who wore cotton sleepwear was significantly higher than that of subjects wore the polyester sleepwear, whereas the microclimate humidity who wore polyester sleepwear was higher than that of subjects wore the polyester sleepwear. 3. In the apartment environment, the microclimate temperature who wore the polyester sleepwear showed higher than that of cotton sleepwear, whereas there was no significant difference between the cotton and polyester sleepwear on the microclimate humidity. 4 There were partially significant differences in subjective wearing sensation according to the fiber md weaving type of sleepwear regardless environment. 5. There were also partially significant correlations among the heat/moisture transmission properties of fabrics, the clothing microclimate and the subjective wearing sensation of sleepwear.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.762-766
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• 2006

To improve water resistance of paperboard used to manufacture the corrugated boxes, effect of surface coating of the liner- board with Na-alginate was investigated by determining the optimum processing conditions such as a optimum alginate concentration for surface coating, plasticizer content, concentration of divalent cations their immersion times, For the surface coating of the liner-board, 2.5% Na-alginate solution was found to be the optimum concentration, and the concentration of glycerol used as plasticizer was effective when 35% alginate concentration was use was Used Immersion of the alginate coated paperboard for 3 min in a $CaCl_2$ solution improved the water resistance properties. As a divalent cation for the insolubilization of the alginate films, $Cu^{2+}$ was found to be as effective as $Ca^{2+}$. Among the platicizers tested, sorbitol was the most effective in reducing water vapor permeability and water solubility of alginate coated paperboard.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1028-1032
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• 2009

In this study, the influences of silicon-based gas barrier films fabricated by using a facing target sputtering(FTS) system on the gas permeability for flexible displays have been investigated. Under these optimum conditions on the $SiO_x$ film with oxygen concentration($O_2/Ar+O_2$) of 3.3% and the $SiO_xN_y$ film with nitrogen concentration($N_2/Ar+O_2+N_2$) of 30% deposited by the FTS system, it was found that the films were grown about 4 times higher deposition rate than that of the conventional sputtering system and showed high transmittance about 85% in the visible light range. Particularly, the polyethylene naphthalate(PEN) substrates with the $SiO_x$ and/or $SiO_xN_y$ films showed the enhanced properties of decreased water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) over $10^{-1}\;g/m^2{\cdot}day$ compared with the PEN substrate without any gas barrier films, which was due to high packing density in the Si-based films with high plasma density by FTS process and/or the denser chemical structure of Si-N bond in the $SiO_xN_y$ film.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.36-50
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was 1) to estimate the improvement of thermal storage/release and moisture transport properties of PEG-treated acrylic athletic socks and suggest the optimum add-on for PEG treatment, 2) to investigate wear performance of untreated cocks and two kinds of socks treated with PEG of minimum and optimum add-on respectively, and 3) to consider the effect of thermal storage/release and moisture transport properties of PEG- treated socks on the wear performance and the subjective comfort zone. Thermal activities of specimens treated by PDC were evaluated on a DSC by measuring the heat of fusion on heating and the heat of crystallization on cooling. Moisture regain, absorption speed, wickability, water retenti on value, and water-vapor permeability were measured. In the wear trials that the subjects performed a subsequent exercise protocol wearing three differently treated socks in a conditioned environment ($14\pm2^{\circ}C$, 65$\pm$2% R.H.), microclimate temperature and humidity, and subjective wear sensations including thermal sensation, wettedness, softness, fit, and overall comfort were obtained. PEC-treated specimens with more than 20% add-on showed thermal storage on heating and thermal release on cooling by a DSC and the heat contents of treated ones were generally proportional to the add-ons. Moisture transport properties were highly improved after PEG treatment and increased rapidly with increasing add-on. The tendencies were, however, relaxed above 50% add-on and the treated knits were much stiffer above that add-on. In the wear trials of untreated, PEG add-on 20%, and 50% acrylic socks, the changes of microclimate temperature of 50% socks were significantly less than that of 20% socks. PEG add-on 50% socks showed significantly less changes of microclimate humidity than other two kinds of socks. Three kinds of socks showed significant differences in overall comfort and add-on 50% socks were accepted more comfortable than other two kinds of socks. Comfort zone of foot was extended after PEG treatment on socks and it implied that the subjects wearing PEG- treated socks felt comfortable in wider ranges of microclimate temperature and humidity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.815-822
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• 2005

In order to extend the shelf-life of packaged or coated foods, an antibacterial edible film was developed from soybean meal that had been fermented with Bacillus subtilis under the optimum condition of pH 7.0-7.5 and $33^{\circ}C$ for 33 h. The water vapor permeability of the fermented film ($86.0 mg/cm^2{\cdot}h$) was higher than those of normal soybean films ($66.9 mg/cm^2{\cdot}h$). Protein solubility of the fermented film was also higher than ordinary soy protein film at the pH range of 3 -10. The fermented soybean film had higher tensile strength and lower $\%$ elongation (elongation rate) than the ordinary soybean film, mainly because partial hydrolysis of proteins in the soybean film occurred during fermentation. Antimicrobial properties of the fermented film on foodstuffs were measured by placing the films on surime, jerked beef, and mashed sausage media; containing $10^2-10^3$ CFU/plate of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, and showed significantly higher inhibitory effects on the growths of all the indicating bacteria. The film could be used as a packaging material in the food industry. However, before direct application of the fermented film to the commercial food industry, its poor mechanical and antibacterial properties need to be improved.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2004

'Mixing' and 'immersion' $CaCl_{2}$ treatment methods were tested for preparation of bio-degradable films using powders of sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) (leaf, stem, and sphorophyll), sweet tanlge (Laminaria japonica), and fusiforme (Hizikia fusiforme) by extracting alginate through acid-alkali extraction method. Except fusiforme powder, flexible, free-standing films were produced by both methods using all marine algae powders tested. Except water solubility (WS), surface color, tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (E), and water vapor permeability (WVP) did not show distinct difference between $CaCl_{2}$, treatment methods. Although TS, WVP, and WS of marine algae powder films were lower than those of alginate films, they indicate potential in application as a new source of bio-degradable packaging materials.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.705-712
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• 2000

The fluid generally flows through fractures in crystalline rocks where most of underground storage facilities are constructed because of their low hydraulic conductivities. The fractured rock is better to be conceptualized with a discrete fracture concept, rather continuum approach. In the aspect of fluid flow in underground, the simultaneous flow of groundwater and gas should be considered in the cases of generation and leakage of gas in nuclear waste disposal facilities, air sparging process and soil vapor extraction for eliminating contaminants in soil or rock pore, and pneumatic fracturing for the improvement of permeability of rock mass. For the purpose of appropriate analysis of groundwater-gas flow, this study presents an unsteady-state multi-phase FEM fracture network simulator. Numerical simulation has been also conducted to investigate the hydraulic head distribution and air tightness around Ulsan LPG storage cavern. The recorded hydraulic head at the observation well Y was -5 to -10 m. From the results obtained by the developed model, it shows that the discrete fracture model yielded hydraulic head of -10 m, whereas great discrepancy with the field data was observed in the case of equivalent continuum modeling. The air tightness of individual fractures around cavern was examined according to two different operating pressures and as a result, only several numbers of fractures neighboring the cavern did not satisfy the criteria of air tightness at 882 kPa of cavern pressure. In the meantime, when operating pressure is 710.5 kPa, the most areas did not satisfy air tightness criteria. Finally, in the case of gas leaking from cavern to the surrounding rocks, the resulted hydraulic head and flowing pattern was changed and, therefore, gas was leaked out from the cavern ceiling and groundwater was flowed into the cavern through the walls.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.645-652
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• 2014

This study identifies consumer needs and a pattern sensory evaluation of jacquard fabrics for raincoats using quick-drying-absorbing polyester. We investigate the consumer's consciousness and raincoat improvements. Twelve kinds of jacquard fabrics were developed for use in this study. Developed jacquard fabrics were assessed subjectively by 152 university students using a 7-point scale of 26 consumer needs and 31 pattern image sensory descriptors. Data were analyzed by SPSS. The major results were: There was a need for consumers to improve the front fastener type, cuff fastener, mesh patch position, and raincoat pocket position. The most important parameter to choose raincoat fabric was waterproof and the other parameters were vapor-porous/water repellent, design, color, fashionability, air-permeability and easy-put on/off. The pattern image sensibility of jacquard fabrics was explained by seven factors: gorgeous, simple, cute, futuristic, ethnic, feminine, and cool. A higher pattern preference was found in the jacquard fabrics of unique, sporty, natural, luxurious, and trendy images. The pattern preference was predicted at 45.3% with gorgeous, simple, pure, cute, futuristic factors. The correlation coefficient between the pattern image sensibility factor 1 (gorgeous) and pattern preference was 0.674 and with factor 3 (cute) was 0.416, and with factor 6 (cool) was 0.209. The 4 factors (gorgeous, simple, cute, futuristic) were selected as a significant pattern image sensibility that influenced preference.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2005

To overcome various disadvantages of conventional cul-ture vessels for micropropagation, a novel disposable vessel, the 'Vitron', made of a multi-layered $OTP^{(R)}$ film and supported by a polypropylene frame, was developed. The film possesses superior properties such as: high light transmittance, low water vapor transmittance and thermal stability and in particular, high gas-permeability. Single nodal explants, which were excised from the multiple shoots derived from shoot-tip culture, were cultured in Vitron and polycarbonate vessels on $3\%$ sugar-containing agar on MS medium and placed at 3000 ppm $CO_2$-enrichment at a low photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) ($45{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$). The in vitro and ex vitro growth, and the net photosynthetic rate of in vitro and ex vitro plantlets were significantly enhanced in the Vitron compared to those cultured in a polycarbonate vessel. Explants that were cultured on the same MS medium under low PPFD at various $CO_2$ concentrations were also cultured at 3000 ppm $CO_2$- enrichment at various PPFD: 30, 45, 60, 75 and $90{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. The best in vitro and ex vitro growth obtained for 3000 ppm $CO_2$-enrichment at $75{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ PPFD. The novel Vitron vessel, when placed under the two conditions, may replace conventional culture vessels for the successful micropropagation of sweetpotato.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

High Strength Concrete has a disadvantage of the brittle failure under fire due to the spalling. It is reported that spalling is caused by the vapor pressure under fire and polypropylene (PP) fiber has an important role in protecting from spalling. The silica fume which is essentially mixed in high strength concrete decrease the permeability of concrete, and this will increase the degree of spalling. The fire resistance characteristics of high-strength reinforced concrete columns with various contents of PP fiber and silica fume were investigated in this study. In results, the ratio of unstressed residual strength of columns increases as the content of PP fiber increases from 0% to 0.2% and the ratio decreases as the content of silica fume increases from 7% to 21%.