• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.69-76
• /
• 2003

Effects of ambient nitrite, NO$_2$$\^$-/, at 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/1, on the changes of plasma nitrite/nitrate and on hepatic drug - metabolizing enzyme activity were examined in the juvenile Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio. When the fish were exposed to 1 and 3 mg/1 NO$_2$$\^$-/, there was an exposure duration-dependent increase in plasma NO$_2$$\^$-/ over the 96-hr period reaching 6∼7 fold excess the ambient concentration. In the fish exposed to 10 mg/1, a plateau concentration of less than 2-fold of the environment was attained in 12 hr. With 30 mg/1, however, the maximal plasma NO$_2$$\^$-/ was 41.25 mg/1 at 12 hr followed by a gradual decline. There was a concentration-dependent increase in methemoglobin (metHb) level in all NO$_2$$\^$-/ -exposed groups and a significant decrease in hematocrit value in 30 mg/l group after 96-hr exposure. Apart from the blunted increase in plasma NO$_2$$\^$-/ with higher NO$_2$$\^$-/ (10 and 30 mg/1) exposure, the ratio of plasma NO$_3$$\^$-/ to NO$_2$$\^$-/ was signifirantly higher in these groups compared to 1 and 3 mg/1. The imbalance in the plasma NO$_3$$\^$-//NO$_2$$\^$-/ at higher NO$_2$$\^$-/ exposure suggests a possible accelerated conversion of NO$_2$$\^$-/ to NO$_3$$\^$-/. Nitrite exposure did not affect the hepatic drug-metabolic activities in juvenile Israeli carp. All these data indicate that disposition of NO$_2$- differ depending upon exposed concentration and that metHb production may not be the exclusive toxic mechanism in carp.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.8 no.10
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 2017

In this paper, we describe certificate policy and characteristics in cooperation condition with Cooperative intelligent transport system and autonomous driving vehicle. Among the authentication functions of the vehicle, there is a pseudonym authentication function. This pseudonymity is provided for the purpose of protecting the privacy of information that identifies the vehicle driver, passenger or vehicle. Therefore, the purpose of the pseudonym certificate is to be used for reporting on BSM authentication or misbehavior. However, this pseudonym certificate is used in the OBE of the vehicle and does not have a cryptographic key. In this paper, we consider a method for managing a pseudonym authentication function, which is a key feature of the pseudonym certificate, such as location privacy protection, pseudonym function, disposition of linkage value or CRL, request shuffling processing by registry, butterfly key processing, The authentication policy and its characteristics are examined in detail. In connection with the management of pseudonymes of the vehicle, the attacker must record the BSM transmission and trace the driver or vehicle. In this respect, the results of this study are contributing.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.21-32
• /
• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to examine the ethical values of EMT students. Method: The results below were based on the revised questionnaires, which can be applicable to EMT from the using questionnaires by Kim(2001), with a sample of 140 students consisting of 50 freshman, 40 sophomore and junior 50, conducted October 9-11, 2006. Data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 in terms of means and standard deviation, $x^2$-test, one way ANOVA, multiple regression analysis. Results: The ethical value was deontological ethics and statistically significant difference between three groups(F=3.072, p<0.049). Means and standard deviation of freshman is $2.86{\pm}0.28$, sophomore is $2.75{\pm}0.25$, junior is $2.88{\pm}0.21$. In the area of Human life, subjects showed utilitarian disposition. But there were no statistically significant difference between three groups. In the area of patient relationship, all students of three groups took on deontological ethics, but there were no statistically significant difference. In the area of task relationship, all students of three groups took on deontological ethics, but there were no statistically significant difference. In the area of coworker relationship, all students of three groups took on deontological ethics, but there were no statistically significant difference. As a results of multiple regresstion analysis, the associated factors with ethical values were second students, participation of ethical education, a firm belief of ethical values. Conclusion: This results showed that education of ethical values must instruct to EMT students. More and more, It is necessary to make an further application tool of EMT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.60 no.2
• /
• pp.35-50
• /
• 2010

In this dissertation, the analysis of the study of female customs from late Joseon Dynasty and their genre painting to research humors and its aesthetic senses in that certain era. The purpose of the genre paintings is to look at general populations in an objective point of view and endeavor better value of public life style to embody clear understandings of humanity. The artists such as Hong-Do Kim and Youn-Bok Shin expressed their arts based on reasonable reality with sarcastic but humorous and creative ways to criticize the society's problems with clear statements. Therefore, the formative characters are realism, exaggeration and coloring of the whole arts that represents as innovative and original genre of it's time. Hong-Do Kim and Youn-Bok Shin expressed the women in society as open minded with versatile and refined looks in their paintings as the reality was repressed and closed mind for women figures in late Joseon Dynasty. The female customs in the paintings has both suppression and expression in their dresses and exaggerated shapes of accessories and the use of color were also found. All of these elements has the aesthetic values of satirized eroticism, the hint of next evolution of the late Joseon Era under the conservative disposition of social characters and freedom of expression of playfulness. These elements were new developments and a step forward of female 'sex' and expression of satirized eroticism. The exaggerated and distorted forms and accessories demonstrates unbalanced and asymmetrical elements in humorous characters and they include spontaneity. Also, using the five traditional color schemes of Korean art displays humor in playfulness of an art with splendid and purity, duality of positiveness and artless, smart and elegance looks.

• Management & Information Systems Review
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.173-190
• /
• 2014

According to COSO(2013) "Internal control is a process that is designed to provide reasonable assurance that a firm can achieve its objectives, where differing aspects of internal control can be partitioned into operating objectives, reporting objectives, and compliance objectives." Internal control over financial reporting(ICFR) is focus on reporting objectives and includes that provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Thus, firms with weak ICFR have negative a effect on Firm value because those firms are great likelihood of misappropriation and inefficiency decision. In this regard, this study investigates the association of ICFR with the likelihood of firm failure. Specially, I measure the characteristic of ICFR as disclosures of material weaknesses and operating personnel of ICFR. I identify the likelihood of firm failure as going-concern opinion issued in audit report. As result, I find that a higher probability of firm failure is positively associated with the material weakness in ICFR also I find that a higher probability of firm failure is negatively associated with experience and qualified CPA of personnel in ICFR.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.57-73
• /
• 2006

To begin with the purpose of protecting human life from the exterior in the prehistoric age, architecture was nothing but a shelter without any relation between the exterior and the intoner. But, today, with the community developed, architecture can not be resisted with her own function and have to change of the reciprocal one. Different with the oriental architecture, we can see, western architecture has developed in the stream of the form. The main idea of the space in terms of the relation, above all, is mostly concerned with relation between the exterior and the interior like between the architecture and the city. So the role of the facade in depth is the intermediation which consist to the relation in the exterior and interior of architecture. Considering a relation between two elements; the exterior and the interior, we can be inspired in the case of paintings, especially in the works of the Paul $C\acute{e}zanne$. $C\acute{e}zanne$ originally show the depth of space by different disposition of three parts : the background, the objects and intermediate space between the former. For instance, different with the other painters who put the background rear in the canvas and objects in the front of the background, $C\acute{e}zanne$ took the background and objects a same value and assure a depth in space by virtue of the intermediate space. Finally, by putting the background in forward of layer in the canvas and objects situated behind the background, the depth of the space can be occurred. Same as the idea of $C\acute{e}zanne$, Giuseppe Terragni and jean Nouvelle in architecture also intensify their effects through the activation of intermediate space between the interior facade and exterior frame. Not limited in the relation with the architecture and the city, space in relation gives us a higher quality of architectural promenade in depth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.175-209
• /
• 2019

This study aims to analyze the distribution of authorities and responsibilities (ARs) to appraise public records, especially between national archives and central or federal government institutions. For this study, archives acts and policies of Britain, the USA, Canada, and Australia were selected for analysis. After attempts in reviewing the laws and policies governing ARs of appraisal and disposition, their level of concentration were investigated and compared. The analysis shows that the ARs to determine and approve which records have archival value and what are to be transferred to archives are mainly located in the national archives. In comparison, it is common that the national archives and government institutions share ARs in identifying the public records and in preparing and approving the disposal authorities. Furthermore, it identifies that the ARs can be distinguished by individual appraisal activities and expects to be used to discuss the ARs to appraise public records in Korea.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.107-127
• /
• 2021

Vietnam is an important country with many trade transactions with the Republic of Korea. Arbitration is a method of resolving disputes that can arise with the increase in trade transactions. It is essential to study the legal system and precedents of Vietnam on the approval and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Such is the case because the law in Vietnam and the court's position on the approval and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards issued by the courts depend on the possibility of realizing the parties' rights concerning their disputes. Therefore, it is of great value both theoretically and practically to analyze the exact differences between approval and the denial of approval. Vietnam has enacted the Commercial Arbitration Act, which replaces the previous Commercial Arbitration Decree and creates an arbitration-friendly environment that meets international arbitration standards. Regarding the approval and execution of foreign arbitration awards, the Commercial Arbitration Act, the Civil Procedure Act, the Civil Execution Act, and the Vietnam Foreign Arbitration Awards Approval and Enforcement Ordinance are regulated. Following these laws and regulations, the reasons for the approval, enforcement, and rejection of the arbitral award are specified. In accordance with these laws and inappropriate arbitration agreements, an arbitral award beyond the scope of its right of disposition, an arbitral tribunal, or the concerned parties could not be involved in a proceeding or an arbitral award if the involved party does not have an opportunity to exercise its rights lawfully. If the state agency in the forum does not recognize the arbitral award, the dispute is not subject to arbitration under Vietnamese law, or the arbitral award does not conform to the basic principles of Vietnamese law, the parties are not bound, and the foreign arbitration award is rejected for approval and execution.

• Journal of Power Electronics
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.922-933
• /
• 2019

The arm inductance (AI) of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) affects both the fault and circulating current magnitudes. In addition, it has an impact on the inverter efficiency and harmonic content. In this study, the AI of a three-phase MMC is optimized in a novel way in terms of DC voltage utilization, harmonics and efficiency. This MMC has 10 submodules (SM) per arm and the power circuit topology of the SM is a half-bridge. The optimum AI is adopted and verified in an MMC that has 100 SMs per arm. Then the phase shift (PS) and phase disposition (PD) pulse width modulation (PWM) methods are investigated for better DC voltage utilization, efficiency and harmonics. It is found that similar performances are obtained for both modulation techniques in terms of DC voltage utilization. However, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the PS-PWM is found to be 0.02%, which is slightly lower than the THD of the PD-PWM at 0.16%. In efficiency calculations, the switching and conduction losses for all of the semiconductor are considered separately and the minimum efficiency of the 100-SM based MMC is found to be 99.62% for the PS-PWM and 99.64% for the PD-PWM with the optimal value of the AI. Simulation results are verified with an experimental prototype of a 6-SM based MMC.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.97-108
• /
• 2018

"Death is the side of life which is turned away from us." The life of people in Seoul, however, is disconnected from death. Why? This article compares the historical changes in the cemetery disposition of Paris and Seoul to answer this question. The cemetery is always a meeting place between the living and the dead. In pre-modern cities, the cemetery was close to the people's daily life. However, the fundamental change of urban structure due to modernization has a great influence on the cemetery. With the advent of the train, the world has shrunk and the city has expanded unprecedentedly. In such a situation, the cemetery is expelled to the outside of the city. However, while Paris and Seoul share the same overall flow, they responded differently to the plans for the establishment of large-scale remote cemeteries. In Paris, the plan was canceled by citizens who value their relationship with the dead. On the other hand, Seoul was unable to manage the cemetery due to social confusion in 20th century. All cemeteries were expelled as industrialization began. As a result, there is no public cemetery or ossuary at present in Seoul. In Seoul, about 20 years ago however, a new kind of place for the dead began to appear. It is an ossuary attached to religious facilities. In other words, the current cemetery of Seoul is divided into two forms : the public cemetery, which is expelled from the city, and the private ossuary, which is attached to religious facilities built in the city.