• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.175-181
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• 2003

VSNC is a viral disease causing significant economic losses in cultured carp Ciprinus carpio L. in Korea. Carps were immunized with prepared vaccines against VSNCV and examined specific and nonspecific immune responses. Carps were injected by O.2㎖ of formalin-killed vaccine (FKV), heat-killed vaccine (HKV) or E-MEM, respectively and dealt with boost with same way two weeks later. The lysozyme activity of serum and chemiluminescent reponses of head-kidney leucocytes showed increased responses during 2-7 days post-first injection (pfi) and post-boost (pb) in the vaccinated fish, and then decreased to the level of control. As measured by ELISA, vaccinated groups showed a significant increase in VSNCV-specific serum antibodies between 2 weeks pfi and 6weeks pb with a peak at 2 weeks pb. Results of the virus challenge showed that the fish vaccinated with FKV have induced protective immunity, while HKV injection hardly provided protection.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.150-159
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• 2001

Purpose : We need to reconsider booster vaccination schedule of Japanese encephalitis vaccination. To do that we evaluate the long-term immunogenicity and the incidence of adverse events with inactivated mouse brain derived Nakayama Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Methods : We tested neutalizing antibody for 311 elementary school students by plaque reduction neutralizing test(PRNT) at USAMC-AFRIMS(United States Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science/Department of Virology). We evaluated vaccine related adverse events by spontaneous reporting prospectively among 15,487 vaccinees who were vaccinated at public health center and 2,277 elementary school students who were immunized previously by a questionnaire and school health record. Results : According to the time interval from the last booster injection of 311 children, PRNT antibody titers gradually decreased as the interval increased; 239 mIU/mL, 188 mIU/mL, 134 mIU/mL, 49 mIU/mL each at 6, 18, 30, 42 months after the last booster injection. The seropositivity rates were 98%, 99%, 95.6%, 71.4% each at 6, 18, 30, 42 months after the last booster injection. There were 21(0.13%) cases with systemic reactions among 15,487 vaccinees who had visited the hospital by prospective passive reporting system at public health center. According to the questionnaires and school health records in elementary school students, local induration and pain were 17.4% and 14.8%, respectively. Systemic reactions including fever, vomiting, rash were reported in few cases. Conclusion : Biannual booster vaccination that has been recommended so far should not be necessary. Surveillance for adverse events with inactivated mouse brain derived Nakayama vaccine should be strengthened to better assess the number of cases and reactions associated with immunization.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2011

Starry flounder, which are recently increasingly cultured in Korea, are known to highly vulnerable to Streptococcus parauberis infection. Five groups of starry flounder (n=30 for each group) were vaccinated with S. parauberis formalin-killed whole cells by intraperitoneal injection at a final concentration of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg $fish^{-1}$. Specific antibody production of 1 and 10 mg $fish^{-1}$ administered groups significantly increased at four weeks post immunization. All vaccinated groups showed higher survival rates than a control group when five groups of fish were challenged with S. parauberis at a dose of $1.14{\times}10^4$ cfu $fish^{-1}$ and $1.14{\times}10^2$ cfu $fish^{-1}$, respectively. In particular, 0.1 or higher concentrations of formalin killed bacterial cells are able to confer the fish high protection against S. parauberis infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2014

Bordetella (B.) bronchiseptica is a causative agent of swine atrophic rhinitis that promotes colonization of the mucous membrane of the swine nasal cavity by Pasteurella (P.) multocida. Mixed infection with B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida leads to growth inhibition of pigs, resulting in significant economic loss. There are many commercial vaccines for atrophic rhinitis, including B. bronchiseptica as a killed vaccine antigen (Ag). However, the immunogenicity of killed B. bronchiseptica Ag has not yet been elucidated; therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the immunogenicity of killed B. bronchiseptica Ag and the type of immune response it induces. In vitro assays using mouse spleen cells and flow cytometry revealed that B. bronchiseptica Ag induced high proliferation capability of lymphocytes, especially B lymphocytes, and the proliferating cells showed a significant response to interleukin (IL)-2. B. bronchiseptica Ag also enhanced the production of IL-12, a representative cytokine for cell-mediated immunity. In vivo experiments using mice showed that the injection of B. bronchiseptica Ag markedly induced Ag-specific antibody. Taken together, these results indicate that B. bronchiseptica Ag has high immunogenicity by itself.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.242-248
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• 2013

Varicella (chickenpox) is a highly contagious airborne disease caused by primary infection with the varicella zoster virus (VZV). Following the resolution of chickenpox, the virus can remain dormant in the dorsal sensory and cranial ganglion for decades. Shingles (herpes zoster [HZ]) is a neurocutaneous disease caused by reactivation of latent VZV and may progress to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which is characterized by dermatomal pain persisting for more than 120 days after the onset of HZ rash, or "well-established PHN", which persist for more than 180 days. Vaccination with an attenuated form of VZV activates specific T-cell production, thereby avoiding viral reactivation and development of HZ. It has been demonstrated to reduce the occurrence by approximately 50-70%, the duration of pain of HZ, and the frequency of subsequent PHN in individuals aged ${\geq}50$ years in clinical studies. However, it has not proved efficacious in preventing repeat episodes of HZ and reducing the severity of PHN, nor has its long-term efficacy been demonstrated. The most frequent adverse reactions reported for HZ vaccination were injection site pain and/or swelling and headache. In addition, it should not be administrated to children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised persons or those allergic to neomycin or any component of the vaccine.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.443-450
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• 2006

To demonstrate their possibilities as an enhanced vaccine delivery system, protein-loaded Poly lactide glycolide copolymer (PLGA) microspheres were prepared with different physical characteristics. Ethyl acetate (EA) solvent extraction process was employed to prepare microspheres and the effects of process parameters on drug release properties were evaluated. The biodeuadability of microspheres was also evaluated by the pH change and GPC (Gel permeation chromatography). Primary IgG antibody responses in BALB/c mice were compared with protein saline solutions as negative controls and adsorbed alum suspensions as positive controls after single subcutaneous injection for in vivo studies. The microspheres showed a erosion with a highly porous structure and did not keep their spherical shape at 45 days and this result could be confirmed by GPC. In vitro release of proteinous drug showed initial burst effect in all batches of microspheres, followed by gradual release over the next 4 weeks. PLGA microspheres were degraded until 45 days and the secondary structure of OVA was not affected by the preparation method. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that the single subcutaneous administrations of OVA-loaded PLGA microspheres induced enhanced serum IgG antibody response in comparison to negative and positive controls. These results demonstrated that microspheres providing the controlled release of antigens might be useful in advanced vaccine formulations for the parenteral carrier system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.199-200
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• 2002

GX-12 is a naked DNA vaccine developed by research team of Dong-A Pharmaceutical Company, Green Cross Company and Genexine for the treatment of HIV infection. It consists of four separate plasmids (pGX10-GE HX, pGX10-dpol JR, pGX10-VN/TV JR, pGX10-hIL-12m), which were constructed by inserting the HIV-1 gag-env, pol, regulatory genes and a human IL-12 mutant gene into pGX10 plasmid vectors.(omitted)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1273-1280
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• 2019

Edwardsiella piscicida is the causative agent of edwardsiellosis, which has caused enormous economic losses worldwide. In our previous research, an attenuated live vaccine known as WED and based on the virulent strain E. piscicida EIB202 can effectively protect turbots against edwardsiellosis via intraperitoneal injection, while vaccination by immersion exhibits a weaker effect. During the development of the immersion vaccine, we surprisingly found the counts of ${\Delta}pEIB202/EIB202$ colonized on zebrafish were 100 times lower than those of EIB202. However, pEIB202 carries 53 predicted ORFs and has several copies in E. piscicida EIB202, impeding the study of its function. Thus, the replication region is located at a 1,980 bp fragment (from 18,837 to 20,816 bp), containing a transcriptional repressor and a replication protein. Moreover, the minimal replication plasmid, named pRep-q77, has low copies in both E. coli and E. piscicida, but is more stable in E. piscicida than in E. coli. This work lays a foundation for further examination of the function of the virulence plasmid pEIB202.

• KSCI Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.255-262
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• 2006

A Malicious code is used to SMiShing disguised as finance mobile Vishing, using Phishing, Pharming mail, VoIP service etc. to capture of personal information. A Malicious code deletes in Anti-Virus Spyware removal programs. or to cure use. By the way, the Malicious cord which is parasitic as use a DLL Injection technique, and operate are Isass.exe, winlogon.exe. csrss.exe of the window operating system. Be connected to the process that you shall be certainly performed of an exe back, and a treatment does not work. A user forces voluntarily a process, and rebooting occurs, or a blue screen occurs, and Compulsory end, operating system everyone does. Propose a treatment way like a bird curing a bad voice code to use a DLL Injection technique to occur in these fatal results. Click KILL DLL since insert voluntarily an end function to Thread for a new treatment, and Injection did again the Thread which finish an action of DLL, and an end function has as control Thread, and delete. The cornerstone that the treatment way that experimented on at these papers and a plan to solve will become a researcher or the revolutionary dimension that faced of a computer virus, and strengthen economic financial company meeting Ubiquitous Security will become.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.193-201
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• 2008

The eventual goal of tumor immunotherapy is to develop a vaccine inducing a specific anti-tumor immunity. Cytokine gene therapy is an effective way at least in animal models, but limited efficacy and various side effects obstruct clinical applications. In this study, we developed a tumor vaccine expressing a membrane-bound form of IL-2(mbIL-2) and SDF-1 in B16F10 melanoma cells. The tumor clones expressing mbIL-2 showed reduced tumorigenicity, and additional expression of SDF-1 to mbIL-2 expressing tumor cells caused more severe reduction in tumorigenicity. However, expression of the SDF-1 alone did not affect on the tumorigenicity, probably because of limited production of SDF-1 in the SDF-1 transfected clones. When the mice once rejected mbIL-2/SDF-1 expressing tumor clone were re-challenged with wild type B16F10 tumor cells, all of the mice survived. This result suggests that mbIL-2/SDF-1 tumor clone is effective in inducing systemic anti-tumor immunity against wild type B16 melanoma. Furthermore, culture supernatant of tumor clones expressing SDF-1 induced lymphocyte migration in vitro. These results, all together, suggest that expression of mbIL-2 and SDF-1 in tumor cells enhances anti-tumor immune responses through different roles; the secreted SDF-1 may function as a chemoattractant to recruit immune cells to tumor vaccine injection site, and the mbIL-2 on tumor cells may provide costimulatory signal for CTL activation in physical contacts.