• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2013

An avian rotavirus (AvRV-2) was isolated from feces of broilers suffering from acute gastroenteritis in 2011. It was the first avian rotavirus isolated in Korea. To investigate the molecular characteristics of AvRV-2, the VP4, VP6, VP7 and NSP4 gene nucleotide sequences were determined and compared with those of rotavirus strains available in the GenBank database. The phylogenetic tree of VP7 gene showed that AvRV-2 had a high degree of nucleotide sequence homology (93.4% to 94.7%) with those of rotaviruses belonging to genotype G19 cluster. The phylogenetic tree of the VP4 gene revealed a high degree of nucleotide sequence homology (95.8% to 95.9%) with genotype P[30] rotaviruses isolated from chickens. The VP6 and NSP4 gene nucleotide sequences showed the highest identities with those of avian strains with 95.3% to 96.4% and 90.3% to 92.2%, respectively. Genetic characterization of the VP4, VP6, VP7 and NSP4 showed that AvRV-2 strain was most closely related to chicken rotavirus strains from Germany and Japan. Comparative nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis indicated that avian rotavirus isolated from broilers belonged to genotype G19P[30] and it was the first report on avian rotavirus infection in Korea.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.392-399
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• 2015

This paper proposes a unified $4{\times}4$ transform architecture for HEVC and VP9 codec to reduce hardware size. It performs HEVC $4{\times}4$ IDCT, HEVC $4{\times}4$ IDST, VP9 $4{\times}4$ IDCT, and VP9 $4{\times}4$ IADST in a unified hardware. HEVC $4{\times}4$ IDCT and VP9 $4{\times}4$ IDCT have same IDCT computation except for the scales of coefficients. Similarly, HEVC $4{\times}4$ IDST and VP9 $4{\times}4$ IADST have same IDST computation except for the scales of coefficients. Furthermore, IDCT and IDST have quite a lot of similarity, so they can share some hardwares in common. So the proposed hardware performs all 4 operations in a unified hardware, where each operation has its own multiplication coefficients with shared butterfly adders. The synthesized block in 0.18 um technology is 6,679 gates, and the gate count is reduced by 25.3% in comparison with conventional designs.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.596-602
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• 2015

In this paper, a unified inverse transformer is designed for HEVC and VP9. The proposed architecture performs all modes of HEVC and VP9 in the unified inverser transformer, such as $4{\times}4{\sim}32{\times}32$ HEVC IDCT, $4{\times}4$ HEVC IDST, $4{\times}4{\sim}32{\times}32$ VP9 IDCT, $4{\times}4{\sim}16{\times}16$ VP9 IADST and $4{\times}4$ IWHT. Same computations are used in HEVC IDCT and VP9 IDCT, except for the scales of the coefficients. Similarly, same computations are used in HEVC $4{\times}4$ IDST and VP9 $4{\times}4$ IADST, except for the scales of the coefficients. Furthermore, HEVC IDCT, VP9 IDCT, and VP9 IADST are the subsets of upper level IDCTs. The proposed architecture reuses multipliers when the computation is identical. Also it shares adders and butterfly structures even when the multiplier coefficients are different. So it reduces the hardware size significantly. Synthesized in 0.18 um technology, the gate count is 456,442 gates. which achieved 22.6% reduction compared to conventional architectures.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.252-258
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• 2000

Various crosslinked poly(4-vinylpyridines) (CHP4VP) having different degrees of crosslinking were synthesized by radical copolymerization of 4-vinylpyridine with if N,N' -1, 6-hexamethylenebisacrylamide, and CHP4VP- Cu(II) complexes were prepared by the method of adsorption equilibrium. The catalytic activity of the complexes for the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) was investigated. The oxidation of AA by these complexes showed a kinetic behavior of the Michaelis-Menten type. The catalytic activity of CHP4VP-Cu(I ) catalytic system was increased with increasing the degree of crosslinking of CHP4VP, and its activity was scarcely decreased even after repeated use. However, the tendency of the catalytic activity of CHP4VP-Cu(II) complexes was decreased for the oxidation of AA when compared with that of the previously reported catalytic system containing crosslinked poly(4-vinylpyridine) prepared using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker. These results indicate that the degree of crosslinking of CHP4VP and the hydrophobicity of the crosslinker play an important role in the catalytic system of the oxidation of AA.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.488-498
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• 2000

Molecular bottle-brush was prepared by hydrogen-bonding between poly(4-vinylpyridine)(P4VP) as main chain and 3-pentadecylphenol (PDP) as amphiphilic side chain. Variation of long period ( $L_{p}$), order-disorder transition temperature ( $T_{ODT}$) and mesomorphic structure of bottle-brush were investigated by changing various mole ratio (x) of pyridine group in P4VP and PDP and molecular weight of P4VP. Upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behaviour was observed. For x 0.8-0.9, maximum critical temperature was found. As molecular weight of P4VP was increased, phase transition occurred at higher temperature. It was found that phase behaviour of the bottle-brush was affected by mobility of P4VP as well as size and regularity of lamellar structure. The $L_{p}$ determined from analysis of crystal structure was in the range of 35 $\AA$ and 40 $\AA$ and was more affected by the molecular weight of P4VP than by mole ratio (x). However, if the molecular weight of P4VP was high, LP value was little affected.ted.d.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.316-321
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• 2008

Monodispersed particles of poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine), poly(st-co-4vp) were prepared by soapless emulsion polymerization. Iron oxide was formed on the surface and inside of the poly(st-co-4vp) particles by thermal decompostion of iron pentacarbonyl. The obtained magnetic poly(st-co-4vp) particles was mondispersed and the average size was 250 nm. The magnetic poly(st-co-4vp) particles had 14% of iron oxide, which was identified as $Fe_3O_4$ by XRD. The magnetic poly(st-co-4vp) particles had superparamagnetism according to superconducting susceptometer (SQUID).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.347-358
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• 1993

Graft copolymerization of MMN4-VP onto cotton fiber using Ce(IV) salt as an initiator and triton X-100 as an emulsifier was performed under various polymerization conditions. In cograft polymerization, the polymeization behavior according to variation of 4-VP feed composition and the characteristics of MMA/4-VP graft polymer such as affinity for acid dye owing to cationization of cotton, antibacterial activity and thermal behavior were investigated. The results of this study were as follows : 1. While in copolymerization of MMA and 4-VP, 4-VP content in copolymer was more than that of monomer feed composition. 2. Increasing 4-VP content, graft yield was decreased, but graft efficiency was increased. In case of MMA/4-VP graft polymerization, the highest graft yield was obtained at higher CAN concentration than in MMA graft polymerization, the reason is that the behavior of 4-VP was disturbed by Ce(IV) sail 3. Elevation of temperature resulted in increase of graft yield and the apparent activation energy of MMA/4-VP graft polymerization was higher than that of MMA graft polymerization. 4. MMA/4-VP grafted cotton fiber showed affinity for acid dye, antibacterial activity and higher moisture regain than MMA grafted cotton fiber. MMA/4-VP grafted cotton fabric showed improvement of wrinkle recovery up to 40~50% graft yield and decreased thereafter. MMA/4-VP and MMA grafted cotton fabric did not showed significant difference in wrinkle recovery and stiffness.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2011

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious viral disease in chicken. It causes heavy economic loss by immune suppression and high mortality. The IBDV, designated Avibirnavirus in the Family Birnaviridae, has a double-stranded RNA genome formed by two segments, segment A and segment B. Segment A encodes a 108 KDa polypeptide that is self-cleaved to produce pVP2, VP3 and VP4, and later pVP2 is cleaved to VP2. The VP2 contains the antigenic regions responsible for elicitation of neutralizing antibodies and VP3 is a major immunogenic protein of IBDV. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for IBDV were produced and characterized. All 15 MAbs were specific for IBDV and did not react with other viruses used in this study. The protein specificity of MAbs was determined by comparing the reactivity patterns of each MAb with IBDV VP2 and VP234 recombinant baculoviruses and Western blot analysis. As a result, 7 MAbs (1F5, 2C8, 2F4, 3C7, 4C3, 6F11, 6G5) and 5 MAbs (2A4, 2G2, 3F5, 3G2, 4F10) were specific for VP2 and VP3, respectively. The protein specificity of 3 MAbs (2B8, 3F7, 3F8) were not determined. Five (2C8, 2F4, 4C3, 6F11, 6G5) of the VP2-specific MAbs had a neutralizing activity against IBDV. Some MAbs reacted with IBDV-infected bursa of Fabricius by indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. The MAbs produced in this study would be used for diagnostic reagents for the detection of IBDV infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.423-429
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• 2008

Throughout the world, rotavirus infections cause extensive morbidity in human infants and diarrhea in animals such as white scour caused by bovine rotavirus in calves. We isolated three rotavirus strains designated KV0407, KV0418, and KV0426 from 103 fecal samples of diarrheic calves. The genes coding for proteins VP4, VP6, VP7, and NSP4 from strain KV0407 were sequenced and compared with the nucleotide sequences of other known strains of rotavirus. The KV0407 VP4 gene was highly homologous to the OSU (99.4%) and JL94 (99.4%), but not the B223 (62.4%) and K33 (62.4%) VP4 genes. The KV0407 and KV0418 VP7 genes were most similar to the OSU and super-short type VMRI VP7 genes. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis, the KV0407 strain was tentatively assigned to A serogroup (SG I), G5P[7], NSP4 genotype B and the KV0418 and KV0426 strains were assigned to A serogroup (SG I), G6P[5], NSP4 genotype A. The genetic characterization of these bovine rotavirus isolates could be useful for the diagnosis and prevention of diarrhea in calves.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.213-221
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to set up the optimal exposure condition according to detector type considering image quality (IQ) with radiation dose in chest digital radiography. We used three detector type such as flat-panel detector (FP) and computed radiography (CR), and charge-coupled device (CCD). Entrance surface dose (ESD) was measured at each exposure condition combined tube voltage with tube current using dosimeter, after attaching on human phantom, it was repeated 3 times. Phantom images were evaluated independently by three chest radiologists after blinding image informations. Standard exposure condition using each institution was 117 kVp-AEC at FP and 117 kVp-8 mAs at CR, and 117 kVp-8 mAs at CCD. Statistical analysis was performed by One way ANOVA (Dunnett T3 test) using SPSS ver. 19.0. In FP, IQ scores were not significant difference between 102 kVp-4 mAs and 117 kVp-AEC (28.4 vs. 31.1, p=1.000), even though ESD was decreased up to 50% ($62.3{\mu}Gy$ vs. $125.1{\mu}Gy$). In CR, ESD was greatly decreased from 117 kVp-8 mAs to 90 kVp-8 mAs without significant difference of IQ score (p=1.000, 24.6 vs. 19.5). In CCD, IQ score of 117 kVp-8 mAs was similar with 109 kVp-8 mAs (29.6 vs. 29.0), with decreasing from $320.8{\mu}Gy$ to $284.7{\mu}Gy$ (about 11%). We conclude that optimal x-ray exposure condition for chest digital radiography is 102 kVp-4 mAs in FP and 90 kVp-8 mAs in CR, and 109 kVp-8 mAs in CCD.