• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.135-140
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• 2004

The antioxidant activities of 80% methanol extracts obtained from 118 medicinal plants were tested through the evaluation of DPPH and superoxide anion radicals scavenging activity. Methanol extracts of Sophora japonica (76.9%) and Camptotheca acuminata Dence (50.9%) were found to have more than 50% DPPH radical scavenging activity while those of Perilla frutescens (37.2%), Amomum costatum (34.9%), Prunus ansu (33.2%), Mentha arvensis (32.3%), Serratula koreana (32.2%), Eriobotrya japonica (30.5%), and Artemisia asiatica (30.5%) showed more than 30% scavenging activity. Even though all of the commercial antioxidants didn't show superoxide anion radical activity, Mentha arvensis (87.7%), Eriobotrya japonica (84.9%), Amomum costatum (82.9%), Camptotheca acuminata Dence (82.1%) showed more than 80% scavenging activity. Mentha arvensis, Eriobotrya japonica, Amomum costatum, Camptotheca acuminata Dence showed strong antioxidative activity in the both DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.35-50
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• 2017

This study is to see the recovery effect of the Deltacon method by investigating the amount of sand deposition, the topographical cross section and the vegetation structure; and to derive the effective recovery method of coastal erosion area. The target areas of this study include Jinri coastal dune, Bajireum coastal dune and Seopori coastal dune in Deokjeok-do Island, Ongjin-gun, Incheon. In order to assess the current status of the coastal erosion area recovery, the soil profile structure map was prepared on the site and then the amount of sand deposition within 1m was calculated indoors. The vegetation recovery status of the costal erosion area was assessed via the analyses of the topographical profile structure and the plant community structure, and we aim to derive the effective recovery plan of the Deltacon method with the results. With the Deltacon method, structures with ductile material, special non-woven fabric bags filled with soil and vegetation can be performed therefore the structuralstability and prevention of sand erosion can be achieved. The amounts of sand deposition of Bajireum coastal dune, Seopori costal dune and Jinri costal dune were calculated $0.98{\sim}2.54m^3$, $1.02{\sim}2.96m^3$, and $0.27{\sim}0.75m^3$, respectively, and it is considered that the costal erosion recovery is actively performed for Bajireum costal dune and Seopori costal dune. The analysis results of vegetation structures by topography show that the installation of the send collecting net in steep areas has been highly effective and the Deltacon-constructed target areas have been restored to vegetation and the costal dune, which is similar to the natural dune. The investigation of the plant community structure in Deokjeok-do Island costal dune, Incheon displayed similar research results of the existing costal dune flora and confirmed the emergence of Lathyrus japonicus, Carex kobomugi, Elymus mollis, Vitex rotundifolia, and Calystegia soldanella and others. In order to carry out further effective recovery with the Deltacon method, improvements to rootage of herbaceous vegetation are needed in areas without foredune herbaceous vegetation, and continuos maintenance & management monitoring of connected windbreak forest to costal dunes are also necessary.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.911-922
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• 2012

This study aim that definite the relationship between coastal environment and different sand bar communities, as well as to analyze their spatial distribution of barrier island in the Nakdong river estuary. Survey method follow by Braun-Blanquet(1965) and there a total of 118 relev$\acute{e}$'s were undertaken. Definition of the relationships between species and environmental variables with Canonical Correlation Analysis(CCoA) and that to applied these relev$\acute{e}$'s with the RIM(Kim and Kim, 2006) program and that to classification used the SYN-TAX 2000 program(Podani 1979). On the basis of about 118 phytosociological releve's, the vegetation of xeric and hydric type was arranged in twelve plant communities: Xeric type-Pinus thunbergii community,Vitex rotundifolia community, Carex pumila community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, Miscanthus sacchariflorus community and Calystegia soldanella community, Hydric type-Salix dependens-Calamagrostis epigeios community, Calamagrostis epigeios-Phragmites communis community, Phragmites communis-Ischaemum aristatum community, Phragmites communis community, Scirpus planiculmis community and Suaeda glauca-S. japonica community.These plant communities represents sand dune vegetation and salt marsh vegetation. Widely distributing types in the actual vegetation map were sea club-rush community, reed community in salt marsh, and dry grassland. The edge in the coastal sand bars has zonation that almost distribution by the reed community in salt marsh. But outside of it were distributed sea club-rush community. Dry grassland type distributes higher zone of the center in coastal sand bars. Respectively, the coastal sand dune and salt marsh vegetation types were distributed ocean and inland on the frontier of it.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.102-110
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• 2009

This study examined the halophyte community and soil analysis according to habitat in representative 18 salt marshes of southern and western coasts of Korea from July 2006 to April 2008 and suggested basic materials for vegetational restoration of these aras. First, the survey area was classified into coastal and estuarine marshes. Then, the coastal marshes were classified into clay marsh, sand gravel marsh, and sand marsh, and the esturarine marshes, into salt swamp and estuary marsh. Major plant communities according to habitat pattern were Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, and Suaeda japonica community in the clay marsh; Phragmites communis, Zoysia sinica, Carex scabrifolia, Salicornia herbacea, Artemisia fukudo, Suaeda martima community in the sand gravel marsh; Elymus mollis, Carex kobomugi, and Vitex rotundifolia community in the sand mars; Phragmites communis, Zoysia sinica, Suaeda martima, and Carex scabrifolia community in the salt swamp, and Suaeda japonica, Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, and Suaeda asparagoides community in the estuary marsh. The soil environment of halophyte community area showed a difference to soil and halophyte community according to habitat characteristics of halophyte. Thus, to restore salt mashes in the coast area, it is advantageous for the stable settlement, germination, and growth of halophyte to grasp physical and physicochemical characteristics of habitat soil in the salt marshes, to select halophyte suitable to these habitat conditions, and to expand gradually in the natural vegetation area after transplantation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.671-679
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• 1997

Approximate composition and mineral content of eighty seven medicinal herbs marketed in Korea was analyzed on the basis of their dried weight. From the results anlyzed, it was known that Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seem. (22.4%), Portulaca oleracea L. (20.6%), Torilis japonica DC. (15.0%) in crude ash, Ziziyphus spinosa Hu. (39.9%), Alisma orientale Juzep. (30.6%), Lepidium latifolium L. (28.8%), Cassia tora L. (27.5%) in crude protein, Ziziyphus spinosa Hu. (27.9%), Xantnium strumarium L. (24.0%), Perilla frutescens var. acuta Kude (22.8%), Benincasa hispida Cong. (22.4%) in crude lipid, Vitex rotundifolia L. (59.5%), Ganoderma lucidum Karst (53.9%), Pinus densifiora Sieb. et Zucc. (46.4%), Sambucus williamsii Hanse (41.2%) in crude fiber, and Poria cocos Wolf (91.2%), Gastrodiae elata Blume (87.9%), Gentiana scabra Bunge (86.3%), Rehnannia glutinosa Libosch (86.0%) in nitrogen free extract exhibited higher content than other kinds. Phosphrous contents were 1.5, 1.1 and 1.0% in order of Taxillus chinensis Danser, Malva verticillata L., Nelumbo nucifera Gaeten, and magnesium contents were 0.7, 0.5 and 0.5% in the order of Saururus chinesis Baill., Salivia milltriorrhiza Bunge and Pueraria thunberglans Benth. Calcium contents of Cimicifuge heradeifolia Komarov, Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seem. and Rhus vericiflura Stokes were 8.5, 7.1 and 3.0%, and potassium contents of Tricholoma matsutake Sing., Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Achyranthes japonica Nakai were 5.6, 5,4 and 4.7%, respectively. Sodium contents were 2.1, 0.6 and 0.3% in the order of Boshinakia rossica Fedtsch., Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and Prunus mume Seib., and iron contents were 0.3, 0.2 and 0.2% in the order of Cirsium japonicum var, ussuriense Kitamuraa, Gentiana scabra Bunge and Phlomis umbrosa Turcz.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.290-298
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• 2007

The results of this research on the diversity, zonation of vegetation and micro-topography by TWINSPAN classification and DECORANA ordination, executed with Sinduri coastal dunes of Korea, are as follows: The vegetation and micro-topography of coastal dunes formed a noticeably clear zonation structure. The beach in the direction of the coastline saw a lot of appearance of Salsola komarovi and the primary dune was dominated by Elymus mollis. Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii and Carex pumila formed a colony at flat area of the sand hills and Calamagrostis epigeios was widely distributed at the wet slack. The secondary dune was dominated mostly by Ischaemum anthephoroides and Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, and it showed an aspect of the distribution of Vitex rotundifolia and Rosa rugosa. while the hinterland hillside in the direction of inland was dominated by Robinia pseudo-acacia and Pinus thunbergii. However, Carex kobomugi, known as the pioneer species of the coastline-bound areas at the coastal dune, dominantly occupied the secondary dune of the rear side and continentally-inclined Miscanthus sinensi and Oenothera biennis of naturalized plant were irregularly spread over the whole of the coastal dune, so the stabilization of micro-topography seemed to be uncertain. Particularly, Miscanthus sinensis was predicted to be changed into dominant species of the primary dune, and secondary dune and slack having a commonly high species gathering inclination with the more progress of stabilization of the coastal dune. The expansion of sand hill wetlands and roads located between the primary dune and secondary dune was judged to have an effect on the zonation structure of plant distribution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.576-587
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• 2012

As being actual physiognomical vegetation on Daegwang sand dune in Imjado, the widest area is occupied by Pinus thunbergii community planted as windbreak forest whereas those communities such as Robinia pseudoacacia community, Elymus mollis community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii - Elymus mollis community, Carex kobomugi community, Ischaemum antephoroides community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, Phragmites communis community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii - Calamagrostis epigeios community occupy as band shape or patch. According to the result of the data collected and analyzed based on phytosociological method regarding 74 plots of survey area, the species composition of Daegwang sand dune vegetation is classified total 10 vegetation units comprises 7 communities and 5 groups. The 7 communities are classified into Pinus thunbergii community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, Rosa rugosa var. rugosa community, Ischaemum antephoroides community, Carex kobomugi community, Calamagrostis epigeios community, and the sub-units of Pinus thunbergii communities are classified into 3 groups of Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum group, Elymus mollis group, Pinus thunbergii topical group and the sub-units of Calamagrostis epigeios communities are classified into 2 groups of Phragmites communis group, Calamagrostis epigeios tipical group. The zonation of vegetation from coastal line indicated with the order of Elymus mollis - Carex kobomugi, Carex pumila, Lathyrus japonicus - Calystegia soldanella - Vitex rotundifolia, Lathyrus japonicus, Ischaemum antephoroides - Rosa rugosa var. rugosa. According to the analysis result of longitudinal section, it was found to be those types with wide width herbaceous vegetation of foredune, smooth slope of foredune, lots of dune ridges with no structure were less vulnerable to erosion of sand dune and advantageous to its recovery.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2015

This study aims to figure out the vegetation status and characteristics of the spatial distribution in Taeanhaean National Park. As a result, vegetation communities were Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Camellia japonica community, Carpinus turczaninowii community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Pinus thunbergii community, Kalopanax septemlobus community, Koelreuteria paniculata community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, and sand dune and coastal wetland vegetation including Vitex rotundifolia community, Elymus mollis community, Calamagrostis epigeios community, Ischaemum anthephoroides community, Zoysia sinica community, Suaeda maritima community, and Phragmites communis community. Landscape types in actual vegetation map were Pinus thunbergii community (3.92%), Pinus densiflora community (1.40%), Robinia pseudoacacia community (0.05%), sand dune and coastal wetland vegetation (0.11%), field (0.46%), seashore (0.24%), thinning area (0.08%), bareground (0.16%), and sea (93.58%). Area of Pinus thunbergii community among vegetation type was $14.797km^2$ (3.92%) and the largest. Stratification structure and species composition of Pinus thunbergii community distributed in the seashore were different as a result of disturbance and human use. On the other hand, we assumed that succession will take place to the potential natural vegetation that is Quercus serrata and Quercus dentata in undisturbed Pinus thunbergii community. Meanwhile, Erechtites hieracifolia was occupied in understory of Pinus thunbergii community around the seashore and Diodia teres was invaded to sand dune vegetation. They may affect on natural species negatively. Therefore, monitoring and management plans are necessary.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 2009

In the flora of the whole area of Jakeundang at Byeonsanbando National Park, a total of 105 taxa were identified including 50 families, 88 genera, 98 species, 6 varieties and 1 form. These were again divided into 31 taxa (29.5%) of woody plants and 74 taxa (70.5%) of herbaceous plants. In addition, 4 taxa of the Korea Forest Service, designated rare plants in the flora were identified to grow there including Phacelurus latifolius (Preservation priority order: No. 194), Aristolochia contorta (No. 151), Koelreuteria paniculata (No. 115), and Glehnia littoralis (No. 203). Indigofera koreana, Viola seoulensis that are on the list of Korean endemic plants were also identified and the plants approved for export were identified similarly to rare plants. In addition, among the floral region-based specific plants, the plant group belonging to class V, class IV and II didn't appear and a total of 16 taxa 3 taxa including Elymus mollis, Salsola collina and Koelreuteria paniculata in class III, and 13 taxa including Ischaemum anthephephoroides, Phacelurus latifolius, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Melandryum oldhamianum for. roseum, Calystegia soldanella, Messerschmidia sibirica, Scutellaria strigillosa and Aster spathulifolius, etc. in class I were identified. Among the naturalized plants in the surveyed sites, 6 families, 10 genera, and 10 taxa were identified to grow, such as Bromus unioloides, Phytolacca americana, Lepidium apetalum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Oenothera biennis and Xanthium canadense, etc. and the naturalization rate was analyzed to be 9.5% of all 105 taxa of vascular plants. This research analyzed the coverage ratio and importance value by dividing the community into a sand dunes and back swamp and divided the sand dune area into Vitex rotundifolia community and the back swamp into Phacelurus latifolius community. Jakeundang is designated as a sand dune plants observation area and managed by the office of Byeonsanbando National Park. To preserve this place, it is desirable to take a systematic management measure, such as a visit to this place on a subscription basis or education and publicity on sand dune plants.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.103-123
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• 2016

This study is a comparison of the flora and case studies distributed in Gulup-do Ongjingun, Incheon. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 282 taxa including 81 families, 201 genera, 252 species, 3 subspecies, 22 varieties and 5 forms. The Raunkiaer life forms are analyzed in hemicryptophytes were 66 taxa (23.4%) in dormancy form, non-clonal growth ($R_5$) were 160 taxa (56.7%) in propagation form of radicoid form, having no special modification for dissemination ($D_4$) were 197 taxa (48.6%) in propagation form of disseminule form, erect form (e) were 117 taxa (41.5%) in growth form. The halophytes were 23 taxa including Salsola collina, Asparagus oligoclonos and so on. The rare plants were 7 taxa including Pyrrosia hastata (VU), Senecio nemorensis (VU) and so on. The Korean endemic plants were 5 taxa including Hepatica insularis, Lespedeza maritima and so on. In the specific plants by floristic region were 38 taxa, a degree I were 23 taxa (Dictamnus dasycarpus, Vitex rotundifolia and so on), 6 taxa of a degree II (Morus cathayana, Euphorbia esula and so on), 8 taxa of a degree III (Pyrrosia hastata, Rhodotypos scandens and so on), Senecio nemorensis of a degree V and degree IV were not found. The naturalized plants were 17 taxa including Robinia pseudoacacia, Bromus tectorumand so on. Of those Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a invasive alien plants. Naturalization rate (NR) was 6.0% of all 282 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index (UI) was 5.3% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants. Gulup-do and adjacent Baega-do were locally investigated field work and it summarizes the results of a total of 41 islands literature in Ongjin-gun and Ganghwa-gun, Incheon including uninhabited islands, Baengnyeong-do, Daecheong-do and so on. The average number of species were each analyzed in about 89 taxa, rare plants are about 2 taxa, endemic plants are about 1 taxa, naturalized plants are about 4 taxa. This study was the comparison of the flora and literature distribution case that the Gulup-do maintain the naturalness and continuously conducted to explore the future conservation measures the adjacent islands.