• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.699-706
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• 2006

This study was carried out to know the food preferences of college students in Seoul. The subject was 403 students (197 males and 206 females), using questionnaires during June 2004. Regarding preference of the staple foods, it was shown that both male and female students had the highest preferences for boiled rice, chicken porridge, naengmyon, boiled rice with assorted meat and vegetable mixtures, and Kimchi with fried rice but the lowest preferences for boiled rice mixed with beans and sesame porridge (p<0,05). Male students preferred boiled rice, boiled rice mixed with beans, boiled rice mixed with millet, boiled rice mixed with barley, rice porridge, abalone porridge, pine nut porridge, red-bean porridge, pumpkin porridge, vegetable porridge, sesame porridge, ramyon, noodles with assorted vegetable mixtures, udong noodles, noodles with black-bean sauce, chinese-style hotchpotch noodle with vegetables and seafood, blackish bean sauce with rice, curry with rice, omelette rice and lice cake and dumpling soup more than female students (p<0.05). For the preference of snacks, honeyed rice-cake was preferred the most by both of them and male students had higher preferences for cake made from glutinous rice and songpyon than female students (p<0.05). Male students liked strawberry and pear and female students liked strawberry the most. Preferences for apple. pear, banana, persimmon, and musk melon were higher in male students than female students (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to clarify the effect of killing methods on the morphological and histological changes of plaice, Paralichthys olivaceus muscle at early stage after killing. Killed samples by the three different methods were stored at $5^{\circ}$, and the changes in breaking strength of muscle, morphological observation of myofibrils and histological observation of extracellular spaces through storage were monitored. Samples killed by electrifying in sea water showed the maximum value of breakin strength immediately after killing and then it dropped significantly(p<0.05) until 2.5hrs passed. Breaking strength of samples killed by spiking at the head instantly and dipping in sea water including anesthetic rose steadily over 10hrs and 15hrs after killing, respectively. In myofibrills prepared from dorsal muscles immediately after spiking at the head instantly, A-band, H-band, I-band, and Z-line in sarcomere were clearly distinguishable each other. Due to muscle contraction by electrical stimulation, it was impossible to distinguish H-band from I-band observed in sarcomere immediately after killing for samples killed by electrifying. But, in the cases of samples killed by spiking and dipping, H-band could be observed dimly until 10hrs and 15hrs storage. No extracellular space was observed among muscle cells immediately after spiking at the head instantly. Samples killed by spiking at the head instantly and dipping in sea water including anesthetic showed extracellular spaces among all muscle cells after 15hrs and 25hrs storage, respectively. The other hand, samples killed by electrifying in sea water (110V, 30sec.) showed a few extracellular spaces immediately after killing and then it showed extracellular spaces among all muscle cells after 2.5hrs storage.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.182-186
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• 2000

Purpose : To determine treatment or이ecol for inoperable esophageal cancer patients, 껜e evaluated survival rate and prognostic factors. Materials and Methods : We evaluated esophageal cancer treated by curative or palliative am in KCCH from 1992 to 1996, retrospectively. Recurrent or underdose case below 40 Gy were excluded. The number of male and female were 35 and 5, respectively. Thirty-eight patients were squamous carcinoma and 2 patients were not biopsy proven. Ten patients were treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy Median dose of radiation therapy was 59.4 Gy and the range was $40\~60$ Gy. Results : The median survival is 6.5 months and 1-year survival rate was $28.3\%$. Age, location, radiation dose and chemotherapy were not significant prognostic factors. Median survivals of patients with below stage III and over stage IVA were 7.6 and 6.2 months respectively, but it is not significant. Conclusions : The survival for esophageal cancer is very poor. For patients with curative aim, chemotherapy must be considered. For patients with palliative aim, short-term external beam radiation therapy and/or brachytherapy must be considered.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.653-660
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• 2006

Fuji VII is a glass-ionomer cement specially targeted for early protection in erupting first and second molars. Properties of Fuji VII such as very high level of fluoride release, low viscosity and no need to preliminarily etch the substrate would be useful to erupting molars with primary pit and fissure caries or hypoplastic area for preventive goal or remineralization. The purpose of this study were to evaluate remineralization of Fuji VII glass ionomer cement and to compare with one of other restorative materials such as conventional glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, compomer and composite resin. Forty-two extracted human molars were used for this study. All teeth were immersed in demineralizing solution for 48 hours after Class V cavity preparation was made on sound proximal surface. The teeth were randomly divided into six groups and restored with Fuji VII, Fuji II, Fuji II LC improved, F2000, $Filtek^{TM}$ Z250 and control group was unrestored. The middle area with $130{\pm}20{\mu}m$ thickness was separated from specimen using microtome and demineralized area was photographed under polarized microscope. Separated area was relocated to specimen and stored in artificial saliva, After four weeks, changes of demineralized area were observed and compared to them restorated immediately. The results from the this study can be summarized as follows ; 1. Fuji VII, Fuji II, Fuji II LC improved have more prominent remineralization effect than F2000, $Filtek^{TM}$ Z250, control group. 2. No significant differences in remineralization effect are seen between Fuji VII and Fuji II, Fuji II LC improved.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.88-97
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• 2003

Background : Although smoking is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), only 10-20% of cigarette smokers develop symptomatic COPD, which suggests the presence of genetic susceptibility. This genetic susceptibility to COPD might depend on variations in the activities of the enzyme that detoxify hazardous chemical products, such as microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEPHX) and glutathione-S transferase M1 subunit (GSTM1) genes. Methods : The genotypes of 58 patients with COPD, and 79 age matched control subjects, were determined by a polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for the mEPHX, and multiplex PCR for the GSTM1. Results : GSTM1 was deleted in 53.3% of the subjects. There was no difference in GSTM1 deletion rates between the COPD patients (32/58, 55.2%) and the control subjects (41/79, 51.9%). The combination patterns of two polymorphisms of mEPHX showed slow enzyme activity in 29(21.2%), normal in 73(53.3%) and fast in 32(23.4%). The COPD group (7/57, 12.3%) showed a significantly lower incidence of slow enzyme activity compared to the control subjects (22/77, 28.6%, p<0.05). However, when the COPD and control groups were compared with smokers only, there were no significant differences in the genotypes of GSTM1 and mEPHX. Conclusion : The genotypes of GSTM1 and mEPHX were not significant risk factors of COPD in this cohort of study.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2013

The position of the internal organs can change continually and periodically inside the body due to the respiration. To reduce the respiration induced uncertainty of dose localization, one can use a respiratory gated radiotherapy where a radiation beam is exposed during the specific time of period. The main disadvantage of this method is that it usually requests a long treatment time, the massive effort during the treatment and the limitation of the patient selection. In this sense, the combination of the real-time position management (RPM) system and the volumetric intensity modulated radiotherapy (RapidArc) is promising since it provides a short treatment time compared with the conventional respiratory gated treatments. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of the respiratory gated RapidArc treatment. Total sic patient cases were used for this study and each case was planned by RapidArc technique using varian ECLIPSE v8.6 planning machine. For the Quality Assurance (QA), a MatriXX detector and I'mRT software were used. The results show that more than 97% of area gives the gamma value less than one with 3% dose and 3 mm distance to agreement condition, which indicates the measured dose is well matched with the treatment plan's dose distribution for the gated RapidArc treatment cases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1218-1225
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• 2009

Difractose anhydrides (DFAs) is studied as a sweetener for diabetics because of its structural property. DFAs have four types: DFA I, III, IV (degradation of levan) and V (degradation of inulin). Especially, DFA IV has been shown to enhance the absorption of calcium in experiments using rats. Levan fructotransferase is an enzyme for producing di-d-fructose-2,6':6,2-dianhydride (DFA IV). To identify structural characterization, we purified wild-type and mutants (D63A, D195N and N85S) of levan fructotransferase (LFTase) from Microbacterium sp. AL-210. These proteins were purified to apparent homogeneity by Ni-NTA affinity column, Q-sepharose ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and detected by SDS-PAGE. They were also analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) measurements, JNET secondary structure prediction, activity measurements at various temperatures, and pH analysis. The optimum pH for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction was pH 7.5 and optimum temperature was observed at $55^{\circ}C$. Along with wild-type LFTase, mutants were analyzed by CD measurement, fluorescence analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). N85S showed less $\alpha$-helix and more $\beta$ strand than others. Also, N85S showed almost the same curve as wild-type in their steady-state fluorescence spectra, whereas mutant D63A and D195N showed higher intensity than wild-type. The amino acid sequence of wild-type LFTase was compared to the sequences of exo-inulinase from Aspergillus awamori, a plant fructan 1-exohydrolase from Cichorium intybus, and Thermotogo maritime (Tm) invertase and showed a high identity with Exo-inulinase from Aspergillus awamori.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 1994

Since the supply of the Southeast Asian tropical timber decreases and its price steeply increases in the international lumber market, door and window frame manufacturers in this country are eagerly searching for their substitutes. This is the first step to replace Southeast Asian tropical timber by low grade North American softwoods, whose reliable and steady supply is expected, but their appearances are not as good as the tropical timber. In this study, knot distribution on the softwood boards and their warp were examined The yield and production cost were also calculated. The average numbers of knots on a door frame were 7.2 for Douglas-fir and 3.4 for Western hemlock. Only 11% of the knots of Douglas-fir door frames are larger than 5cm in diameter, while are 35% of the knots of Western hemlock. The deformations of door frames, after 2 months air-drying, were measured with a warp table. The deformations of Western hemlock door frames were mostly less than 6mm, while those of Douglas-fir distributed in the range of 0.5 and 9.5mm. The yield of Western hemlock is higher than that of Douglas-fir. It can be concluded that the door frames made of the softwoods are compatible with those made of the tropical timber in most aspects except appearance.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 1998

Purpose : The use of cyclosporine and mitomycin in various immunologic or neoplastic disorders has been known to cause wide-ranged nephrotoxic effects including thrombotic microangiopathy. However, the mechanism of nephrotoxicity of these drugs has not been studied adequately, so that present experimental study has been undertaken to find out whether these drugs can cause direct damage to the kidney and to clarify the pathogenetic mechanism of nephrotoxic effect of these drugs. Materials and methods : Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 gm were used for experimental animals and unilateral renal perfusion technique, modified from the method described by Hoyer et al was used. Isolation of left kidney from systemic circulation was made by clamping aorta and left renal vein and a hole was punctured in the anterior wall of the left renal vein. Cyclosporine (2.5 mg in 4 ml solution) and mitomycin (1.6 mg in 4ml solution) were infused through left renal artery and normal saline was used in control rats. Forty-eight hours after infusion of the drugs, animals were sacrificed and left kidney removed and processed for histologic examination. Total ischemic time of left kidney was less than 15 minutes: Results : Cyclosporine-perfused group showed severe swelling of glomerular endothelial ceil along with swelling of glomerular epithelial cell and interstitial vascular endothelial cell. Mitomycin-perfused group also showed severe swelling of glomerular endothelial and epithelial cells. And in addition to these findings, they demonstrated platelets aggregation, swelling and degranulation of platelets and fibrin accumulation in some of the capillaries, indicating occurrance of thrombotic microangiopathy. Conclusion : present experiment indicates that cyclosporine and mitomycin can cause direct toxic injury to renal endothelial cell. And this direct toxic damage to endothelial cell seems to be an important initiating event for the development of thrombotic microangiopathy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.619-634
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• 2002

Background : Many inflammatory mediators and collagenases are involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The increase of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9, gelatinase-B) produced mainly by inflammatory cells was reported in many ALI models and connective tissue cells. In this study, the expression of MMP-9 in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) model and the effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI) on VILI were investigated. Methods : Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: low tidal Volume (LVT, 7mL/Kg tidal volume, 3 $cmH_2O$ PEEP, 40/min), high tidal volume (HVT, 30mL/Kg tidal volume, no PEEP, 40/min) and high tidal volume with MMPI (HVT+MMPI) groups. Mechanical ventilation was performed in room air for 2 hours. The 20 mg/Kg of CMT-3 (chemically modified tetracycline-3, 6-demethyl 6-deoxy 4-dedimethylamino tetracycline) was gavaged as MMPI from three days before mechanical ventilation. The degree of lung injury was measured with wet-to-dry weight ratio and acute lung injury score. Expression of MMP-9 was studied by immunohistochemical stain with a mouse monoclonal anti-rat MMP-9 $IgG_1$. Results : In the LVT, HVT and HVT+MMPI groups, the wet-to-dry weight ratio was $4.70{\pm}0.14$, $6.82{\pm}1.28$ and $4.92{\pm}0.98$, respectively. In the HVT group, the ratio was significantly higher than other groups (p<0.05). Acute lung injury score measured by five-point scale was $3.25{\pm}1.17$, $12.83{\pm}1.17$ and $4.67{\pm}0.52$, respectively. The HVT group was significantly damaged by VILI and MMPI protects injuries by mechanical ventilation (p<0.05). Expression of MMP-9 measured by four-point scale was $3.33{\pm}2.07$, $12.17{\pm}2.79$ and $3.60{\pm}1.95$, respectively, which were significantly higher in the HVT group (p<0.05). Conclusion : VILI increases significantly the expression of MMP-9 and MMPI prevents lung injury induced by mechanical ventilation through the inhibition of MMP-9.