• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.445-457
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• 2013

본 논문은 제어시스템에서 사이버 위협과 취약성을 평가하기 위한 정량적 모델링에 관한 연구이다. SCADA(supervisory control and data acquisition) 시스템은 대표적인 제어시스템이고 전력계통에서 가장 큰 규모를 형성하고 있다. SCADA 시스템은 초기에는 지역적으로 고립된 시스템이었으나 통신 및 제어기술이 발전하면서 광역으로 확대되어 왔다. 스마트그리드는 에너지 시스템과 IT 시스템을 통합하는 것이며, 이러한 통합의 과정에서 IT 시스템 상에서 존재하던 위협이 제어시스템으로 옮겨오게 된다. 전력시스템은 실시간 특성이 강하게 요구되며, 이는 전력시스템의 사이버 위협을 IT 시스템에 비해 보다 복잡하고 치명적으로 만드는 요인이 된다. 예를 들어, 기밀성이 IT시스템에서 가장 중요한 요소인데 반해 가용성은 제어시스템에서 가장 중요한 고려 사안이다. 이러한 맥락에서, 보다 체계적인 방식으로 전력시스템의 사이버 위험을 평가하는 과정이 요구된다. 일반적인 관점에서 위험이란, 위협, 취약성, 자산의 곱으로 산출되며 본 연구는 전력시스템 구성요소 별로 위험을 정량적으로 분석할 수 있는 프레임워크를 제안한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1895-1903
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• 2013

Background: It is well established that a healthy lifestyle is of benefit in the prevention of diseases such as cancer and promotion of well-being. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine lifestyle practice and associated factors among university students in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted over six months from November 2011 until May 2012 among the students from the Management and Science University. This study was approved by its ethical committee, the students being explained the objective and invited to participate. A consent form was signed by all study participants. Questionnaire was distributed randomly to the students of the five faculties through their lecturers in different faculty. For univariate analysis t-test and ANOVA test were performed. Multiple linear regression used for multivariate analysis using SPSS 13.0. Results: A total number of 1100 students participated with a mean age of $22.1{\pm}2.21$ (SD) years. The majority were 22 years or younger (56.3%), female (54%), Malay (61.5%), single (92.3%), with family monthly income ${\geq}5000$ Ringgit Malaysia (41.2%). Regarding lifestyle, about were 31.6% smokers, 75.6% never drank alcohol and 53.7% never exercised. Multivariate analysis showed that age, sex, race, parent marital status, participant marital status, type of faculty, living status, smoking status, exercise, residency, brushing teeth, fiber intake and avoid fatty food significantly influenced the practice of drinking alcohol among university students (p=0.006, p=0.042, p<0.001, p=0.003, p=0.002, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.003, p<0.001; respectively). It similarly showed that sex, race, parent marital status, participant marital status, monthly family income, exercise, residency, brushing teeth and fiber intake significantly influenced the practice of sun protection (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.017, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001; respectively) and that age, sex, parent marital status, participant marital status, type of faculty, living status, exercise, taking non-prescribed medication, brushing the teeth, coffee consumption and fiber intake were significantly influenced the practice of fruits consumption (p=0.008, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.002, p<0.001, P<0.001; respectively). Conclusions: This study showed a poor practice of healthy lifestyle among university students. Therefore universities should emphasize a healthy lifestyle in all faculties as a required subject. Socio-demographic characteristics significantly influenced practice and thus should be considered when planning preventive measures among university students. Frequent campaigns and educational seminars are to be encouraged.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.374-382
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• 2017

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains unexplained and untreated despite the high attention of research in recent years. Aside from its various characteristics is the baffling male preponderance over the female population. Using a validated animal model of ASD which is the telomerase reverse transcriptase overexpressing mice (TERT-tg), we conducted ASD-related behavioral assessments and protein expression experiments to mark the difference between male and females of this animal model. After statistically analyzing the results, we found significant effects of TERT overexpression in sociability, social novelty preference, anxiety, nest building, and electroseizure threshold in the males but not their female littermates. Along these differences are the male-specific increased expressions of postsynaptic proteins which are the NMDA and AMPA receptors in the prefrontal cortex. The vGluT1 presynaptic proteins, but not GAD, were upregulated in both sexes of TERT-tg mice, although it is more significantly pronounced in the male group. Here, we confirmed that the behavioral effect of TERT overexpression in mice was male-specific, suggesting that the aberration of this gene and its downstream pathways preferentially affect the functional development of the male brain, consistent with the male preponderance in ASD.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to research the health status of the elderly population and their perception and compliance to cook medicated juk. The results from this research will be used as basic data for medicated juk development. In addition, the purpose of this study was to find a way to popularize the juk and improve their usage as medicated juk in communal feeding and convalescent hospital for elderly. The study surveyed 300 elderly residents of age over 65, in Daejeon. The following data were collected: general characteristic, health status, perception of medicated juk, and preferred kind of juk for cooking. Moreover, the study researched the constraints in cooking the juk. Data were analyzed by SPSS Windows V. 18.0 and t-test verified the differences among the questions, according to frequency analysis of each item and characteristics of the aged. You might want to specify this characteristic. Within the surveyed elderly population, 80.6% had various existing diseases with circulatory diseases being the most prevalent with 68.9%. This emphasizes on the significance of proper diet, but this recognition is not put into practice. The survey also showed that as the individuals age, they tend to care less about the necessity of proper diet. Despite of this lack of perception, 84.5% of the elderly population responded positively to the question, "Would you like to have medicated juk for curing diseases, if such juk is available?" In addition, the elderly population was in favor of developing the juk that helps to prevent and cure diseases, and many were willing to cook them. The reasons behind their will to cook are arranged in the following order: higher efficacy in curing disease than regular juk, excellence in nutrition, and unavailability of the medicated juk in the stores that requires them to cook. The sources constraining the elderly population in cooking are arranged in the following order: not knowing how to cook the juk, lack of physical strength, financial burden, and lack of information order. Please clarify this part. Suggested change: not knowing what medicated juk is. Furthermore, the main obstacle in cooking the juk is lack of cooking technique, followed by inaccessibility to the ingredients and the financial burden to purchase the ingredients.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2011

Although the South Korean organic food market is in the infancy compared to other industrialized countries, Korean consumers'interest in organic food and retail stores devoting space to organic products have been rapidly increasing. Despite the fact of organic food popularity, the term "organic" is interpreted differently by individuals. As opposed to the US, Japan and the EU where have operated an integrated organic food labelling system, Korea has adopted complex organic labelling systems regulated by several different government bodies. As a result, complicated food labelling standards make consumers confused when purchasing organic foods. Furthermore, in terms of country of origin (COO), it is argued by a lot of researchers that COO effects vary from product to product and from country to country; moreover, other informational cues such as brand and price can influence COO effects. In modern society, COO labelling has been complicated, due to the sourcing, manufacturing and market locations of merchandise spread over the world. Accordingly, the evaluation of COO effects has become complex. In order to examine these issues, a quantitative research was selected to classify the commonfeatures of organic food consumers and construct statistics such as the extent to which people are aware of organic food and COO labellingvia a questionnaire which took place in two cities in Korea with a cluster sample of 161 organic food purchasers. As for the data analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), T-tests, bivariate crosstatulations with Cramer's V were conducted,depending on the characteristics of variables and the assumptions the research data need to fit. It has been concluded that in general, Korean organic consumers comprehend the term "organic"in a closer way to the general concept rather than technical term, thus people do not appreciate environmentally labels which include organic food labels, although marital status influence the degree of label awareness, regardless of gender, age, education level and so on. Regarding COO effects on organic food, home organic products were Korean consumers'first choice over those from industrialized countries and developing nations. Specifically, in processed organic product category, domestically cultivated and processed organic products were absolutely preferred to leading national brands produced with imported ingredients and international brands. However, due to a lack of checks of ingredients' COO, consumers tend to purchase a leading national organic food brand, believing that it is a pure organic food sourced domestically. As a consequence, this research has suggested some important managerial implications and future research directions. In order to prevent consumer confusion when buying organic foods, it should be noted that consumers do not comprehend the organic food certifications, due to complicated labelling systems for organic produce and processed organic foods. Therefore, government bodies related to organic food distribution have to know consumers' perception of organic food labels and the significance of customer-oriented labels and reestablish labelling standards. Similarly, public advertising should be followed to raise public awareness of the labelling to enable customers to have the correct information. In addition, not only international marketers but also domestic marketers need to understand COO images and also the influence COO of ingredients has on the image of an organic product.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.362-362
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• 2014

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) can be regarded as a special variation of the chemical vapor deposition method for reducing film thickness. ALD is based on sequential self-limiting reactions from the gas phase to produce thin films and over-layers in the nanometer scale with perfect conformality and process controllability. These characteristics make ALD an important film deposition technique for nanoelectronics. Tantalum pentoxide ($Ta_2O_5$) has a number of applications in optics and electronics due to its superior properties, such as thermal and chemical stability, high refractive index (>2.0), low absorption in near-UV to IR regions, and high-k. In particular, the dielectric constant of amorphous $Ta_2O_5$ is typically close to 25. Accordingly, $Ta_2O_5$ has been extensively studied in various electronics such as metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (FET), organic FET, dynamic random access memories (RAM), resistance RAM, etc. In this experiment, the variations of chemical and interfacial state during the growth of $Ta_2O_5$ films on the Si substrate by ALD was investigated using in-situ synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy. A newly synthesized liquid precursor $Ta(N^tBu)(dmamp)_2$ Me was used as the metal precursor, with Ar as a purging gas and $H_2O$ as the oxidant source. The core-level spectra of Si 2p, Ta 4f, and O 1s revealed that Ta suboxide and Si dioxide were formed at the initial stages of $Ta_2O_5$ growth. However, the Ta suboxide states almost disappeared as the ALD cycles progressed. Consequently, the $Ta^{5+}$ state, which corresponds with the stoichiometric $Ta_2O_5$, only appeared after 4.0 cycles. Additionally, tantalum silicide was not detected at the interfacial states between $Ta_2O_5$ and Si. The measured valence band offset value between $Ta_2O_5$ and the Si substrate was 3.08 eV after 2.5 cycles.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2016

To conduct a kinetic study of paraquat (PQ), we investigated 9 patients with acute PQ intoxication. All of them ingested more than 20 ml of undiluted PQ herbicide to commit suicide and arrived at our hospital early, not later than 7 h after PQ ingestion. The urine dithionite test for PQ in all of the nine patients was strongly positive at emergency room. Blood samples were obtained every 30 min for the first 2~3 h and then every 1 or 2 h, as long as the clinical progression was stable among the patients for 30 h after PQ ingestion. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve ($AUC_{inf}$), which was extrapolated to infinity, was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Toxicokinetic parameters, such as the terminal elimination half-life, apparent oral clearance, and apparent volume of distribution ($V_d/F$) were calculated. The maximum PQ concentration ($C_{max}$) and the time to reach maximum PQ concentration ($T_{max}$) were also obtained. Plasma PQ concentrations in nine patients were well described by a bi-exponential curve with a mean terminal elimination half-life of $13.1{\pm}6.8h$. $C_{max}$ and $AUC_{inf}$ were $20.8{\pm}25.7mg/l$ and $172.5{\pm}160.3h{\cdot}mg/l$, respectively. Apparent volume of distribution and apparent oral clearance were $50.9{\pm}61.3l/kg$ and $173.4{\pm}111.2l/h$, respectively. There were a significant correlation (r=0.84; p<0.05) between the PQ amount ingested and $C_{max}$. $AUC_{inf}$ also showed a significant correlation (r=0.83; p<0.05) with the PQ amount ingested. These correlations provide evidence that PQ has dose-linear toxicokinetic characteristics.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.131-139
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• 1999

신호 교차로의 지체도에 미치는 가장 큰 영향요소중의 하나는 신호연동인데 신호연동지체도 예측모형으로서 T7RANSTY-7F모형과 NETSIM모형이 가장 널리 사용되고 있다. 이는 컴퓨터 프로그래밍기법을 이용해야 하는 복잡함과 실행과정이 쉽지않다. 본 연구는 연동지체의 산정을 도로용량편람의 사용예처럼 간편하면서 시뮬레이션모형과 유사한 결과를 갖는 모형을 연구하기 위하여 이루어졌다. 연구의 범위는 차량군을 대상으로한 거시적모형이며 신호교차로 연동지체를 평가하는 해석적 모형이다. 그리고 정상류상태(v/c<1)를 대상으로 하면서 차량군지체만을 산정하는 모형이다. 본 연구방법은 차량군도착으로 형성되는 누적교통량·시간함수에 의한 지체도산정을 적분법으로서 두 개의 도착유형으로 구분하여 산출하였으며 본 연구결과로는 제안모형내에 차량군 연속진행의 도착패턴을 직접적으로 반영하였고 현실 특성에 부합된 차량군형태를 구성하였다. TRANSTY-7F모형과 유사한 결과를 도출하였으며 수계산으로도 적용할 수 있고 기존의 해석적 모형이 결여된 경우에 대한 지체도예측도 가능하였다.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2003

How to compare the environmental damage caused by vehicles with different foe]s and drive trains\ulcorner This paper describes a methodology to assess the environmental impact of vehicles, using different approaches, and evaluating their benefits and limitations. Rating systems are analysed as tools to compare the environmental impact of vehicles, allowing decision makers to dedicate their financial and non-financial policies and support measures in function of the ecological damage. The paper is based on the "Clean Vehicles" research project, commissioned by the Brussels Capital Region via the BIM-IBGE (Brussels Institute for the Conservation of the Environment) (Van Mierlo et at., 2001). The VriJe Universiteit Brussel (ETEC) and the universite Libre do Bruxelles (CEESE) have jointly carried out the workprogramme. The most important results of this project are illustrated in this paper. First an overview of environmental, economical and technical characteristics of the different alternative fuels and drive trains is given. Afterward the basic principles to identify the environmental impact of cars are described. An outline of the considered emissions and their environmental impact leads to the definition of the calculation method, named Ecoscore. A rather simple and pragmatic approach would be stating that all alternative fuelled vehicles (LPG, CNG, EV, HEV, etc.) can be considered as ′clean′. Another basic approach is considering as ′clean′ all vehicles satisfying a stringent omission regulation like EURO IV or EEV. Such approaches however don′t tell anything about the real environmental damage of the vehicles. In the paper we describe "how should the environmental impact of vehicles be defined\ulcorner", including parameters affecting the emissions of vehicles and their influence on human beings and on the environment and "how could it be defined \ulcorner", taking into account the availability of accurate and reliable data. We take into account different damages (acid rain, photochemical air pollution, global warming. noise, etc.) and their impacts on several receptors like human beings (e.g., cancer, respiratory diseases, etc), ecosystems, or buildings. The presented methodology is based on a kind of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in which the contribution of all emissions to a certain damage are considered (e.g. using Exposure-Response damage function). The emissions will include oil extraction, transportation refinery, electricity production, distribution, (Well-to-Wheel approach), as well as the emission due to the production, use and dismantling of the vehicle (Cradle-to-Grave approach). The different damages will be normalized to be able to make a comparison. Hence a reference value (determined by the reference vehicle chosen) will be defined as a target value (the normalized value will thus measure a kind of Distance to Target). The contribution of the different normalized damages to a single value "Ecoscore" will be based on a panel weighting method. Some examples of the calculation of the Ecoscore for different alternative fuels and drive trains will be calculated as an illustration of the methodology.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2012

우리나라뿐만 아니라 전 세계적으로 적조 및 마비성 패독을 일으켜 문제시되고 있는 유독성 와편모류인 A. catenella 를 살조시키는 해양미생물 Pseudoalteromonas sp. NH-12를 마산만의 적조발생 해역에서 분리, 동정하고 그 특성과 살조능에 대해 연구함으로써 보다 환경 친화적인 적조 구제 기술개발의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 적조발생 해역인 마산만의 해수에서 분리한 38개의 해양미생물 균주 중 4종의 미생물이 A. catenella 에 대해 살조능을 나타내었으며, 이중 살조능이 가장 우수한 NH-12 균주를 선별하였다. 본 균주는 API kits 및 16S rRNA gene 염기서열을 분석하여 계통분류를 행한 결과 Pseudoalteromonas 속으로 분류되었으며, 최적 배양조건은 $25^{\circ}C$, pH 8.0, 3.0% NaCl 농도였다. Pseudoalteromonas sp. NH-12의 성장 단계별 살조능은 대수증식기 후기, 정지기, 대수증식기 중기, 유도기 순으로 높게 나타났다. 살조물질은 대수증식기 중기 이후에 활발히 생산되기 시작하여 대수증식기 후기에 가장 고농도로 축적되는 것으로 판단된다. 2조 배양계를 이용한 살조 유형 조사에서 Pseudoalteromonas sp. NH-12는 격리된 상태에서도 A. catenella 를 살조시켜 '직접 공격형'이 아니라 세포외로 물질을 분비하여 살조시키는 '살조인자 분비형'으로 확인되었다. 또한 NH-12 균주 배양여과액을 5% 첨가하였을 때 36시간 후에 A. catenella 는 100% 살조되었고, 10%를 첨가한 경우 24시간 후에 99% 이상 살조되었다.