• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.22-28
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• 2020

In this study, quantitative risk assessment was carried out for city gas high-pressure pipelines crossing through urban rivers. The risk assessment was performed based on actual city gas properties, traffic volume and population and weather data in the worst case scenario conditions. The results confirmed that the social and individual risks were located in conditionally acceptable areas. This can be judged to be safer considering that the risk mitigation effect of protecting the pipes or installing them in the protective structure at the time of the construction of the river buried pipe is not reflected in the result of the risk assessment. Also, SAFETI v8.22 was used to analyze the effects of wind speed and pasquil stability on the accident damage and dispersion distances caused by radiation. As a result of the risk assessment, the safety of the pipelines has been secured to date, but suggests ways to improve safety by preventing unexpected accidents including river bed changes through periodic inspections and monitoring.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate geochemical characteristics for stream sediments in the Naju area. We collected 139 stream sediments samples from primary channels. Samples were dried slowly in the laboratory and chemical analysis was carried out using XRF. ICP-AES and NAA. In order to investigate geochemical characteristics, the geological groups categorized into granitic gneiss area, schist area, granite area, arenaceous rock area, tuff area, andesite area, and rhyolite area. Average contents of major elements for geological groups are $SiO_2\;58.37{\sim}66.06wt.%,\;Al_2O_3\;13.98{\sim}18.41wt.%,\;Fe_2O_3\;4.09{\sim}6.10wt.%,\;CaO\;0.54{\sim}1.33wt.%,\;MgO\;0.86{\sim}1.34wt.%,\;K_2O\;2.38{\sim}4.01wt.%,\;Na_2O\;0.90{\sim}1.32wt.%,\;TiO_2\;0.82{\sim}1.03wt.%,\;MnO\;0.09{\sim}0.15wt.%,\;P_2O_5\;0.11{\sim}0.18wt.%$. According to the comparison of average contents of major elements, $Al_2O_3\;and\;K_2O$ are higher in granitic gneiss area, $Fe_2O_3,\;CaO,\;P_2O_5$ are higher in tuff area, MgO and $TiO_2$ are higher in andesite area, $Na_2O_$ is higher in rhyolite area, $SiO_2$, and MnO are higher in arenaceous rock area. Average contents of minor and rare earth elements for geological groups are $Ba\;1278{\sim}1469ppm,\;Be\;1.1{\sim}1.5ppm,\;Cu\;18{\sim}25ppm,\;Nb\;25{\sim}37ppm,\;Ni\;16{\sim}25ppm,\;Pb\;21{\sim}28ppm,\;Sr\;83{\sim}155ppm,\;V\;64{\sim}98ppm,\;Zr\;83{\sim}146ppm,\;Li\;32{\sim}45ppm,\;Co\;7.2{\sim}12.7ppm,\;Cr\;37{\sim}76ppm,\;Cs\;4.8{\sim}9.1ppm,\;Hf\;7.5{\sim}25ppm,\;Rb\;88{\sim}178ppm,\;Sc\;7.7{\sim}12.6ppm,\;Zn\;83{\sim}143ppm,\;Pa\;11.3{\sim}37ppm,\;Ce\;69{\sim}206ppm,\;Eu\;1.1{\sim}1.5ppm,\;Yb\;1.8{\sim}4.4ppm$. According to the comparison of average contents of minor and rare earth elements for geological groups, Pb, Li, Cs, Hf, Rb, Sb, Pa, Ce, Eu, and Yb are higher in granitic gneiss area; Ba, Co, and Cr in schist area; Nb, Ni, and Zr in arenaceous rock area; Sr in tuff area: and Be, Cu, V, Sc, and Zn are such in andesite area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.307-316
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• 2007

Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) has low germination rate relatively other species, so the seedling production of Yellow poplar is a hard task. Accordingly this study was conducted to determine the optimal germination conditions for healthy seedling production and to promote survival rate after afforestation. Gemination percentage was examined at different media and seed covering materials using planting flats in the greenhouse. The best germination percentage was observed in sand for media and compound soil for covering materials. But it was time to transplant, seedlings became a poor character (i.e. height, root length, number of root, dry weight) in sand for media. In order to produce healthy seedlings, each different medium was compounded with TKS-2 (this is a gardening bed soil.) in the ratio 1:1 (v/v.), and compared two conditions. Quality of seedling was better than not mixed TKS-2 into each medium. Transplanting seedlings from greenhouse to nursery grew up rapidly 2 months later (early in August~early in October). Growth amount during two months corresponded to 85.6% and 71.3% in total growth amount of height and diameter at root collar, respectively. In the case of the competition-density effect on yellow-poplar seedlings, direct seedling produced the maximum 35 standard seedlings above 8 mm of root collar diameter per $m^2$, while transplanting seedling produced the maximum 64 standard seedlings per $m^2$. And produced seedlings of two way were significantly different rootlet while axial root and lateral root was not significantly different.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.55-64
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• 1988

Stow nets have widely been used in the western sea of Korea from the olden age. The original structure of a stow net is a large square-sectional bag net made of 4 netting panels, and the front fringes of top and bottom panels are connected to the top and bottom beams respectively. Wire ropes, which is originated from the holding anchor are gradually forked and biforked, and finally 4 pieces of wire rope (biforked pendants) are jointed to each beam. Much convenience caused by long and heavy beams were problemed, then some studies have been carried out to improve the net since 1930's. The most effective improvement were achieved in 1980 by Mr. Han and his colleagues. The key point of improvement was that the beams were removed and the belt shaped shearing device made by canvas was attached to the side panels, the head rope and ground rope to the front fringe of top and bottom panel, and biforked pendants are joined to the shearing device. Even though this is the epoch-making improvement of a stow net, the further study should be required to find out more effective method. The authors carried out a model experiment on the stow net to determine the vertical and horizontal opening of a net mouth, and also examine the front, top and side-view configuration of the net. The model net was constructed depending on the Similarity Law of Fishing Gear in 1/10 and 1/20 scale and set against to the current at shallow and speedy flowing channel. The vertical and horizontal openings were determined by using scaled bamboo poles, and the configuration was observed by using specially prepared observation platform and underwater observation glass, and also photographed by using specially prepared underwater photographic equipment. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The opening height and width of the shearing device varied in accordance with the relative length of the biforked pendants. Considering the height and width of shearing device in 6 cases of the arrangement system of biforked pendants, the best result was obtained in the case that the 2nd, 3rd and 4th pendents from the bottom-most was 5%, 9% and 4% longer than that. 2. On the top-view configuration the excessive deformation of head rope and ground rope were observed. In the actual net, 54m long head rope and ground rope were attached to the front fringe of top and bottom panels so that the head rope may be lifted to make the net mouth open highly. But actually the head rope and the ground rope are streamed backward without any lift, and also the netting followed the ropes were deformed until the 2/5 in the whole length of the net. This deformation may be guessed to disturb the entrance of fish school into the net and also caused the net to get caught by obstacles in the sea bed and to be broken largely. 3. Hydrodynamic resistance R of the actual net may be deduced as R(kg)=29.2$\times$103 v1.65. It is also expressed as R(kg)=5.9$\times$d/l$\times$ab v1.65. depending on the formula deduced by Koyama to estimate the resistance of trawl nets, where d/l denote the ratio between diameter of netting twine and length of mesh leg in every part of side panel, a and b, the stretched circumference of the mouth and the stretched length of the net, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.425-432
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• 1998

Purpose: For the purpose of using Re-188 as a therapeutic radionuclide, we performed the quality control of the W-188/Re-188 generator system. Materials and Methods: Several quality control tests of the Re-188 eluate from generator were carried out for about 300 days. After elution of Re-188 with normal saline (20 ml), chromatogram and gamma-ray spectrum of Re-188 eluate were obtained. The presence of aluminum which was derived from the alumina bed of the generator was detected by using aluminum ion indicator kit. Re-188 eluate was allowed to decay for several days, and then W-188 breakthrough in the Re-188 eluate was measured by detecting gamma-ray at 227 keY and 290 keV. The pH and the pyrogenicity of the eluate were checked. The Re-188 bolus was concentrated with ion exchange columns. Results: The radioactivity of Re-188 eluate from the generator was $67.4{\pm}7.0%$ of W-188 during 270 days, and it was highest at third day after previous elution. Radiochemical purity of Re-188 eluate obtained from chromatogram was higher than 99%. Gamma-ray spectrum of Re-188 eluate showed a peak at 155 keV. Aluminum ion and W-188 contamination were not detected. The PH of Re-188 eluate was 3 and the concentration yield was 85%. Conclusion: Our experiments and results on quality control tests of Re-188 eluate from W-188/Re-188 generator may be useful for setting W-188/Re-188 generator in hospitals.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2007

Purpose: It was reported that CT-based measured attenuation correction (CT-MAC) produced radioactivity concentration values significantly higher than $^{68}Ge$-based segmented attenuation correction (Ge-SAC) in PET images. However, it was unknown whether the radioactivity concentration difference resulted from different sources (CT vs. Ge) or types (MAC vs. SAC) of attenuation correction (AC). We evaluated the influences of the source and type of AC on the radioactivity concentration differences between reconstructed PET images in normal subjects and patients. Material and Methods: Five normal subjects and 35 patients with a known or suspected cancer underwent $^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT. In each subject, attenuation corrected PET images using OSEM algorithm (28 subsets, 2 iterations) were reconstructed by 4 methods: CT-MAC, CT-SAC, Ge-MAC, and Ge-SAC. The physiological uptake in normal subjects and pathological uptake in patients were quantitatively compared between the PET images according to the source and type of AC. Results: The SUVs of physiological uptake measured in CT-MAC PET images were significantly higher than other 3 differently corrected PET images. Maximum SUVs of the 145 foci with abnormal FDG uptake in CT-MAC images were significantly highest among 4 differently corrected PET images with a difference of 2.4% to 5.1% (p<0.001). The SUVs of pathological uptake in Ge-MAC images were significantly higher than those in CT-SAC and Ge-MAC PET images (p<0.001). Conclusion: Quantitative radioactivity values were highest in CT-MAC PET images. The adoption of MAC may make a more contribution than the adoption of CT attenuation map to such differences.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.68-81
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• 2001

Herniated lumbar intervertebral disc(H.I.V.D) is the most common reason causing low back pain and leg radiating pain. Objective : The purpose of this report is to observe the effects of oriental medical conservative treatment in the different herniated type. Methods : We investigated 30 patients suffering from low back pain with sciatica which were admitted to Taejon Cheonan O. M. hospital from Nov 1, 2000 to Apr 30, 2001. 30 patients had a diagnosis of herniated lumbar interver tebral disc by Lumbar-C.T and Lumbar-M.R.I. we treated 30 patients by oriental medical conservative treatment (Ex: acupuncture, herb-med, physical theraphy, bed-rest, etc.) Results : 1. The mean hospitalization of patients was 21.1 days. that in the bulging type was l4days, protruded type 21days, mixed type 27days, extruded type 30days. that shows the less herniation of lumbar intervertebral disc, the mean hospitalization was more short. 2. In the distribution of the clinical symptoms admitted at that time, low back pain, leg radiating pain were showed in the all types(29patients, 96.6%). and sensory disorder, muscle powerlessness were showed least in the bulg ing type(0%, 37.5%), but that were showed most in the extruded type(50%,75%). 3. In the result of treatment due to clinical syptoms, bulging type was more execellent than any other other types. 4. The less herniation of lumbar intervertebral disc, angle of straight leg raising test was higher. In the result of treatment due to angle of straight leg raising test, bulging type was more execellent than any other other types. 5. In the distribution of physical. test, positive case in the Peyton sign, Ankle Dorsiflexion were showed least in the bulging type(25%, 12.5%), but that were showed most in the extruded type(100%, 75%). 6. In the result of treatment due to physical.test, bulging type was more exec ellent than any other other types. 7. The efficacy of total treatment was 90%(when we set a standard things more than fair), that in the bulging type was 100%, protruded 92%, mixedtype 80%, extruded type 75%. Bulging type had a more remakable effectsthan any other types. Conclusions : The less herniation of lumbar intervertebral disc, clinical syptoms were slighter, physical. test were better, and efficacy of oriental medical conservative treatme nt was remakable high.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.413-426
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• 2000

The purposes of this study is to examine the degree of dysmenorrhea and self-management of dysmenorrhea in high school girls and to provide basic information for health education. This research is the contents of the characteristics and self-management of dysmenorrhea and thereby serve to provide some theoretical grounds for the health education of high school-girl students. The subjects of this study are the 376 girl students of a high school in Taegu. This study was conducted by collecting data from April 3rd to 7th, 2000. The instruments used for this study by the researcher of this study based on Choi, Myung-Ok's (1992) menstrurational symtom scale (8 items) and factors used to dysmenorrhea scale (5 items). Health locus of control is obtained from a review of references by the researcher, Sin Jae Sin (1985) translated Multidimensional health Locus of Control scale (18 items) were made by Wallston & Wallston (1976). The collected data was analysed by mean, percent, Chi-squre test, Fisher's Exact Test using the SPSS (v 6.12) and SAS program. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The characteristics of dysmenorrhea were low abdominal pain, fatigue, back pain, headache, muscle pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. 2. The degree of dysmenorrhea was shown 'a few of discomfort experiment': 73%, late, leaving early and absent for school : 4.0%. 3. By means locus of control, internal health locus of control was shown 79.5% and external health locus of control was shown 20.5%. 4. The self-management of dysmenorrhea was shown 'massaging on the abdomen and bed rest' is 31.9%, 'tolerance' is 53.5%. 5. When the characteristics of dysmenorrhea was compared with demographics, low abdominal pain was significant of the number of siblings (p<.05), the family history (mother's dysmenorrhea)(p<.01) and back pain was significant of the age, family history, low abdominal pain (p<.05, p<.01, p<.01). 6. There was no significant of the locus of control. When the self-management of dysmenorrhea was compared with demographics, the age was significant (p<.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 2015

Purpose: Deficits of the respiratory chain are reported to be the major cause of Leigh syndrome is said to be the underlying causes. The need for biochemical diagnosis to draw more accurate diagnosis or prognosis to support treatments is rapidly increasing. This study tried to analyze the aspects of clinical characteristics and biochemical diagnosis of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (MRC) defect in Leigh syndrome, using methods of biochemical enzyme assay. Methods: We included total number of 47 patients who satisfied the clinical criteria of Leigh syndrome and confirmed by biochemical diagnosis. All those patients went through muscle biopsy to perform biochemical enzyme assay to analyze MRC enzyme in order to find the underlying cause of Leigh syndrome. Results: MRC I defect was seen in 23 (48.9%) cases taking the first place and MRC IV defect in 15 (31.9%) following it. There were 9 (19.2%) cases of combined MRC defect. Combined cases of type I and IV were detected in 7 (14.9%) patients while type I and V in 2 (4.3%). The onset age of symptom was less than 1 year old in 28 (59.6%). The most common early symptom, observed in 23 (48.9%), was delayed development, but there were other various neurological symptoms observed as well. In regard with the disease progression, 35 (74.5%) patients showed slowly progressive course, the one that progressed continuously but slowly over 2 years of period. As for Maximum motor development, 22 (46.8%) were bed-ridden state, most of them suffering serious delayed development. Patients showed various symptoms with different organs involved, though neuromuscular involvement was most prominent. Delayed development was seen in all cases. Multifocal lesion in brain MRI study was seen in 36 (76.6 %) cases, taking a greater percentage than 11 (23.4%) cases with single lesion. In MR spectroscopy study, the characteristic lactate peak of mitochondrial disease was identified in 20 (42.6%) patients. Conclusions: Further analysis of clinical and biochemical diagnosis on more extended group of patients with Leigh syndrome will enable us to improve diagnostic precision and to understand the natural course of mitochondrial disease.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-66
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• 2009

Purpose: ACR (American College of Radiology) offers variable parameters to PET/CT quality control by using ACR Phantom. ACR Phantom was made to evaluate parameters which are uniformity, attenuation, scatter, contrast and resolution. Manual analysis method wasn't good for the use of QC because values of parameter were changed as it may user and it takes long time to analysis. Ki-Chun Lim, a nuclear scientist in AMC, developed program that automatically analysis values of parameter by using ACR Phantom to overcome above problems. In this study, we evaluated automatic analysis program's usability, through the comparing SUV of each method, reproducibility of SUV when repeated analysis and the time required. Materials and Methods: Using Flangeless Esser PET Phantom, the ideal ratio of 4 : 1 hot cylinder and BKG but it actually showed a ratio of 3.89 to 1 hot cylinder and BKG. SIEMENS Biograph True Point 40 was used in this study. We obtained images using ACR phantom at Fusion WB PET Scan condition (2 min/bed) and 120 kV, 100 mAs CT condition. Using True X method, 3 iterations, 14 subsets, Gaussian filter, FWHM 4 mm and Zoom Factor 1.0, $168{\times}168$ image size. We obtained Max. & Min. SUV and SUV Mean values at Cylinder (8, 12, 16, 25 mm, Air, Bone, Water, BKG) by automatic program and obtained SUV by manual method. After that, we compared manual and automatic method. we estimate the time required from opened the image data to final work sheet was completed. Results: Automatic program always showed same result and same the time required. At 8, 12, 16 and 25 m cylinder, manual method showed 6.69, 3.46, 2.59, 1.24 CV values. The larger cylinder size became, the smaller CV became. In manual method, bone, air, water's CV were over 9.9 except BKG (2.32). Obtained CV of Mean SUV showed BKG was low (0.85) and bone was high (7.52). The time required was 45 second, 882 second respectably. Conclusions: As a result of difference automatic method and manual method, automatic method showed always same result, manual method showed that the smaller hot cylinders became, the lager CV became. Hot cylinders mean region size, the smaller hot cylinder size becomes we had some trouble in doing ROI poison setting. And it means increase in variation of SUV. The Study showed the time required of automatic method was shorten then manual method.