• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2021

우리나라 서해안 및 동해안지역에는 대규모 발전단지가 집중되어 운영 중이며 이 발전단지들의 발전력을 송전하고 있는 765kV 송전선로 2 회선 고장이 발생하는 경우 송전선로의 용량부족으로 인해서 수 GW 규모의 발전력을 불시에 탈락시키도록 보호체계(SPS, Special Protection System)가 운영 중이다. 이 SPS 가 동작하여 대규모 공급능력이 불시에 상실되면 급격한 주파수 하락이 발생하게 되어 저주파수계전기(Under Frequency Relay, UFR)가 동작할 수 있기 때문에 SPS 탈락 발전기의 출력을 상시에 감소시키는 제약비발전(Constraint off)을 시행하고 있다. 이 제약비발전으로 인해 매년 수천억원의 제약비용이 발생하고 있기 때문에 제약을 완화시키기 위한 방안으로 배터리 에너지저장장치(BESS)를 적용하는 사업이 추진되고 있다. 이는 "발전제약완화 에너지저장장치(이하 발전제약완화용 ESS) 사업"으로 불리며 전국 19 개 변전소에 총 1.4GW(2C-Rate)의 에너지저장장치가 설치되는 국내 최대규모의 BESS 사업이다. 향후 송전망 확충에 의해서 발전제약이 해소되는 경우 주파수 조정용, 재생에너지 변동성 완화용 등의 다목적 ESS 로 활용될 계획이다. 본 보고서에서는 발전제약완화 ESS 사업의 기술적 효과를 실효치 기반의 시뮬레이션(PSS/E v33.3)을 통해서 검토하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.210-220
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• 1989

The properties of the powder of Al2O3-15v/o ZrO2(＋3m/o Y2O3) system prepared by co-precipitation method at the pH values of 7, 9, 10 and 11 were investigated. Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, ZrOCl2.8H2O and YCl3.6H2O were used as starting materials and NH4OH as a precipitation agent. Zirconium hydroxide decreased the specific surface area of aluminum hydroxide of AlOOH type, while increased the specific surface area of aluminum hydroxide of Al(OH)3 type, and formed co-network structure of Al-O-Zr type with the aluminum hydroxides. The rate of transition to $\alpha$-Al2O3 from co-precipitated materials occurred in the order of 7≒10, 9 and 11 of pH values. Al2O3 and ZrO2 interacted to bring about coupled grain growth, and the growth of ZrO2 crystallite size rapidly occurred within $\theta$-Al2O3 matrix. Segregation did not occur in the system Al2O3-15v/o ZrO2(＋3m/o Y2O3) and Y2O3 acted as a stabilizer to ZrO2. The lattice strain of tetragonal ZrO2 was increased by the constraint effect of Al2O3 matrix.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권7호
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• pp.1579-1586
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• 2020

Dissimilar metal joints (DMJs) are more common in the application of piping system of many industries. A 2- D and 3-D finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out on dissimilar metal Single Edged Notch Bending (DMSENB) specimens fabricated from ferritic steel, austenitic steel and Inconel - 182 alloy to study the behavior of DMJs with constraints by using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) principles. Studies on DMSENB specimens are conducted with respect to (i) dissimilar metal joint width (DMJW) (geometrical constraints) (5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm and 50 mm) (ii) strength mismatch (material constraints) and (iii) crack lengths (16 mm, 20 mm and 24 mm) to study the DMJ behavior. From the FEA investigation, it is observed that (i) SIF increases with increase of crack length and DMJWs (ii) significant constraint effect (geometry, crack tip and strength mismatch) is observed for DMJWs of 5 mm and 10 mm (iii) stress distribution at the interfaces of DMSENB specimen exhibits clear indication of strength mismatch (iv) 3-D FEA yields realistic behavior (v) constraint effect is found to be significant if DMJW is less than 20 mm and the ratio of specimen length to the DMJW is greater than 7.4.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.1269-1284
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• 2022

This paper is concerned with the following Schrödinger-Poisson system $$\{\begin{array}{lll}-{\Delta}u+V(x)u+K(x){\phi}u=a(x){\mid}u{\mid}^{p-2}u&&\text{ in }{\mathbb{R}}^3,\\-{\Delta}{\phi}=K(x)u^2&&\text{ in }{\mathbb{R}}^3,\end{array}$$ where 4 < p < 6. For the case that K is nonnegative, V and a are indefinite, we prove the above problem possesses one ground state sign-changing solution with exactly two nodal domains by constraint variational method and quantitative deformation lemma. Moreover, we show that the energy of sign-changing solutions is larger than that of the ground state solutions. The novelty of this paper is that the potential a is indefinite and allowed to vanish at infinity. In this sense, we complement the existing results obtained by Batista and Furtado [5].

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.190-196
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• 1993

Internal high speed grinding under several high grinding wheel speed condition has been performed in this study for the effects have analyzed and compared with the grinding power, grinding tangential force and accuracy of surface with the carbon tool steel(SK3). The following results have been obtained: (1) Under the workpiece speed constant condition, increasing the grinding speed, the tangential force is decreased, and on the contrary, accuracy of surface is improved. (2) Under the speed ratio (V$_{w}$/V$_{s}$) contant condition it is possible to increase the high machining efficiency constraint to tangential grinding force constant.ant.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.1181-1209
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• 2021

In the present paper, we are concerned with the existence of ground state sign-changing solutions for the following Schrödinger-Poisson-Kirchhoff system $$\;\{\begin{array}{lll}-(1+b{\normalsize\displaystyle\smashmargin{2}{\int\nolimits_{{\mathbb{R}}^3}}}{\mid}{\nabla}u{\mid}^2dx){\Delta}u+V(x)u+k(x){\phi}u={\lambda}f(x)u+{\mid}u{\mid}^4u,&&\text{in }{\mathbb{R}}^3,\\-{\Delta}{\phi}=k(x)u^2,&&\text{in }{\mathbb{R}}^3,\end{array}$$ where b > 0, V (x), k(x) and f(x) are positive continuous smooth functions; 0 < λ < λ₁ and λ₁ is the first eigenvalue of the problem -∆u + V(x)u = λf(x)u in H. With the help of the constraint variational method, we obtain that the Schrödinger-Poisson-Kirchhoff type system possesses at least one ground state sign-changing solution for all b > 0 and 0 < λ < λ₁. Moreover, we prove that its energy is strictly larger than twice that of the ground state solutions of Nehari type.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.121-142
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• 2009

The paper deals with the applications of spectral finite element method to the dynamic analysis of framed foundations supporting high speed machines. Comparative performance of approximate dynamic stiffness methods formulated using static stiffness and lumped or consistent or average mass matrices with the exact spectral finite element for a three dimensional Euler-Bernoulli beam element is presented. The convergence of response computed using mode superposition method with the appropriate dynamic stiffness method as the number of modes increase is illustrated. Frequency proportional discretisation level required for mode superposition and approximate dynamic stiffness methods is outlined. It is reiterated that the results of exact dynamic stiffness method are invariant with reference to the discretisation level. The Eigen-frequencies of the system are evaluated using William-Wittrick algorithm and Sturm number generation in the $LDL^T$ decomposition of the real part of the dynamic stiffness matrix, as they cannot be explicitly evaluated. Major's method for dynamic analysis of machine supporting structures is modified and the plane frames are replaced with springs of exact dynamic stiffness and dynamically flexible longitudinal frames. Results of the analysis are compared with exact values. The possible simplifications that could be introduced for a typical machine induced excitation on a framed structure are illustrated and the developed program is modified to account for dynamic constraint equations with a master slave degree of freedom (DOF) option.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2023

Background: In the process of discussion on the possibility of using radionuclide-contaminated soil and debris generated by radiation disasters, a strategy for the proper management of radiation exposure protection while considering the source of the contaminated materials is necessary. Materials and Methods: The radiological protection criteria that are likely to be applied to the source-related approach based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations and the International Atomic Energy Agency safety standards are summarized. We proposed five interpretations of radiation protection to contribute to the promotion of discussion on the possibility of using a part of low-level-radionuclide-contaminated soil and debris in the post-accident rehabilitation. Interpretations I to III are based on the idea of "using a reference level to protect the public in post-accident rehabilitation," whereas IV and V are based on the idea of "using the dose constraint to protect the public in the post-accident rehabilitation when the sources are handled in a planned activity." The former idea is subdivided into three based on the definition of the source, which is managed by the reference level, and the latter idea is divided into two depending on whether or not additional dose from using contaminated materials is deemed acceptable. Results and Discussion: To confirm the applicability of the five interpretations presented, we suggested the concrete values of protection criteria via two feasible cases. In this case study, we proposed radiation protection by the dose constraint based on the Interpretation IV and chose 1 mSv/yr for the public and 20 mSv/yr for workers dealing with radionuclide-contaminated materials. Conclusion: We concretely and systematically demonstrated how the concept of radiation protection can be applied to the process of discussion on the possibility of using radionuclide-contaminated materials within the framework of an international system of protection. This study's findings can provide necessary information to discuss the possibility of using radionuclide-contaminated materials as an alternative option for recovery and reconstruction after a radiation disaster from the viewpoint of radiation protection.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.371-378
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• 2010

For the biodiesel fuel production from microalgae, the lipid from wet and dry samples of green algae Scenedesmus sp. was extracted by using various solvents and pre-treatment methods. Extraction yield of the lyophilized sample was better than that of dry sample. Chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) and ultrasonication or homogenization method were also selected as the most effective solvent and pre-treatment methods for lipid extraction, respectively. Under these constraint conditions, optimization experiment of lipid extraction was investigated by Taguchi approach using orthogonal matrix $L_9$ ($3^4$) method. The optimum extraction conditions of lipid extraction was obtained at pre-treatment of homogenization, extraction time of 5 hour, temperature of $35^{\circ}C$, and solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v). Yield of extraction at optimized condition was 20.55% and it was 96% of total lipid content (21.38%) of Scenedesmus sp.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1987년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(한일합동학술편); 한국과학기술대학, 충남; 16-17 Oct. 1987
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• pp.857-862
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• 1987

Given a network with k specified vertices bi called centers, a cardinality constrained cover is a family {Bi} of k subsets covering the vertex set of a network, such that each subset Bi corresponds to and contains center bi, and satisfies a given cardinality constraint. A set of cardinality constrained overlapping territories is a cardinality constrained cover such that the total sum of T(B$_{i}$) for all subsets is minimum among all cardinality constrained covers, where T(B$_{i}$) is the summation of the shortest path lengths from center bi to every vertex in B$_{I}$. This paper considers a problem of finding a set of cardinality constrained overlapping territories. and proposes an algorithm for the Problem which has the time and space complexities are O(k$^{3}$$\mid$V$\mid$$^{2}$) and O(k$\mid$V$\mid$+$\mid$E$\mid$), respectively, where V and E are the sets of vertices and edges of a given network, respectively. The concept of overlapping territories has a possibility to be applied to a job assignment problem.oblem.