• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.101-111
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• 2013

In this study, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) was carried out on the four bridges, which have the same extension (L=1,615m), in order to select the most superior, economical method of construction using the LCC concept of each bridge structure in the case of the Ulsan-Pohang double track railway which is scheduled to be constructed. DEA models were analyzed with the CCR model, which was designed for the evaluation of relative efficiency of each model. The initial construction costs, maintenance costs, indirect costs (user costs + indirect loss of social costs), and life cycle costs were used as input variables, and average duration was applied as the output variable. LCC was applied to calculate the input variables, and to get the costs of LCC, 100 years of period and 4.83% of real discount rate were applied, and the costs are classified into initial construction, maintenance, user, and indirect loss of social cost. The analysis results showed that the Method 2 and 3 were evaluated as the most efficient, and the other alternatives were evaluated as the following order; Method 1, the default, and Method 4.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.952-959
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• 2022

Active construction work zones will result in longer travel time and/or longer travel distances for road users because of reduced speed limits and/or detours. This results in increased fuel consumption and increased emissions of harmful gases such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Sulfur Oxides (SOx), which causes discomfort to the environment and road users around the work zone. The impact of such emissions should be considered while designing work zones or determining the number of days the roadway will be allowed to be closed partially or fully. This study develops a methodology to compute additional road user costs associated with such work zones. To achieve this goal, a) an extensive literature review is conducted, b) a framework to compute emission cost is developed, c) emission rates are computed for all counties (95) of the state of Tennessee, and d) a case study is conducted to demonstrate the use of the framework to estimate the additional impact of emission because of the work zone. For the case study conducted, the emission cost was computed to be $10,653.60 for the duration of the project. State DOTs can account for such road user costs while selecting contractors using A+B bidding. Accounting for such impact of emission will also indicate the agency's willingness to consider sustainability as a part of the business practices.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.296-305
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• 2015

Coupled schemes between service-oriented architecture (SOA) and Web 2.0 have recently been researched. Web-based content providers and telecommunications company (Telecom) based Internet protocol television (IPTV) providers have struggled against each other to accommodate more three-screen service subscribers. Since the advent of Web 2.0, more abundant reproduced content can be circulated. However, because according to increasing device's resolution and content formats IPTV providers transcode content in advance, network bandwidth, storage and operation costs for content management systems (CMSs) are wasted. In this paper, we present a user centric CMS for open IPTV, which integrates SOA and Web 2.0. Considering content popularity based on a Zipf-like distribution to solve these problems, we analyze the performance between the user centric CMS and the conventional Web syndication system for normalized costs. Based on the user centric CMS, we implement a social Web TV with device-aware function, which can aggregate, transcode, and deploy content over social networking service independently.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.249-256
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• 1999

This study is intended to propose a systematic procedure for the development of the reliability-based seismic safety and cost-effective Performance criteria for design and upgrading of long span PC bridges. In the paper, a set of cost function models for life cycle cost analysis of bridges is proposed. The total life cycle cost functions consist of initial cost and direct/indirect damage costs considering repair/replacement costs, human losses and property damage costs, road user costs, and indirect regional economic losses. The damage costs are successfully expressed in terms of Park-Ang median global damage indices and damage probabilities. The proposed approach is successfully applied to model bridges in both regions of a moderate seismicity area like Seoul, Korea and a high one like Tokyo, Japan. It may be expected that the proposed approach can be effectively utilized for the development of cost-effective performance criteria for design and upgrading of various types of bridges as well as long span PC bridges.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.5D
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• pp.461-465
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• 2010

The objective of this study is to calculate road user costs that caused by the expansion work of metropolitan arterial highway and to analyze the costs that affect economic feasibility evaluation. "Taerung~Guri IC" section of Bukbu Expressway was selected as a case study. As a result, it shows that these costs could be a factor for determining economic feasibility for some projects. However, decreased capacity and free-flow speed are seriously different as period, type, length and traffic volume of work zones. These factors that decrease traffic capacity and free-flow speed should be deeply researched in the future.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.131-142
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• 2007

The road user cost in indirect costs as well as direct costs such as the inspection/ diagnosis cost and the repair/reinforcement cost should be considered as one of the important items in the life-cycle cost-effective design and maintenance of the bridges. To estimate the road user cost, this paper formulates the road user cost as a sum of the user delay cost and the vehicle operating cost considering the detour effect. A numerical traffic simulation and a regression analysis are performed to develop a regression model due to a time delay. The proposed regression model is applied to the generation of the maintenance strategy based on the life-cycle cost and performance, and its effectiveness and applicability is investigated. The road user cost has a great influence on establishing the maintenance strategy, and the proposed regression model could be successfully utilized to estimate the road user cost of a bridge.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.115-122
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• 2010

The importance of the life cycle cost (LCC) analysis for bridges has been recognized over the last decade. However, it is difficult to predict LCC precisely since the costs occurring throughout the service life of the bridge depend on various parameters such as design, construction, maintenance, and environmental conditions. This paper presents a methodology for the optimal life cycle cost design of a bridge. Total LCC for the service life is calculated as the sum of initial cost, damage cost, maintenance cost, repair and rehabilitation cost, user cost, and disposal cost. The optimization method is applied to design of a bridge structure with minimal cost, in which the objective function is set to LCC and constraints are formulated on the basis of Korean Bridge Design Code. Initial cost is calculated based on standard costs of the Korea Construction Price Index and damage cost on damage probabilities to consider the uncertainty of load and resistance. Repair and rehabilitation cost is determined using load carrying capacity curves and user cost includes traffic operation costs and time delay costs. The optimal life cycle cost design of a bridge is performed and the effects of parameters are investigated.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.189-199
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• 2002

This study is intended to propose a systematic procedure for the development of the conditional assessment based on the safety of structures and the cost effective performance criteria for designing and upgrading of bridge structures. As a result, a set of cost function models for a life cycle cost analysis of bridge structures is proposed and thus the expected total life cycle costs (ETLCC) including initial (design, testing and construction) costs and direct/indirect damage costs considering repair and replacement costs, human losses and property damage costs, road user costs, and indirect regional economic losses costs. Also, the optimum safety indices are presented based on the expected total cost minimization function using only three parameters of the failure cost to the initial cost (${\tau}$), the extent of increased initial cost by improvement of safety (${\nu}$) and the order of an initial cost function (n). Through the enough numerical invetigations, we can positively conclude that the proposed optimum design procedure for bridge structures based on the ETLCC will lead to more rational, economical and safer design.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.132-141
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• 2015

Smart television(TV) is replacing the traditional television model and the importance of user experience(UX) is rising. User experience evaluates the emotion state of users such as immersion, pleasure, and interest. User experience together with usability is a principle to be considered as for designing a smart television. It contributes to improve user satisfaction and lead to the long-term purchase. User experience is more difficult to measure than usability, because UX evaluation requires to biological and psychological techniques. However, the disadvantages of these physiological and psychological techniques require high experimental costs and the restriction of experimental environment. The objective of this paper is first to review conventional methods regarding UX evaluation and suggests a new method for measuring the UX of smart TV which detects keywords related emotional representation. The text is acquired from purchase postscripts of smart TV in the Internet shopping malls. This method costs less than the questionnaire survey to detect emotion.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.47
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• pp.185-212
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• 2010

This study aims to derive practical suggestions to apply application methods by auxiliary costs, especially application of logistics and customs clearance areas in order to establish EPS support system of auxiliary cost occurred from export/import. For the propose, this study has analyzed types and situation of auxiliary costs, application method by auxiliary costs, payment situation of logistics auxiliary costs and clearance auxiliary costs and suggested the relevant problems and their application methods. Especially, in case of logistics auxiliary costs through connection to the attached general documents required for negotiation by reflecting characteristics of B2B transactions. In addition, it has suggested that those services by the said system should be conveniently used commonly by the export companies and logistics companies through provision of various payment measures, support of foreign currency payment, etc. and security of reliability/system stability, etc. for the compatible payment with other systems as the prerequisite for the successful settlement of the auxiliary costs EPS. It is expected that satisfaction of the uTradeHub users such as export/import companies and logistics companies will be increased, user-oriented customized information services such as raw cost prediction service through calculation of auxiliary costs could be available in the future and efficiency of work processes related to auxiliary costs will be increased, by providing the EPS through various single window based payment measures through establishment of the export/import auxiliary costs payment system.