• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.64-78
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• 2019

This paper explores key factors affecting taxi travel using global positioning system(GPS) data in Seoul, Korea, considering spatial dependence. We first analyzed the travel characteristics of taxis such as average travel time, average travel distance, and spatial distribution of taxi trips according to the time of the day and the day of the week. As a result, it is found that the most taxi trips were generated during the morning peak time (8 a.m. to 9 a.m.) and after the midnight (until 1 a.m.) on weekdays. The average travel distance and travel time for taxi trips were 5.9 km and 13 minutes, respectively. This implies that taxis are mainly used for short-distance travel and as an alternative to public transit after midnight in a large city. In addition, we identified that taxi trips were spatially correlated at the traffic analysis zone(TAZ) level through the Moran's I test. Thus, spatial regression models (spatial-lagged and spatial-error models) for taxi trips were developed, accounting for socio-demographics (such as the number of households, the number of elderly people, female ratio to the total population, and the number of vehicles), transportation services (such as the number of subway stations and bus stops), and land-use characteristics (such as population density, employment density, and residential areas) as explanatory variables. The model results indicate that these variables are significantly associated with taxi trips.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2021

Background: E-cigarettes are steadily gaining popularity in Korea. However, the characteristics of e-cigarette smokers, especially nicotine dependence and stress susceptibility, have not been evaluated in comparison to those of nonsmokers or combustible cigarette smokers in Korea. Methods: In this study, 28,059 participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2017) were classified into the following three groups: non-smokers, smokers (current smokers and ex-smokers of combustible cigarettes only), and e-smokers (current smokers and ex-smokers of e-cigarettes regardless of combustible cigarette use). Results: Among the participants, 16,980 (60.5%), 9,247 (33.0%), and 1,832 (6.4%) subjects were non-smokers, smokers, and e-smokers, respectively. E-smokers were younger, more educated, and had a higher household income than non-smokers or smokers. The number of e-smokers who smoked within 5 minutes of waking up (31.5% vs. 19.8%, p<0.001) and who planned to quit smoking within 6 months (39.1% vs. 35.7%, p<0.05) was greater than that of smokers. E-smokers perceived stress as "very much" (7.0% vs. 4.4%, p<0.001) and "a lot" (29.1% vs. 20.5%, p<0.001) compared to non-smokers. Suicidal ideation (6.5% vs. 4.7%, p<0.001), plans (2.4% vs. 1.3%, p<0.001), and attempts (1.1% vs. 0.5%, p<0.001) were higher in e-smokers than in non-smokers. Depressive episodes in 1 year (14.2% vs. 11.4%, p<0.05) and suicidal plans (2.4% vs. 1.8%, p<0.05) were more frequent among e-smokers than among smokers. Conclusion: E-smokers were younger, more educated, and had a higher income, but they were more dependent on nicotine and susceptible to stress than non-smokers and smokers. Smoking cessation counseling should be tailored according to the characteristics of e-smokers.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.24-33
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• 2019

Background: Spontaneous use of the upper extremities on the affected side of patients with stroke is a meaningful indicator of recovery and may vary by the age or dominant hand of patients. No prior study has reported changes in actual amount of use test (AAUT) and motor activity log (MAL)-28 according to age and handedness in healthy adults, and AAUT inter-rater reliability for assessment of healthy adults. Objects: This study aimed to (1) research the differences in AAUT and MAL-28 according to age and handedness in healthy adults, and (2) determine the inter-rater reliability of the AAUT. Methods: Seventy healthy adults participated in this study. The MAL-28 was assessed by dividing 61 subjects into young right-handed ($n_1=20$), young left-handed ($n_2=21$), and older right-handed ($n_3=20$) groups. The AAUT was assessed by dividing 63 subjects into young right-handed ($n_1=25$), young left-handed ($n_2=18$), and older right-handed ($n_3=20$) groups. Student's t-test and the Wilcoxon signedrank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The Amount of Use (AOU) scale values for each group showed no significant differences between age groups and handedness groups in the MAL-28 (p>.05). The AAUT AOU scale value showed significant differences regarding dominant handedness in the AAUT (p<.05), but no significant differences according to age (p>.05). (2) Inter-rater reliability of the AAUT was excellent, except few items (item 9, 11, and 12). Conclusion: Although both the MAL-28 and the AAUT measured how much participants used their dominant arms in healthy subjects, the AAUT only showed significantly higher dominant arm use in left hander than the right hander. In addition, the inter-rater reliability of the AAUT was excellent. Current results can be utilized as a basic information when clinicians develop rehabilitation strategies, and AAUT was shown to be a reliable evaluation tool for measurement of upper extremity use in Korean adults, based on the reliability demonstrated by this study.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.277-291
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was undertaken to identify the alcohol drinking status of industrial workers, their health care practice, and dietary behavior, as well as their nutrient intake. Methods: In July 2019, 220 male subjects working in the Chungnam area were enrolled in the study. Their alcohol drinking status was evaluated by applying the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification-K (AUDIT-K) system. Demographic characteristics, status of health care practice, and dietary behaviors were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire; nutrient intakes were analyzed using 24-hour recalls. Data were analyzed by applying χ²-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, and Pearson's correlation analysis with SPSS v. 25.0. Results: Workers were classified by their alcohol drinking status as 'normal' (84, 38.2%), 'problem drinker' (45, 20.5%), 'alcohol dependence I' (60, 27.3%), and 'alcohol dependence II' (31, 16.0%). The alcohol drinking status showed significant differences with age (p < 0.05), monthly income (p < 0.05), smoking status (p < 0.05), and need for weight control (p < 0.05). Moreover, increased alcohol intake resulted in significantly decreased levels of health care practice and dietary behaviors (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). The energy intake was highest in the 'alcohol dependence I' group, followed by 'alcohol dependence II', 'problem drinker', and 'normal drinker' (p < 0.05). Intakes of vitamin E, vitamin C, and niacin in the 'alcohol dependence I' group were found to be higher than the other groups (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was obtained between alcohol drinking status, health care practice, and dietary behaviors, whereas a positive correlation was determined between alcohol drinking status, energy and water intakes. Conclusion: Considering these results, we conclude the necessity to consider nutritional and alcoholic education programs for improving the quality of work life of industrial workers, based on their alcohol drinking status.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4619-4628
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between alcohol use and drinking problems among college students. Data were collected by structured questionnaires from 400 college students by convenient sampling methods from September 26 to October 14, 2011. Data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 15.0 program. The results were as follows: According to the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), subjects were classified into four groups such as 40.2% of no problem, 36.7% of drinking problem, 6.8% of high risk drinking problem and 16.3% of alcohol dependence. The alcohol use and drinking problems were significant difference for gender, age, type of residence, age of first drinking, cause of drinking, frequency and amount of drinking. The alcohol use was correlated with drinking problems: social function impairment(r=.601, p<.01), behavior problem(r=.579, p<.01), family and interpersonal impairment(r=.637, p<.01). The influencing factors of drinking problems were alcohol use(${\beta}$=.640, p=.000). This study concludes that it is necessary to establish alcohol use policies on campus and develop temperance education program to reduce alcohol consumption and drinking problems.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2004

The technology of $C_{60}$ fullerite films preparation by means of gas-phase deposition and structure of fullerite films are described. A three-channel flow plant was used to obtain fullerite films. The films were deposited in the flow of inert gas under reduced pressure onto a cooled silicon or sapphire substrate placed inside the reaction chamber of the plant. The plant allows one to obtain the films of pure fullerenes and to synthesise the films from fullerene compounds and doped fullerenes. The structure of two types of films were investigated by FE-SEM and SEM techniques: pure fullerite films onto silicon and sapphire substrates as well as compound films were studied by FE-SEM technique. All samples have shown columnar structure with high level of porosity. The synthesis of films composed of fullerene and its compounds for use in electronics is demonstrated to be promising. For example, experiments confirm the possibility to use fullerite films in sensor electronics to produce humidity and thermal sensors. It is also possible to use the sensitivity of these films to isotropic pressure. The experiments with $C_{60}$-Cu-J films have shown quite strong dependence of their resistance on pressure of different sort of medium-gas that could be used in gas-sensitive sensors. The structure and preparation technology of resistive sensor based on fullerite films are described.bed.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.523-532
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• 2013

This study investigates risk reduction behavior with risk perception in outdoor wear purchase situations. Data were collected via a questionnaire from 400 consumers between the ages of 20 to 50 residing in Seoul and Kyonggi-do. Data analysis were conducted with SPSS 20 program on the reliability test, factor analysis, cluster analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple range test. Factor analyses were employed for the participation motivation of mountain climbing activities, risk reduction behavior and risk perception. Five factors were for the participation motivation of mountain climbing activities (health and fitness, external ostentation, achievement and excitement, improvement of climbing skills, and society). Five factors were for risk perception (fashionability loss and social risk, time and convenience loss, economic risk, performance risk, and psychological risk). Five factors were for the risk reduction behavior (interpersonal information sources use, marketer-dominated information sources use, professional information sources use, pre-purchase deliberation/observation/experience, and brand dependence). Three clusters were identified based on the motivation of outdoor activities (the affiliation/display, the health/internal informativeness and low motivation). The participation motivation for mountain climbing activities were varied. Manufacturers should increase efforts to develop products with good qualities at a reasonable cost as well as establish new marketing strategies since the risk of product performance and economic efficiency in the purchase of outdoor wear was a significant consumer perception.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 2014

Objectives : Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is often comorbid with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other psychiatric illnesses. When associated with other mental problems, the prognosis of the AUD can be more serious. This study shows research on the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics according to whether or not ADHD symptoms and AUD were comorbid. Methods : A total of 64 adult inpatients who completed AUD scales about adult ADHD, alcohol dependence, depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness. They also completed neuropsychological tests about attention and executive function. According to the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale score, patients were categorized into two groups (ADHD symptom positive/negative group). Results : Fourteen among the 64 subjects were part of the ADHD symptom positive group (21.9%). They had statistically significant shorter abstinence periods and a higher rate of history of 'rule violation during school' and 'physical damage in childhood' compared to the ADHD symptom negative group. Conclusion : The comorbidity rate with ADHD symptom in adult AUD is higher than the general population. The ADHD symptom positive group suffered from more severe and refractory AUD. Considering the more frequent history of rule violation during school in the ADHD symptom positive group, the association between ADHD and AUD may be mediated by conduct disorder. Therefore we suggest the necessity of careful evaluation and intervention in children and adolescents with ADHD and conduct disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.209-234
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to verify effects between the place attachment and the place value in public libraries; and also to identify whether frequency and purpose of usage, length of residence, and website use play a moderating role in the influential relationship between users' place attachment and the perception of place value for public libraries. Users' place dependence affected the library's value positively(+) due to moderating effect of usage frequency of the library and the users' length of residence. In order to estimate the moderating effect by purpose of use, the groups were divided by purpose of library use and the relationship between place attachment and place value by groups were analyzed. However, website usage bore no effect on users' place attachment or perception of place value to their local library. This study showed that place attachment as an affective indicator on users is very useful variable to explain the value of libraries as a social and cultural place.

• Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.240-248
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• 2018

Objective Determine differences between faculty, residents, and nurses regarding night shift preparation, performance, recovery, and perception of emotional and physical health effects. Methods Survey study performed at an urban university medical center emergency department with an accredited residency program in emergency medicine. Results Forty-seven faculty, 37 residents, and 90 nurses completed the survey. There was no difference in use of physical sleep aids between groups, except nurses utilized blackout curtains more (69%) than residents (60%) and faculty (45%). Bedroom temperature preference was similar. The routine use of pharmacologic sleep aids differed: nurses and residents (both 38%) compared to faculty (13%). Residents routinely used melatonin more (79%) than did faculty (33%) and nurses (38%). Faculty preferred not to eat (45%), whereas residents (24%) preferred a full meal. The majority (>72%) in all groups drank coffee before their night shift and reported feeling tired despite their routine, with 4:00 a.m. as median nadir. Faculty reported a higher rate (41%) of falling asleep while driving compared to residents (14%) and nurses (32%), but the accident rate (3% to 6%) did not differ significantly. All had similar opinions regarding night shift-associated health effects. However, faculty reported lower level of satisfaction working night shifts, whereas nurses agreed less than the other groups regarding increased risk of drug and alcohol dependence. Conclusion Faculty, residents, and nurses shared many characteristics. Faculty tended to not use pharmacologic sleep aids, not eat before their shift, fall asleep at a higher rate while driving home, and enjoy night shift work less.