• 한국정보과학회 언어공학연구회:학술대회논문집(한글 및 한국어 정보처리)
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• 한국정보과학회언어공학연구회 1991년도 제3회 한글 및 한국어정보처리 학술대회
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• pp.196-208
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• 1991

This study focused on the role of prefabricated speech (routines and patterns) in the L2 acquisition process. The data for this study consisted of spontaneous speech samples and various observational records of three Korean children learning English as L2 in a nursery school. The specific questions addressed here were: (1) What routines, patterns, and creative constructions did the children use? (2) What was the general trend in the three children's use of routines, patterns, and creative constructions over time? The data were collected over a period of one school year by observing the children in their school. The findings were discussed from the perspective of human information processing. This study found that prefabricated speech played a significant role in the three children's L2 acquisition. The automatic processing of prefabricated speech appeared to enable the children to reduce the burden on their information processing systems, which allowed the saved resources available for other language development activities. Also, the children's language development was evident in their increase in the use of patterns. The children were moving from heavy dependence on wholly unanalyzed routines to increased use of partly unanalyzed patterns. This increased control was the result of an increase in procedural knowledge.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with quitting smoking in Indonesia Methods: Data on 11 115 individuals from the fifth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey were analyzed. Quitting smoking was the main outcome, defined as smoking status based on the answer to the question "do you still habitually (smoke cigarettes/smoke a pipe/use chewing tobacco) or have you totally quit?" Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with successful attempts to quit smoking. Results: The prevalence of quitting smoking was 12.3%. The odds of successfully quitting smoking were higher among smokers who were female (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.08 to 3.33), were divorced (aOR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.82 to 3.29), did not chew tobacco (aOR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.79 to 5.08), found it difficult to sacrifice smoking at other times than in the morning (aOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.46), and not smoke when sick (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.54). About 59% of variance in successful attempts to quit smoking could be explained using a model consisting of those variables. Conclusions: Female sex, being divorced, not chewing tobacco, and nicotine dependence increased the odds of quitting smoking and were associated with quitting smoking successfully. Regular and integrated attempts to quit smoking based on individuals' internal characteristics, tobacco use activity, and smoking behavior are needed to quit smoking.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.623-632
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• 2018

In [7, 8] they introduced a new finite element method for accurate numerical solutions of Poisson equations with corner singularities. They consider the Poisson equations with homogeneous boundary conditions, compute the finite element solutions using standard FEM and use the extraction formula to compute the stress intensity factor(s), then they posed new PDE with a regular solution by imposing the nonhomogeneous boundary condition using the computed stress intensity factor(s), which converges with optimal speed. From the solution they could get an accurate solution just by adding the singular part. Their algorithm involves an iteration and the iteration number depends on the acuracy of stress intensity factors, which is usually obtained by extraction formula which use the finite element solutions computed by standard Finite Element Method. In this paper we investigate the dependence of the iteration number on the convergence of stress intensity factors and give a way to reduce the iteration number, together with some numerical experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.1017-1025
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• 2015

In mathematical statistics education, we can use mutual information as a tool for evaluating the degree of dependency between two random variables. The ordinary correlation coefficient provides information only on linear dependency, not on nonlinear relationship between two random variables if any. In this paper as a measure of the degree of dependency between random variables, we suggest the use of symmetric uncertainty and ${\lambda}$ which are defined in terms of mutual information. They can be also considered as generalized correlation coefficients for both linear and non-linear dependence of random variables.

• 한국IT서비스학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국IT서비스학회 2008년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.337-340
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• 2008

To take the re-use of software, we need to study the efficient integration method of source programs. When the source programs are merged, it is required the steps of verification for any non-interference on non-identical parts of them. The traditional techniques of the program integration verify non-interference of source programs through the simple comparison of statements of source programs. We propose the efficient integration method using data flow analysis in the programs. A study comparing test results from the traditional method and the proposed method has found that the proposed method is more efficient than the traditional method.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.71-83
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• 1997

In recent years, various kinds of organic photoreceptors have been used for copy machines based on electrophotography. Most of them are constructed into layered devices in which a photogeneration layer is separated from a charge transport layer. They are usually used with application of negative charges. Organic pigment have received considerable attention with phthalocyanine, squaraine, and azo compounds being used to construct zerograpgic photoreceptors with enhanced long wavelength sensitivity, residual potential and zerograpgic gain of squaraine photoconductor were measured from the photoinduced discharge curve. Most of synthesized squaraine derivative couldn`t use for CGM(charge generation material), but it knew that a part of one was able to use it within the possibility. A few appliance is used it know about dependence on CTM(charge transport material) of squaraine derivative. It could know that experiment`s result is 2.5-bis(4-N-N`-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(OXD) is the bestproduct.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.5-9
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• 2000

Several nonpharmacological treatment methods of insomnia and their effects were reviewed. A long-term use of most hypnotics may produce tolerance, dependence, cognitive and psychomotor impairments at daytime, shallow sleep, and rebound insomnia on drug withdrawal. To reduce hypnotic abuse, nonpharmacological strategies have been developed to correct disordered behavioral and cognitive factors. These treatments aim at modifying maladaptive sleep habits, lowering physiological and cognitive arousal levels, and correcting dysfuctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep. These non-pharmacological or cognitive behavior treatments include stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation training, sleep hygiene education, cognitive therapy, and light therapy. Among them the stimulus control therapy has been demonstrated most effective as a single treatment or in combination with other treatments. Through nonpharmacological treatments, sleep latency was most significantly reduced and wake time after sleep onset was also reduced. About 50% of insomniacs reported clinical improvements in terms of nearly normalized sleep latency, awakening time, sleep efficiency, and reduction of hypnotic use. Compared to the hypnotic therapy, nonpharmacological treatments are more cost-effective and more readily accepted by patients, and their effects last longer.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.992-997
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• 2003

Aspherical lens design method named ray reverse tracing method is introduced. Differently from the traditional design method, the ray reverse tracing method traces the shape and location of a real object by use of its virtual image. From the result, it was convinced that spherical aberration free aspherical lens could be designed by use of the ray reverse tracing method. Furthermore, it could reduce the degree of dependence of optical characteristics on designer's ability, because deformation terms and optimization can be eliminated, which has been performed in conventional lens design process.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.293-304
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• 2016

The diagrid structural system for constructing tall buildings is a recent invention. Debuting in 2004 with the construction of the Swiss Re Tower in London, this aesthetically driven structural system has centered the perfecting of its technology on the development of the nodes that form its innovative deviation from standard steel tall framing methods. The paper examines variations in node design, understanding the linked dependence the modularity and the choice to expose the steel in the building, as well as on advances in digital modelling that allow an increasingly seamless line of communication from the engineering design through to the actual fabrication of the nodes. This advanced design and fabrication technology will be seen to have resulted in the expanded use of the technical term "node" to inform the design and construction of a range of other applications in the structuring of tall buildings, including the use of steel castings.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.523-544
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• 2018

Bivariate distributions play a fundamental role in survival and reliability studies. We consider a regression model for bivariate survival times under right-censored based on the bivariate Kumaraswamy Weibull (Cordeiro et al., Journal of the Franklin Institute, 347, 1399-1429, 2010) distribution to model the dependence of bivariate survival data. We describe some structural properties of the marginal distributions. The method of maximum likelihood and a Bayesian procedure are adopted to estimate the model parameters. We use diagnostic measures based on the local influence and Bayesian case influence diagnostics to detect influential observations in the new model. We also show that the estimates in the bivariate Kumaraswamy Weibull regression model are robust to deal with the presence of outliers in the data. In addition, we use some measures of goodness-of-fit to evaluate the bivariate Kumaraswamy Weibull regression model. The methodology is illustrated by means of a real lifetime data set for kidney patients.