• 제목/요약/키워드: Usage-based Rate

검색결과 411건 처리시간 0.026초

도시패턴과 탄소배출량의 관계 분석 (An Analysis of Relationship between Carbon Emission and Urban Spatial Patterns)

  • 김인현;오규식;정승현
    • Spatial Information Research
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    • 제19권1호
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    • pp.61-72
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    • 2011
  • 전 지구적 기후변화인 지구온난화의 주원인으로 지목되고 있는 온실가스는 공간적으로 주로 도시에서 발생하고 있기 때문에 도시차원에서의 대책이 무엇보다 필요하다. 본 연구는 도시형태와 탄소발생량과의 관계를 분석하여 기후변화에 대응한 탄소배출저감형 도시의 형태를 제시하는 것을 궁극적인 목표로 삼고 있다. 이를 위해, 첫째로 도시형태에 대한 이론고찰을 수행하여 도시공간의 물리적 규모, 이용현황, 활동강도와 관련된 도시형태요소를 선정하였다. 둘째, 서울시를 사례로 전력, 도시가스, 지역난방, 석유, 상수도 사용량 자료를 이용하여 이산화탄소 배출량 지도를 작성하였다. 셋째, 이산화탄소 배출량과 도시형태요소와의 관계를 분석하여 도시공간에서 에너지 사용량에 영향을 주는 도시형태를 밝혀내고, 도시계획 측면에서의 시사점을 도출하였다. 본 연구에서 도시형태 요소와 이산화탄소 배출량간의 관계를 분석한 결과는 실제 에너지 사용량에 기반하여 이산화탄소 배출량을 산정하여 활용하였다는 점에서 기존 연구가 지닌 한계를 극복하고, 사례분석을 통해 구체적이고도 결과를 도출하였다는데 그 의의가 있다.

대학도서관 전자책 서비스 이용자 만족도에 관한 연구 (A Study on User Satisfaction with e-Book Services in University Libraries)

  • 남영준;최성은
    • 한국문헌정보학회지
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    • 제45권1호
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    • pp.287-310
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    • 2011
  • 이 연구는 우리나라 대학생 집단을 대상으로 대학도서관 전자책 서비스 만족도를 조사하였다. 전자책 이용에 대한 현황을 파악하고자 이용행태를 조사하였고, 전자책 이용행태와 전자책 서비스품질차원에 따른 만족도를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 대학도서관 전자책 서비스에 대한 전반적인 만족도는 평균 2.93으로 보통인 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 이용빈도가 높은 이용자일수록 만족도가 높았고, 저학년 집단에 비해 고학년 집단과 대학원집단이 전자책서비스에 대한 전반적인 만족도에서 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 만족도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 전자책서비스품질차원은 콘텐츠이며, 도서관 지원서비스, 시스템 순으로 영향을 미쳤다. 이상의 분석결과를 토대로 향후 전자책에 기반한 대학도서관 서비스를 활성화하기 위해서는 도서관 홍보를 비롯하여 이용자 교육의 강화, 콘텐츠의 다양성과 최신성을 유지할 것을 제안하였다.

전남 여수 산단에 근무하는 일부 남자근로자들의 주관적 건강상태 및 건강증진제 섭취 실태에 관한 연구 (An Investigation of the Intake of the Health Improving Agents and Health Status by Male Workers in Chonnam Yeosu Industrial Area)

  • 이혜경;정복미
    • 대한지역사회영양학회지
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    • 제12권5호
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    • pp.569-582
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    • 2007
  • This study was carried out to examine information regarding usage of health improving agents and health status of male workers in the Chonnam Yeosu industrial area. We obtained data by means of a questionnaire from 329 men. Of the subjects 44.7% were in their forties, high school education was 43.0%, married was 83.0% and $1,500{\sim}3,000$ thousand won in monthly income was 35.8%. Average height and weight of the subjects was $171.8{\pm}5.4 cm$ and $70.5{\pm}8.1 kg$. Average BMI was $23.8{\pm}2.2$. Drinking rate of respondents was 85.5%, the drinking rate of daily workers was significantly higher than rotation workers (p < 0.05). Rotation workers exercised more regularly than daily workers (p < 0.001). Subjective symptoms of the subjects always had eye problems (11.7%), shoulder aches (5.8%), ache in one's empty stomach (4.7%) in decreasing order. 21.4% of the subjects had a disease, and liver disease was the highest in the subjects; the second was cardio-vascular disease. Interval of health food intake was highly irregular (62.7% of respondents), and keeping healthy was the main motivation fur the usage of health foods. Health improving agents included oriental medicine, animal protein based restorative foods, nutrition supplements, health supplements, and natural foods. 33.3% of the subjects took health supplements, nutrition supplements (29.1%), oriental medicine (20.6%), natural foods (16.7%) and animal protein based restorative foods (3.9%), in respective order. Health improving agents were consumed higher in liver disease than other diseases. This study suggests that nutritional education and monitoring should be implemented for industrial workers to prevent life-habit diseases and to keep proper self-management of health status under special environments.

Electricity Energy Savings Evaluation of Inverter DSM Program based on the Measurement and Estimation

  • Kim, Hoi-Cheol;Kim, In-Soo;Park, Jong-Bae;Shin, Joong-Rin
    • KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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    • 제11A권4호
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    • pp.45-50
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    • 2001
  • The impact evaluation of a DSM program is a very important issue since the results are used to determine the sustainability of a program. In general. to estimate the impacts of a DSM program it is required to measure the electricity usage changes before and after a program. Since the measurement-based approaches cost highly, most of the conventional evaluations are based on the average figures. However estimation of the average-based impacts can lead to both distorted results of over/under estimation of kW and kWh savings and non-optimal DSM planning. In this paper, we have developed a new multi-point measurement approach which can evaluate kW and kWh savings of a DSM program more exactly. To do this, the saving rate and operating rate are defined and set as the function of load factor of a customer, and these rates are incorporated with the conventional diffusion function of Bass to project the future impacts of a DSM program. The case study is performed on the inverter program of Korea by using the suggested approach.

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폐목질을 사용한 시멘트보드의 기초적 특성에 관한 실험적 연구 (An Experimental Study on the Basic Properties of Cement Boards of Waste Wood)

  • 황병준;김광기;박희곤;강태경;백민수;정상진
    • 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국건축시공학회 2004년도 학술.기술논문발표회
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    • pp.57-60
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    • 2004
  • Recently. as the alternatives to preserve environment such as effective usage of wastes or unusable resources are drawing attentions, researches and measures for the two tasks, which are reuse of waste wood and development of eco-friendly materials, are being examined and established in various fields. However, they are still insufficient. Therefore, in this study, for the efficient application of waste woods and eco-friendly effects, mortar was produced using sawdust af the waste wood and mineral material cement for combination, in order to produce inorganic boards using waste woods, which were made when sawing. The present study purposed to analyze the physical and dynamic characteristics of woody cement boards, which were made by modifying water-cement ratio for each wood inclusion rate based on a hardening-accelerator inclusion rate set in previous studies and, based on the findings. to provide basic data about the physical properties of inorganic boards made of waste wood, in order to Produce woody cement boards using waste wood, which has problems in being used in the manufacturing of woody cement boards.

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Cognitive Beamforming Based Smart Metering for Coexistence with Wireless Local Area Networks

  • Lee, Keonkook;Chae, Chan-Byoung;Sung, Tae-Kyung;Kang, Joonhyuk
    • Journal of Communications and Networks
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    • 제14권6호
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    • pp.619-628
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    • 2012
  • The ZigBee network has been considered to monitor electricity usage of home appliances in the smart grid network. ZigBee, however, may suffer from a coexistence problem with wireless local area network (WLAN). In this paper, to resolve the coexistence problem between ZigBee network and WLAN, we propose a new protocol constructing a cognitive smart grid network for supporting monitoring of home appliances. In the proposed protocol, home appliances first estimates the transmission timing and channel information of WLAN by reading request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS) frames of WLAN. Next, based on the estimated information, home appliances transmit a data at the same time as WLAN transmission. To manage the interference between WLAN and smart grid network, we propose a cognitive beamforming algorithm. The beamforming algorithm is designed to guaranteeing zero interference to WLAN while satisfying a required rate for smart metering. We also propose an energy efficient rate adaptation algorithm. By slowing down the transmission rate while satisfying an imperceptible impact of quality of service (QoS) of the receiver, the home appliance can significantly save transmit power. Numerical results show that the proposed multiple antenna technique provides reliable communications for smart metering with reduced power comparing to the simple transmission technique.

풍기지역 식문화 양상에 관한 연구 (A study on dietary culture in Poongki region)

  • 윤숙경
    • 한국식생활문화학회지
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.21-42
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    • 1993
  • To understand the dietary culture in Poongki region which was established as Kamrokchon of a folk community, the transmission pattern of the traditional dietary life was investigated by questionnaire to 383 housewives, and the results are as follows : 1) Daily diet : Among 65 traditional main dishes of 6 areas including Kyungsangdo, D’cokguk of Kyungsangdo was consumed most frequently, 87%. General consumption rate based on origin of food was 33.3% of Kyungsangdo, 21.2% of Chungchongdo, 13.1% of Kangwondo, 11.9% of Hwanghaedo, 1.1% of Pyungando and Hamkyungdo, respectively. Among 243 traditional minor dishes, Doenjangjjigye and Kochuchang of Kyungsangdo were most consumed as rates of 91.6%, 89.3%, respectively. General consumption rate based on origin was in order of 38.4% of Kyungsangdo, 19.3% of Chungchongdo, 14.9% of Kwangwondo, 10.4% of Hamkyungdo, 8.7% of Hwanghaedo and 8.3% of Pyungando. 2) Special diet : Among 66 traditional D’ocks, Injeolmi of Hamkyungd was consumed most freguently, 58%. General consumption rate based on origin was in order of 26.3% of Hwanghaedo, 17.6% of Kyungsangdo, 16.1% of Kwangwondo, 16.0% of Hamkyungdo, 13.0% of Pyungando and 11.0% of Chungchongdo. Among 27 cookies, Kangjeong of Hamkyungdo was consumed most frequently 46.7%. General consumption rates based on origin was in order of 55.7% of Hamkyungdo, 22.7% of Kyungsangdo, 2.4% of Pyungando, 5.8% of Kwangwondo, 3.0% of Chungchongdo and 0.4% of Hwanghaedo. Among 19 refresh drinks, Kamju of Kyungsangdo was consumed most frequently, 76.0%. General consumption rate based on origin was in order of 74.3% of Kyungsangdo, 7.8% of Chungchongdo, 6.9% of Hamkyungdo, 5.9% of Hwanghaedo and 5.1% of Kwangwondo. 3) Ceremonial diet : Myyeogguk and Baeksulgi for the 100-Days ceremony and Hynbab and Baeksulgi for the First Birthday were used mainly. For birthday, noodle(59.5%) for lunch besides rice as main dish and Soojeoggwa(37.9%) were served and noodle(30.8%) was used for host. Thirty percent of the varieties used traditionally for Pyehak and 40-50% of the varieties for Jesa(Memorial day) are still prepared currently. 4) Seasonal diet : For Jeolsik(major seasonal diet), the usage rates are as follows : D’ockguk(87%) for Jeongwolchoharu, Ogokbab(77.6%) for Jeongwoldaeborum, Patjuk(72.6%) for Dongji, Samsaeknamul(54.1%) for Chusuk. Relatively high usage rates of Surichi-D’ock(40.5%) for Dano and Mandu(40.5%) for Suddalgumumnal are probably due to the immigrated people from this area and the geographical effect. The consumption rates of Sisik(minor seasonal diet) for Chunghwajeol, Samjinal, Youdooil, Chungyangjeol and Muoil are about 10% and the rates for Chopail and Chilsuk are followed. Gaejang and Nangmyon for Sambok used as a rate of 32%. 5) Others : Table pattern; Table for one person(4.7%), table for two(16.7%), table for several(64.2%), table with chair(14.4%) are used. Serving pattern; All-together style(69.7%), monopoly style(24.0%), personaldish style(6.3%) are used. Cooking ware; Among 95 varieties, Doma and Jangban are used most(62.7%) and Pulmae, Poonju and Budulgori are never used. Nine sorts besides Jeongoltle are used as a rate of less than 1%. About 25% of total subjects were the immigrants from other areas. Some of them were moved in due to Chunggamrok. In conclusion, the usage of the traditional food is thought to be maintained well despite of the rapid change to incustrialized society because the native Kyungsangdo foods are combined with foods from the neighboring Kwangwondo, Chungchongdo and northern area.

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Anomaly-Based Network Intrusion Detection: An Approach Using Ensemble-Based Machine Learning Algorithm

  • Kashif Gul Chachar;Syed Nadeem Ahsan
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.107-118
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    • 2024
  • With the seamless growth of the technology, network usage requirements are expanding day by day. The majority of electronic devices are capable of communication, which strongly requires a secure and reliable network. Network-based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) is a new method for preventing and alerting computers and networks from attacks. Machine Learning is an emerging field that provides a variety of ways to implement effective network intrusion detection systems (NIDS). Bagging and Boosting are two ensemble ML techniques, renowned for better performance in the learning and classification process. In this paper, the study provides a detailed literature review of the past work done and proposed a novel ensemble approach to develop a NIDS system based on the voting method using bagging and boosting ensemble techniques. The test results demonstrate that the ensemble of bagging and boosting through voting exhibits the highest classification accuracy of 99.98% and a minimum false positive rate (FPR) on both datasets. Although the model building time is average which can be a tradeoff by processor speed.

무선네트워크에서 TCP 트래픽 연결 혼잡제어에 관한 성능 개선 (An improved performance of TCP traffic connection congestion control in wireless networks)

  • 나상동;나하선;박동석
    • 한국정보통신학회논문지
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.264-270
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    • 2006
  • TCP 전송제어 프로토콜은 원도우 기반에서 트래픽의 연결 효율성으로 인해 성능 처리율이 향상됨을 입증하고, 전송률을 제어하는 혼잡제어 성능을 연구한다. 무선네트워크에서 에러제어 휴지의 링크 이용율을 산출하여 양방향 노드를 동작시키고, 세그먼트를 전송하여 전송률을 나타낸다. 연결 혼잡 발생을 하지 않은 ACK승인 압축을 처리하여, 임계값에 의해 전송률을 증가시켜 종단 간 노드 큐의 크기에 따라 허용될 수 있는 부분까지 양방향 트래픽의 대역폭 연결효율성에 의해 지연이 거의 없는 처리율이 된다. 본 논문은 트래픽이 존재하는 비동기 전송 TCP 연결 개수가 늘어남에 따라 피드백 연결 혼잡제어 수가 증가하여 성능이 개선됨을 나타낸다.

실리콘 서브 마운틴 기반의 LED 패키지 재료평가 및 신뢰성 시험 (Reliability Testing and Materials Evaluation of Si Sub-Mount based LED Package)

  • 김영필;고석철
    • 조명전기설비학회논문지
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    • 제29권4호
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2015
  • The light emitting diodes(LED) package of new structure is proposed to promote the reliability and lifespan by maximize heat dissipation occurred on the chip. We designed and fabricated the LED packages mixing the advantages of chip on board(COB) based on conventional metal printed circuit board(PCB) and the merits of Si sub-mount using base as a substrate. The proposed LED package samples were selected for the superior efficiency of the material through the sealant properties, chip characteristics, and phosphor properties evaluations. Reliability test was conducted the thermal shock test and flux rate according to the usage time at room temperature, high-temperature operation, high-temperature operation, high-temperature storage, low-temperature storage, high-temperature and high-humidity storage. Reliability test result, the average flux rate was maintained at 97.04% for each items. Thus, the Si sub-mount based LED package is expected to be applicable to high power down-light type LED light sources.