• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.103-113
• /
• 1993

This study was conducted to explore the feasibility of using the lead level in the hair of children as a screening test for lead intoxication of children and as an indicator for environmental pollution. Lead concentration of hair was measured for 268 seven to nine-year-old elementary school children in Taegu city (147 children) and Gampo town(121 children). The lead level in hair was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite furnace atomizer. The following information was obtained for all children: sex, age, father's occupation and smoking habits, kinds of hair cleaner, fingernail biting habits, and status of the child's hands and clothing. The mean lead level in hair was $8.7{\pm}2.9{\mu}g/g$ in the urban area and $7.7{\pm}2.2{\mu}g/g$ in the rural area. There were significant differences between two groups(p<0.01). The difference of lead levels in hair measured by cleanliness of the child's hands(clean: $7.4{\pm}2.7{\mu}g/g$, dirty: $8.2{\pm}2.6{\mu}g/g$) and child's clothing(clean: $8.0{\pm}2.5{\mu}g/g$, dirty: $9.3{\pm}2.6{\mu}g/g$) were statistically significant, but other factors were not significant. In multiple regression analysis, difference of residency and age were significant variables for lead level in the hair of children. These findings suggest that measurement of lead level in the hair is a useful method for the screening of the lead intoxication of children and monitoring environmental conditions.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 2012

Suncheon is a city comprising a rural and urban area, where there are four types of large stores. Studies have shown that there are too many large stores serving the local population of just 300,000. However, geographically, Suncheon is located at a transportation hub that borders the cities of Gwangyang and Yeosu as well as the local counties of Boseong and Gurae. Residents of these areas can reach these shopping stores within an hour's drive. Thus, the managers of these four stores regard residents in these areas as their valued customers and endeavor to create a differentiated image among them. In this study, 13 different images were used to determine the public's opinions and feelings towards these stores and the differences were analyzed. The store images measured overall store impression, diversity of the product, the quality of products displayed at the store, accessibility, the atmosphere, service to the customers, and so on. These images are evaluated subjectively by each customer and are major factors in them deciding to revisit the stores. The 13 images are classified into five main categories and further classified into 13 sub-categories. Three kinds of factor images were extracted from the store images in the five main categories by factor analysis using SPSS Ver. 19. The first factor image was extracted from the images of convenience, atmosphere, and service in the main categories and is called a sub-service factor for the store in this study. Accessibility to the store was classified as a convenience image in the main category and was extracted as a common factor along with diversity and the price of goods. These differences are expected according to the store location, that is, the difference between stores located in a large city and those in a small local city, and depending on the nature of survey respondents. The result shows that there is a significant difference between the stores' images with regard to accessibility, the price of products, brand image, and lighting/sound image. This study has the following limitations. First, the survey sample was restricted to residents of a small local city that includes rural and urban populations. The differences between the store images regarding traffic and accessibility are factored by store location, whether they are located within a large or a small city as well as the economic situation of these cities. Second, only the customers of large-scale stores were included in the survey as respondents. Relatively large traditional markets are held every five days in local cities and there is competition between large-scale stores and traditional markets with regard to diversity and the price of goods. It could be expected that customers in large-scale stores and customers in traditional markets would hold different store images. In future studies, images of stores in large cities should be compared with the images of stores located in small local cities. In addition, customer behavior when buying goods in large-scale stores should be compared with their behavior when buying goods in traditional markets.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.29-42
• /
• 2016

Speeding is an important factor in traffic safety. Speed not only affects crash severity, but is also related to the possibility of crash occurrence. This study presents results from an analysis of 27,968 speed violation cases collected from 36 red light and speed enforcement cameras at signalized intersections in the city of Cheongju. Data included details of their violation history such as speeding tickets within a recent 3-year span and their demographic characteristics. The goal of this analysis is to understand the correlation between speed violations and various factors in terms of humans, vehicles and road environments. This study used descriptive statistics and Binary Logistics Regression(BLR) analysis with SPSS 20.0 software. The major results of this study are as follows. First, speed violations occurred at rural and suburban area. Second, about 25.6% of the violators committed to more than 20km/h over a speed limit. Third, the difference between speed violators and normal drivers clearly appeared in location of intersection(urban/rural/suburban area), gender and age. Finally, a statistically significant model(Hosmer and Lemeshow test: 11.586, p-value: 0.171) was developed through the BLR.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.19-29
• /
• 1986

Teenagers were apt to be influenced by their teachers in every respect and were greatly affected by the clothing behaviours of teachers to whom they paid their respect. From this point, this study was aimed at explaining of the mutual relations between the teachers' clothing behaviors and the students' responses, in view of the fact that the teachers' clothing behaviors had a great influence on the students' characters and their will to study. Clothing behaviors were assessed with 15 items, selected from the instruments of preceding studies and modified by the factors dealing with modesty, fashion and clothing satisfaction. The questionaires were composed of two major categories; the first was about teachers' clothing behaviors and attitudes, and the second the interests in learning and school life. The subjects of this study included students in primary schools, middle schools and high schools located in the Incheon and Kimpo area, totaling 1,269 boys and girls. The data were analyzed statistically by t-test, F-test, χ\sup 2\-test, Duncan test, and regression analysis. RESULTS 1. The students' responses to the teachers' clothing behaviors were different according to grade years, sex and area. a) As to the differences in responses between grade years, the lower grade years showed higher interest in modesty and clothing satisfaction, while the higher grade years in fashion. However, they don't like the teachers to take the lead in fashion. b) As to the differences in responses between boys and girls, girls took much higher interest in modesty and fashion. In respect to clothing satisfaction, girls showed a little more interest, though there were no remarkable differences. c) As to the differences in responses between areas, the students in rural area showed higher interests in modesty. As to fashion and clothing satisfaction, the showed higher interests in modesty. As to fashion and clothing satisfaction, the students in urban areas had more interests in fashion, while the students in rural areas in clothing satisfaction, though there wee not remarkable difference. 2. In students' responses to the teachers' clothing behaviors dependent variables-modesty, fashion and satisfaction-can explain clothing behaviors to such an extent that modesty can be explained by 4.7% in the order of the grade years, sex and area, fashion by 13% in the grade years and sex, and satisfaction by 3% in the grade years respectively. 3. The students who were more interested in learning and school life were more satisfied with the teachers' clothing behaviors, made more of their modesty and cared less about their fashion.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.283-293
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The aims of this study are to analyze and to visualize distribution of patients visiting at a dental college hospital, using geographic information system (GIS). The visualized data can be utilized in patient care and treatment planning, ultimately leading to the assessment of risk evaluation and prevention of dental diseases. Materials and Methods: Patient information data was obtained from Dankook University Dental Hospital including the unit number, gender, date of birth, and address from 2007 to 2014. Patient distribution was visualized using GIS. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.3 and ArcGIS 10.1. Five factors including proximity, accessibility, age, gender, and socioeconomic status were investigated as the explanatory variables of the patient distribution. Results: The visualized patient data showed a nationwide scale of the patient distribution. There was a little difference in characteristics for each department. As closer at Dankook University Dental Hospital, visitors increased. And it strongly showed that elderly patients in rural areas tend to visit more. Conclusion: The distribution of patients has been shown to be significantly affected by the proximity, accessibility, age, gender and socioeconomic status. The underlying reason remains to be further studied.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.36-41
• /
• 1985

To evaluate the parasitic infection rates among inhabitants in urban area of Seoul, Korea, a total of 5,275 stool and anal swab specimens was obtained from 2,527 male and Z,748 female living in 24 Dongs of 17 Kus. Cases were sampled randomely to represent 1,000 inhabitants refereed to the census in 1980. The methods employed were formalin ether technique to detect helminth ova and protozoan cysts and scotch tape anal swab technique to detect eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. The results obtained are as follows ; 1) Total positive rate of helminthes was 23.5% among 5,275 (male 22.5% and female 24.5%) specimens. Nine kinds of the helminthes were detected and infection rates of each helminth were; Ascaris lumbricoides 4.1%, Hookworm 0.1%, Trichuris trichiura 11.1%, Trichostrongylus orientalis 0.1%. Clonorchis sinensis 1.2%, Metagonimus yokogawai 0.1%, Taenia spp. 0.2%, Hymenolepis nana 0.3 and Enterobius vermicularis 9.6%. 2) Total positive rate of intestinal protozoa was 1.4%. Four kinds of the protozoan cysts were detected and the infection rates of each protozoa were; Entamoeba histolytica 0.15%, E. coli 0.4%, Endolimax nana 0.04% and Giardia lamblia 0.89%. 3) No significant differences in the parasitic infection rate by sex was noticed although male group showed lower infection rate than female group. However the incidence of C. sinensis, M. yokogawai and Taenia spp. was twice as much in female group as in male group. 4) No difference in the infection rate by age was found although E. vermicularis positive rate was highest in "0~9 years group" by 2.1% and C. sinensis infection rate was higher in over "30~39 years group". The parasitic infection rate of the present study was significantly lower than those of previous reports in Seoul area and other provinces.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.54-65
• /
• 1995

Commissary school foodservice system has been expanded rapidly in elementary foodservices in Korea. Therefore, it is essential that cost effectiveness should be assessed by comparing between alternative systems. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects on meal costs of foodservice systems and other school characteristics in terms of meal costs/day per 1 person ; to examine financial management practices and dietitians' perception concerning importance of school foodservices financial management. A total of 16 commissary schools in nationwide and 102 conventional schools at Chungnam province and Seoul were participated in this survey by mails. The results are as follows 1. Average meal costs per one person was 1,232.6 won evaluated on the standards of monthly budget basis on June, 1994. Average food costs per one person was 836.1 won(67.83%), average labor cost was 320.1 won(25.97 %) and operation costs was 76.3 won(6.2 %). 2. Average meal costs per one person did not show any significant difference between commissary and conventional foodservice schools. Meal costs of the island type and the rural type were significantly higher than those of the urban type. Meal costs of schools in Chungnam and other province were higher than schools in Seoul. The schools with less than 200 feeding numbers were higher than the schools more than 201 in meal costs per one person. 3. Food costs per one person were higher in the urban type, especially in Seoul, as the scale of feeding number increased. Labor costs and operational costs were increased in island type as well as in the schools of small feeding numbers. 4. Foodservice teachers, not dietitians were in charge of foodservice duties at the 75 % of satellites. Dietitians participated in the satellite foodservice duties were only averaged at 2.19 visits per month of 20 feeding days. 5. Items which influenced by food costs per person at the step of foodservice production were purchasing method, the perception of inventory, the distributor for foodservice, and usage of standardized recipes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the chemical characteristics of the rain water in rural, urban and industrial areas which are located in Kyongbuk province, namely. Songju, Kumi, Kimchon, Yongdok and Teagu. The experiments were sampled the rain by amount of rain water from July to August in 1989, and analyzed the pH. EC, $SO_4\;^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$ and $Cl^-$ contents in the rain water. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The acid rain showed at the begining rain water of all surveyed sites, but there were difference by sites, and particulary severe in Kumi. 2. The content of $SO_4\;^{2-}$ in rain water was high in urban and industrial area, such as Teagu, Kumi and Kimchon. 3. According to the increasing rain water amount, the pH in rain water was high, and the contents of other components were low. This phenomenon remarkably presented at higher concentration of components and earlier rain water. 4. The electric conductivity was high significantly positive correlation with contents of $SO_4\;^{2-}$, $NO_3\;^-$ and $Cl^-$ in rain water, and pH was high significantly negative correlation with contents of $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3\;^-$ in rain water, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.359-368
• /
• 2022

It is essential to increase the implementation rate in order to increase the effectiveness of mitigation measures that can mitigate the negative impact of development projects. In the case of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),research on the implementation evaluation of development projects is insufficient, even though the effectiveness of mitigation measures has been steadily raised. Therefore, this study evaluated the implementation rate of the mitigation measures and identified the cause of the difference in the implementation rate for each mitigation measures in order to understand the current status of the ecological mitigation measures. The implementation rate of urban and road development projects mitigation measures was 56.0% and 64.4%, respectively. the implementation rate of 'Monitoring' mitigation measures was the highest in all development project. But, 'Habitat creation' and 'Accident prevention measures' were low. In addition, it was found that the implementation rate of the mitigation measures were high when the contents of the mitigation measure described in the report were specific. Through this study, it was found that in order to increase the implementation rate of the EIA ecological environment animal mitigation measures, it is necessary to reflect the environmental and geographical characteristics of the target site in detail. Furthermore, it is judged that this study can be used as a basic basis for enhancing the effectiveness of the EIA system introduced to mitigate the negative impact on the environment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2010

This study formed an estimation of the visual characteristics of urban bridges in Yanghwaro in the Gyeongui Railroad Area using a landscape simulation. Existing theses have formerly only suggested directions for design based on visual preference, but there is as yet no research on the practical process of landscape design. As a result, it is difficult to directly apply this to bridge design. This study found a potential bridge site and presented a direction for bridge design in order to improve the image of the surrounding urban landscape by surveying the visual effects and landscape preferences of different bridge types. An urban landscape was produced using a landscape simulation model and was made the background for the survey. Five bridge types--Girder, Arch, Truss, Cable and Suspension--were selected and presented. The shapes of the bridges were selected based on the floor plan. The results of this study are as follows. In a preference analysis, every bridge except Girder was evaluated as a positive influence. When rating the image, 'artificial' was rated significantly higher than other traits when assessing the background image. When the Girder Bridge was introduced, 'stable' and 'orderly' were both rated highly while 'stable', 'beautiful', 'orderly' and 'interesting' were high with the introduction of the Arch Bridge. 'Beautiful', 'stable', and 'orderly' were given a high value in the introduction of the Truss Bridge and every image except 'natural', 'harmony' and 'orderly' were highly rated in the introduction of the Cable Bridge. Further, every image but 'natural' was highly rated with the introduction of the Suspension Bridge. Based on the analysis of the landscape, there is a difference in preference before and after modeling a bridge type, while the bridge itself is an influence when it is the main object of the simulated scene. This study researched only the shape of the bridge as a part of the landscape but other elements such as stability, economics, and construction are also factors in the design of a bridge. Stability, economics, construction and other factors must be considered when selecting a bridge type in the future.