• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.939-951
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• 2012

This study is conducted to estimate the air temperature decreasing effects by restoring urban streams using WRF/CALMET coupled system. The types of land use on covered streams are constructed with the land cover map from Korea ministry of environment. Restoring covered streams changes the types of land use on covered areas to water. Two different types of land use(CASE 1 and CASE 2) are inputted to the WRF/CALMET coupled system in order to calculate the temperature difference. The results of the WRF/CALMET coupled system are similar to the observed values at automatic weather stations(AWS) in Busan area. Restoring covered streams causes temperature to be decreased by about $0.34{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ according to the locations of streams and the regions that temperature is reduced are widely distributed over the restored area. Reduction of temperature is increased rapidly from morning and maximus at 13LST. Natural restoration of streams will reduce the built-up area within urban. With this, temperature reductions which are the cause to weaken the urban heat island appear. Relief of urban heat island will help to improve the air quality such as accumulation of air pollutants in within urban area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제2호
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• pp.120-129
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• 2004

Urban stream restoration projects can improve water quality, wildlife habitats, urban landscape, outdoor recreation spaces, and urban microclimate. The objectives of this research were to investigate temperature cooling effect of urban streams by using satellite imagery, to evaluate environmental variables related to stream cooling effect, and to estimate the cooling effect of the Cheonggye stream restoration project of Seoul, Korea. Findings of this research can be summarized as follows. First, a method of estimating temperature distribution around urban streams by using satellite imagery was developed. Scatter plots of distance from stream edges and average temperature obtained through multiple buffering were used for the estimation. Second, urban temperature cooling effect of streams was estimated by comparing background temperature and temperature of each buffer zone. Third, environmental factors affecting stream cooling effect were also identified. Fourth, the temperature cooling effect of the restoration project was estimated based on three scenarios. An estimated cooling effect based on the average cooling effect of existing tributaries showed the most significant effect; $2.0^{\circ}C$ lower than the present level at the edge of the renovated stream. It was estimated that the temperature of the same area would be $1.4^{\circ}C$ cooler than the present level if the cooling effect of the Yangjaechun was used as the bench mark But the effect would be $1.2^{\circ}C$ lower than the present level if environmental variables related to the temperature cooling effect of urban streams were used as the bench mark.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2012

Abnormal dissolved oxygen concentration in aquatic habitat, both depletion and supersaturation, can be stress factor to aquatic animals. In this study the nationwide distribution of oxygen supersaturation was analyzed for three categories of streams (43 urban streams, 15 rural streams, and 14 forest streams) by using monitoring network data of the Korean Ministry of Environment. From the distribution analysis 30% of urban streams showed hyperoxic condition of eutrophic level, while no forest stream showed hyperoxic condition. The physiological effect of hyperoxia on fish was examined using two species of fish Zacco koreanus, which resulted in higher concentration of a stress hormone (cortisol) in fish exposed to hyperoxic concentration (196%) of oxygen. This study shows that hyperoxic condition is ubiquitous in urban and rural Korean streams, and it can be a stress factor to aquatic animals.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2022

Land use is a critical factor that affects the hydrological characteristics of watersheds, thereby determining the biological condition of streams. This study analyzes the effects of land uses in the watersheds on biological indicators of streams across the Han River basin using a linear model (LM) and generalized additive model (GAM). LULC and biological monitoring data of streams were obtained from the Korean Ministry of Environment. The proportions of urban, agricultural, and forest areas in the watersheds were regressed to the three biological indicators, including diatom, benthic macroinvertebrate, and fish of streams. The estimated LM and GAM models for the biological indicators were then compared, using regression determination R² and AIC values. The results revealed that GAM models performed better than the LM models in explaining the variances of biological indicators of streams, indicating the non-linear relationships between biological indicators and land uses in watersheds. Also, the results suggested that the indicator of macroinvertebrates was the most sensitive indicator to land uses in watersheds. Although non-linear relationships between watershed land uses and biological indicators of streams could vary among biological indicators, it was consistent that streams' biological integrity significantly deteriorated by a relatively low percentage of urban areas. Meanwhile, biological indicators of streams were negatively affected by the relatively high percentage of agricultural areas. The results of this study can be integrated into effective quantitative criteria for the watershed management and land use plans to enhance the biological integrity of streams. In specific, land uses management plans in watersheds may need more close attention to urban land use changes than agricultural land uses to sustain the biological integrity of streams.

• Water Engineering Research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.33-48
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• 2001

For the design of suitable aquatic habitats and habitat management purposes, sensitive descriptors for aquatic areas were identified and analyzed. The classification system of the aquatic areas were developed for natural streams and modified streams in Korea. Relationships among the descriptors of an aquatic area such as channel width, meander wave length, and arc angle have been defined. The analysis indicates that the total mean sinuosity is 1.25 for the main channels of natural streams, whereas the mean value of the sinuosity of modified streams is 1.14. The mean values of the total area, the width, and the length for the sandbars of natural streams are larger than those of modified streams.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2012

Current urban stream conditions and their restoration projects were investigated by surveying the urban stream management experts in 29 cities with high population density (more than 1,000person/$km^{2}$). The survey results showed that the ratio of covered urban streams decreased by 1.4% (from 14% to 12.6%) in the last 5 years through steady river restoration projects promoted by governments. Nonetheless, 36.3% of 369 urban streams surveyed still report stream depletion problems; therefore, more efforts to alleviate the problems caused by distorted water circulation of urban streams are still necessary. Water depletion in many local urban streams, unlike national rivers, is accelerated due to negligence in stream management, budget shortage, and other reasons. To prevent stream depletion, the use of reclaimed water is suggested as one of the prevention plans. When available amounts of reused sewage are estimated through actual available nationwide sewage discharges of each watershed and instream flow of stream, annual instream flow supply of 780 million $m^{3}$ is expected; 4.8% reduction in the pollution load of public sewer treatment facilities is expected; and the creation of new value through water reuse service is expected. Thus, it is important for the reviews of feasibility and alternatives of water reuse projects for flow augmentation to consider not only investment budget reductions, but also environmental aspects. Also it is necessary to provide the financial support of unified government with strict water quality management policy.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회 논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 도시의 질적 성장에 필요한 수공간 확보방안으로 도시화 과정에서 사라진 소하천을 찾아내고 찾아진 소하천을 복원할 때 도시의 현실에 맞는 적절한 경로를 찾는 방법을 찾는 것이다. 연구결과 GIS를 이용하여 도시내의 사라진 소하천을 발견할 수 있었으며 발견된 소하천을 복원할 경우 영향을 주는 요인으로 고도, 토지이용, 지가를 선정하여 각각의 요인별 최적경로를 분석하였고 3가지 요인을 모두 반영한 최적경로를 분석하였다. 3가지 요인이 하천복원에 미치는 영향이 서로 다르기 때문에 중요도에 따른 최적의 가중치를 찾아내고 최적가중치를 이용하여 최적의 복원경로를 추적하는 방법을 개발하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 친환경도시건설과 도시민의 쾌적한 삶을 위해 사라진 하천을 복원경로를 찾는데 기여할 것이다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2004

In the 1960s, polluted urban streams were covered and paved in concrete. Rivers became sewers buried under road. As a result, wildlife habitat was lost and the open stream space was gone. In the 1990s, there was a movement for restoring urban streams to enhance the quality of life of inhabitants. Chungkye Stream, whose covering began from early 1950s and ended in 1977, is now in the process of restoration together with the Central Business District (CBD) Redevelopment Plan. However, as the construction proceeds, several problems were raised, and serious controversies resulted. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the validity of the approach of the Chungkye Stream Restoration Project through a literature survey and a site survey, and to present the improved alternative. Ultimately, the study aims to contribute to present references or guidelines for similar urban stream restoration projects. The Chungkye Stream Restoration Project has some of the following problems. First, the construction should be done based on the long-term urban redevelopment plan. Second, the construction period should be extended to restore urban streams. Third, the cultural asset conservation plan should be implemented. In order to fulfill the anticipated purpose, the above mentioned problems need to be solved.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.133-146
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• 2014

This study aims to analyze the changes of adjacent residential area after the restoration of covered urban streams in seoul. The changes of adjacent residential area after restoration were analyzed by changes of land using, urban structure, individual lot of land and architecture to investigate relationship of the urban stream and residential change. The result as follows: the first one is the change of land use and urban structure in adjacent residential area. This change of infrastructure through stream restoration has transformed land use and urban structure in adjacent residential area. Secondly, there is the changes of the individual lot of land. It seemed that new development by combined lots would be concentrated in stream-side blocks. But, the changes of lots such as combining or dividing lots tend to be concentrated in stream-side, main road and main streets. In stream-side, commercial function of land use has changed to residential one which has restored streams landscape by transformation of lots use without changes of ownership-lots. Finally, there is the change of architecture. It turned out new building in adjacent residential area is similar to general development. However, new building in streamside is related to direction of stream. In addition, remodeling and expansion tend to change in commercial buildings on stream-side bridges of corner lots intensively. As a result, it is related to expectation of architectural activation and improvement of sidewalk environment by stream restoration.

• 환경생물
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.311-322
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 2006$\sim$2007년 동안 도심하천인 미호천과 갑천의 이화학적 수질 및 서식지 특성을 분석하였고, 또한 어종 분포 및 길드분석을 통해 군집구조 및 생태건강도 특성을 비교 평가하였다. 전형적인 두 도심하천의 BOD, COD농도는 각각 평균 3.5 mg L$^{-1}$, 5.7 mg L$^{-1}$였고, 총질소(TN)및 총인(TP)의 농도는 각각 5.1 mg L$^{-1}$, 274 ${\mu}g$ L$^{-1}$로서 이미 부영양 상태로 판정되었으며, 특히 갑천하류 지점에서는 유기물 오염 및 부영양화 현상이 뚜렷했다. 두 도심하천에서 총 종수는 34종으로서 동일하게 나타났고, 내성종 및 잡식종인 피라미(Zacco platypus)는 가장 높은 상대 풍부도(32$\sim$42%)를 보였다. 두하천에서 민감종의 비율(23%)은 낮은 반면 내성종과 잡식종의 비율(45%, 52%)은 높게 나타나 도심하천에서의 전형적인 길드 변화 현상이 확연히 나타났다. 하천생태건강도 평가(SEHA)에 따르면, 두 하천에서 다변수 모델값은 각각 19,24로서 양호하지 못한 것으로 나타났고, 서식지 평가 분석 (QHEI)에서는 미호천 123, 갑천 135로서 보통$\sim$양호 상태를 보였으며, 수질에서 보여준 바와 같이 최하류(특히, 갑천)에서는 극명하게 악화된 것으로 나타났다. 특히 갑천 하류의 낮은 건강도 평가모델값(20)은 하수종말처리장으로부터 나온 배출수의 화학적 영향이 큰 것으로 사료되었다. 이런 다변수 모델 값은 전기전도도(r=-0.530, p=0.016), BOD (r=-0.578, p< 0.01), COD (r=-0.603, p< 0.01), 영양염류(TN, TP: r>0.40, p<0.05)와 같은 수질변수들과 높은 역상관 관계를 보였다. 이는 생태건강도 모델값이 수질 특성을 잘 반영하는 객관성 있는 평가기법으로 활용 될 수 있음을 제시하였다. 따라서 이런 도심하천의 하류부에서는 생태계 보존을 위해 향후 하천복원 및 지속적인 생태모니터링 이 필요할 것으로 사료되었다.