• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.407-421
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• 2018

In this paper, I analyze the GHG (greenhouse gas) emission factor of the domestic railway transportation sector using the LMDI (Log Mean Divisia Index) methodology. These GHG factors are the emission factor effect, energy intensity effect, transportation intensity effect, and economic activity effect. The analysis period was from 2011 to 2016, and the analysis objects were an intercity railway, wide area railway, and urban railway. The results show that the GHG emission of railway transportation sector decreased during these 6 years. The factors decreasing the GHG emission are the emission factor effect, energy intensity effect, and transportation intensity effect, while the factor increasing the GHG emission is the economic activity effect.

• Land and Housing Review
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2017

In 1990s, as the extreme weather events according to the global warming climate change are occurred frequently all around the world and the scale of the damage increases, the developed countries are promoting various policies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions setting the goal of greenhouse gas reduction with the level of State and local government. Especially for the greenhouse gas reduction of buildings and the inducement of eco-friendly design, the green certification system is strengthened with the assessment of energy and greenhouse management, and recently, according to the policy change of climate and energy, the certification system expanded from the buildings to the level of city and district is piloted. So this research is to understand the main contents and the assessment system of domestic green building certification system implemented in March 2013 in response to the policy change of climate and energy and to suggest the basic data for the improvement of present domestic greenhouse certification standard through the analysis of actual certification and the main case analysis of international green certification system. Recently in developed countries, in 1990s, for the reduction of building's greenhouse gas emission and the inducement of eco-friendly design, from the building of LEED, BREEAM, DGNB to the level of city and district such as LEED Neighborhood Development, BREEAM Communities, DGNB Stadtquartiere, the system is expanded and piloted. On the contrary, as for the domestic standard of green building certification system, the distribution ratio according to the assessment items in each category consists of the assessment system based on the buildings, and just the simple adjustment of some items and the improvement of weighted value are performed. Actually, as a result of selecting the 30 districts of apartment housing with the most certification performance by use among the 49 buildings certified by Institute of Land & Housing from December 2014 to July 2016 and analyzing the assessment score, the certification level is determined by the sectors of high distribution like indoor environment and energy not by the ineffective sector of external environment with low distribution so this system has a limitation to perform the practical means for the policy change of climate and energy. Thus for the national green building certification standards, the assessment system in the sector of external environment is to complemented and furthermore, reflecting domestic reality, through the introduction of certification system and the assessment system with the level of city and district, this system should be improved to meet the international certification standard.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.393-402
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• 2017

In this study, greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions from bioenergy (biogas, biomass) have been estimated in Korea, 2015. This study for construction of reduction inventories as direct and indirect reduction sources was derived from IPCC 2006 guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, guidelines for local government greenhouse inventories published in 2016, also purchased electricity and steam indirect emission factors obtained from KPX, GIR respectively. As a result, the annual GHG reductions were estimated as $1,860,000tonCO_{2eq}$ accounting for 76.8% of direct reduction (scope 1) and 23.2% of indirect reduction (scope 2). Estimation of individual greenhouse gases (GHGs) from biogas appeared that $CO_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2O$ were $90,000tonCO_2$ (5.5%), $55,000tonCH_4$ (94.5%), $0.3tonN_2O$ (0.004%), respectively. In addition, biomass was $250,000tonCO_2$ (107%), $-300tonCH_4$ (-3.2%), $-33tonN_2O$ (-3.9%). For understanding the values of estimation method levels, field data (this study) appeared to be approximately 85.47% compared to installed capacity. In details, biogas and biomass resulting from field data showed to be 76%, 74% compared to installed capacity, respectively. In the comparison of this study and CDM project with GHG reduction unit per year installed capacity, this study showed as 42% level versus CDM project. Scenario analysis of GHG reductions potential from bioenergy was analyzed that generation efficiency, availability and cumulative distribution were significantly effective on reducing GHG.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신설비학회 2008년도 정보통신설비 학술대회
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• pp.205-208
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• 2008

This article presents a methodology for the monitoring of air pollution. All over the world, the interest in the environment has been continuously increasing. Unfortunately, much of this interest is due to emerging problems, such as the greenhouse effect and climate change. For this reason, research into carbon dioxide, which causes the greenhouse effect, is progressing rapidly. This article presents a method of measuring the level of carbon dioxide and other substances in the air through the utilization of mobile-networking base stations and measured data. First of all, sensors are attached at the appropriate position of the mobile-networking base stations. These sensors will measure the air quality in their respective positions, and send sensor data to an urban management center via network gateways and data-collecting systems. The measured data can be used for various purposes. In general, it can be used to measure the air quality, which can then be used as a basis for urban planning. The method described herein utilizes airpollution sensors that are attached to the base stations in different locations and at varying heights. The data obtained hereby will be applicable in many fields. At this time this is simply a methodology, however we hope that it will lead to a practical application.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.38-47
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• 2000

Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas causing climate change. This study quantified annual direct and indirect uptake of carbon by urban greenspace, and annual carbon release from vegetation maintenance and fossil fuel consumption. The study area was whole Chuncheon and Kangleung, and also two districts of Kangnam and Junglang in Seoul, cities located in middle Korea. Carbon uptake by urban greenspace played an important role through offsetting carbon release by 6-7% annually in Chuncheon and Kangleung. For Kangnam and Junglang, where the population density was relatively higher, urban greenspace annually offset carbon release by 1-2%. Future possible tree plantings could double annual carbon uptake by existing trees in urban lands (except natural and agricultural lands) of a study city. Based on study results, planning and management guidelines for urban greenspace were suggested to save energy and to reduce atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations. They included selection of optimum tree species, proper planting location from buildings, design of multilayered planting, amendment of existing regulations for greenspace enlargement, avoidance f intensive vegetation maintenance, and conservation of natural vegetation.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2011

Urban space is the main contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, a primary cause of global warming. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, planning at a city-level is necessary. The aim of this research is to develop a carbon emission model which can be used to create and manage urban spaces. In order to achieve this aim, the following methodologies were utilized. First, urban planning criteria related to population, landuse, and activity level were selected through theoretical speculation. Second, carbon dioxide emission was calculated based on electricity, gas energy, heating, petroleum, and water usages. Third, Seoul was selected as a case study city, and a carbon emission model was developed through a relational analysis between Seoul's urban planning criteria and carbon emissions. Thus far, various efforts have been made to respond to climate changes in urban spaces, but these have been limited to analyzing contributing factors in terms of their total amounts of carbon emissions in the entire city. However, the carbon emission model of this study is derived from urban planing criteria at a detailed scale. This sets our study apart from other studies by demonstrating a specific model in a local setting which can be utilized for lowering carbon emissions at a city level.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2011

Greenhouses gas emission due to usage of fossil fuel has been known as one of the main causes of global warming. Fundamentally, greenhouse gas is a by-product of economic activity. Since majority of economic activity happens in an urban setting, a countermeasure in an urban setting is needed. Therefore, an analysis of relationship between carbon dioxide emission and urban form will be investigated for urban planning and management in the future. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between carbon dioxide emission and urban spatial patterns, and suggesting an urban form with low carbon dioxide emission. In order to achieve this, first theoretical analysis was carried out on urban spatial patterns related to physical size, usage rate, and activity level. Secondly, Seoul's dam on electricity, natural gas, local heating, petroleum, and water usage and mapping a carbon dioxide emission map. Thirdly, relationship between carbon dioxide emission and urban spatial patterns are analyzed and urban spatial patterns that affects energy usage in urban setting was elucidated, and elicited implications on future directions on urban planning based on our analyses above.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.2965-2972
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• 2011

The 21th century is carried out a rearing activity of green industries as a part of friendly echo policy for preservation of earth environment. Korean government is spreaded on a whole country to setting up a goal to a sustainable growth power of national for low carbon green growth. The recently rolling stock is received the footlights as a best friendly echo transportation of transport system of automobile, airplane, ship etc., also that is playing a big role to reduction of $CO_2$ greenhouse gas and a discharge of air pollution. This study was carried out the investigation and analysis for technology trend of the system light-weighting of a recently urban railway vehicle on commercial operating in domestic and foreign countries. As the results are proposed a short-term development technology and a long-term development technology of the system light-weighting to be developed for reduction weight of urban railway vehicle.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2010

Unlike Urban building, horticultural facilities has a lot of heat loss through plastic or glass covering material which could be much influential to growing plant and consuming energy for heating greenhouse. In many cases, heat loss from a break of cover, a gap of joint sealing, the entrance to greenhouse and windows for ventilation are the main factors considered in calculating the heating load for horticultural facilities. however the normal observation through human eye and digital camera could not recognize where the heat loss occurred. but the infrared thermal image camera with detecting thermal difference could be very effective for noticing heat loss by analyzing infrared thermal image. In this study, greenhouse structure, covering material, internal and external provisions for Horticultural facilities were surveyed in different sites and Infrared thermal camera shooting and image analysis were performed for auditing heat loss from cultivation facilities The results from this study were that unexpected heat loss had been noticed in 7 representative cases of greenhouse such as side wall covered with single or double plastic, and the joint of horizontal thermal curtain, roof without horizontal thermal curtain, entrance to greenhouse, windows for ventilation. the most important factors for keeping heat energy were whether the horizontal thermal curtain with multifold thermal material was installed or not. The internal or external covering using multifold thermal curtain proved to be the most effective ways to keep heat energy from losing through heat transmission, heat radiation. from inside to outside the horticultural facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2003

In terms of climate change communities have only during the 1990s begun to recognize that all greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions are directly or indirectly generated locally, through acts of agency, production or consumption. This has provided a boost to the role of local places in the debate since GHGs can be allocated and made understood locally and hence form the basis for specific policies, programs, plans and projects. The objectives of this study are to define a framework for making Environmentally Friendly City through enhancing integrated energy-urban policies and present framework to do comprehensive evaluation on energy related policies response and also explore the interrelation between energy related activities in each sector and policy and applies to Seoul mega city in Korea. Despite the growing recognition of the seriousness of urban environmental problems and their contribution to global environmental and social concerns, most analysts continue to study cities in parts rather than as a whole; we study sectoral sub-systems such as transport, air pollution or energy. While specialization is useful for detailed thinking, we also need to see each issue in the context of how each city works environmentally, economically, socially and politically. We therefore need integrative approaches to study of cities and need to understand how they function as systems. These framework presented in this study allows an organized and systematic analysis. These research results can provide useful, credible and timely input into the urban planning process. This study will be a helpful exercise to draw some policy implications of other cities in Korea and also East Asia that are in a similar stage with the these cities and developing plans on how to address them.