• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.4
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• pp.1-20
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• 2003

This study was not intended to analyze out the realities of the safety accidents in school. The purpose of this study was to find out the personality of elementary school students in 6th grade and analyze the relationship between the personality of elementary school students and the safety accidents in the school. We made a visit 12 elementary school personally in the B city of Gyeonggi Province and gave out 552 questionaries in order to accomplish the purpose of this study. And we analyzed the 501 answer data except the unfittable data 51 sheets-in case of no answer or untruthfulness. The inspection of the personality used the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) and the questionnaires of the safety accidents in the school were reorganized of the questionnaires which were used in Chun-Ok, Joen(1997) and One-Yong, Kim(1999)'s study to correspond with our purpose of study. Answer sheets were gone through the t and x2 test by using the program of SPPS. First, elementary school students are in the formative period in the life of a man. So many students's personality was in the middle group rather than in high and low group. In regard of the distintion between the boy students and the girl students, the boy students had higher score in Psychoticism(P) but the girl students had higher score in Neutroticism(N). And Lie(L) was showing a little more score in the girl students. Second, there was significant difference in the investigation of safety accidents in school according to sex distinction. 1) Comparing the boy students and the girl students, the rate of accidents was higher in boy rather than girl. And there was significant difference. 2) Comparing the grade of the school, the rate of accidents was higher in upper grade than lower grade both girls and boys. 3) In the kind of accidents, the traumatic Injuries were very popular and the next were contusions. There was significant difference in the traumatic injury and nosebleed. 4) The results of injured parts showed that the injuries of foot, leg, hand, arm hold a large majority. And there was a significant difference in head, face, foot, leg and etc. 5) Most accidents broke out during the break time and then accidents happened after school were the next. The flowings were lunch time and class time. There was a significant difference in accidents happened during the class, break time and lunch time. 6) Comparing the subjects, the most accidents broke out in the class of physics. 7) Among the cause of accidents, one's own carelessness was showing the highest rate. There was a significant distintion in the fight and game. 8) The safety accidents took place most in playground, and there was a significant difference. 9) Being slight wound was showing almost in the degrees of damage. And there was a significant difference. Third, the boy students were not showing the significant difference in relation to the personality, the frequency of accidents and the degrees of damage. But the girl students were showing the significant difference in relation to the Extraversion-Introversion(E) and the frequency of accidents. And there were a significant difference between E and N. Also they were showing the intense damages.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.673-680
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of plasma homocysteine concentration on the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity between the normal homocysteine group and the asymptomatic high homocysteine group. 435 subjects who visited the general health examination center from April 1 to October 31, 2016, as well as to compare the direct correlation of the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, which indirectly reflects the homocysteine test and arterial stiffness, as a predictor of future cardiovascular outcome. As a result of the study, age, waist circumference, BUN, and plasma creatinine were significantly higher, and HDL was significantly lower in the high homocysteine group (> $15{\mu}mol/L$) than in the normal homocysteine group (< $15{\mu}mol/L$) (p=0.05). In addition, homocysteinemia was associated with smoking and drinking (p<0.001) and was significantly higher in males (p<0.001). The right and left brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocities were significantly higher in the high homocysteine group (right p<0.001, left p=0.003) before calibrating the relevant variables. There was no significant difference between right and left brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocities after calibrating the relevant variables. Therefore, further studies on the independent association of lowering homocysteine concentration and prevention of cardiovascular disease and the relationship between homocysteine and renal function are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.109-115
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• 2019

In arc-welding applying to the present automobile part manufacturing process, a wrist-hollow type arc welding robot can shorten the welding cycle time, because feedability of a welding wire is not affected by a robot posture and thus facilitates high-quality arc welding, based on stable feeding with no entanglement. In this paper, we will propose the optimization of wrist design for a wrist-hollow type 6-Axis articulated robot. Specifically, we will perform the investigation on the optimized design of inner diameter of hollow arms (Axis 4 and Axis 6) and width of the upper arm by using the simulation of robot motion characteristics, using a Genetic Algorithm (i.e., GA). Our simulations are based on $SolidWorks^{(R)}$ for robot modeling, $MATLAB^{(R)}$ for GA optimization, and $RecurDyn^{(R)}$ for analyzing dynamic characteristics of a robot. Especially $RecurDyn^{(R)}$ is incorporated in the GA module of $MATLAB^{(R)}$ for the optimization process. The results of the simulations will be verified by using $RecurDyn^{(R)}$ to show that the driving torque of each axis of the writs-hollow 6-axis robot with the optimized wrist design should be smaller than the rated output torque of each joint servomotor. Our paper will be a guide for improving the wrist-hollow design by optimizing the wrist shape at a detail design stage when the driving torque of each joint for the wrist-hollow 6-axis robot (to being developed) is not matched with the servomotor specifications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.1
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• pp.197-211
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• 2023

Purpose To evaluate the circuit patency after nitinol bare-metal stent (BMS) placement according to the type of access and location of the stent in dysfunctional hemodialysis access. Materials and Methods Between January 2017 and December 2019, 159 patients (mean age, 64.1 ± 13.2 years) underwent nitinol BMS placement for dysfunctional access. The location of stents was as follows: 18 brachiocephalic vein, 51 cephalic arch, 40 upper arm vein, 10 juxta-anastomotic vein, 7 arteriovenous (AV) anastomosis, and 33 graft-vein (GV) anastomosis. Circuit patency was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and cox regression model. Results A total of 159 stents were successfully deployed in 103 AV fistula (AVF) and 56 AV graft (AVG). AVG showed lower primary and secondary patency at 12-months compared with AVF (primary patency; 25.0% vs. 44.7%; p = 0.005, secondary patency; 76.8% vs. 92.2%; p = 0.014). Cox regression model demonstrated poorer primary patency at 12 months after stenting in the cephalic arch and GV anastomosis compared with the other sites. Conclusion AVF showed better primary and secondary circuit patency at 12 months following the placement of BMS compared with AVG. Stents in the cephalic arch and GV anastomosis were associated with poorer primary patency at 12 months compared to those in other locations.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.253-264
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the thermal comfort characteristics of the garments for school, textile and bank worker's uniform. The garments selected for this study were frequently used in Taegu area in terms of design and material used for making garments by the survey for the study The human subject tests were performed to determine the thermal comfort characteristics of garments including thermal, humidity, and wearing sensation and the data were analysed statistically. The results of the study were as follows: 1. According to the result of the survey jacket was mostly used as a school uniform for both male and female high school students. The survey showed that 93% of male students wore 'neck T-shirts' and dimensional fitness for the school uniform got suitable at 2~3 grade high school students. In terms of human subject tests, most students rated 'uncomfortable' in wearing sensation of their school uniform. One of this reason was due to the humidity sensation and air velocity sensation. Level of significance of the thermal sensation for gender difference was higher in hands and feet of the subjects than in chest and thigh of them. 2. According to the result of the survey jacket with zipper was mostly used as a textile worker's uniform. The result of the survey indicated that some textile workers are wearing their inner wear (38.7% for upper and 46.6% for lower). In the human subject tests, about 50% of subjects rated 'comfortable to slightly comfortable' for wearing sensation of the textile worker's uniform. It showed that the female subjects of the humidity sensation was rated higher than the male subjects of the humidity sensation, while the male subjects of the thermal sensation was rated higher than the female subjects of the thermal sensation. There was a closer correlation with the subjective thermal sensation for textile worker's uniform in center parts of the subjects such as back and waist than exposed parts. 3. The result of the survey showed that 70% and 23% of the female banker uniform were blouse and jacket, respectively and 75% and 25% of the male banker uniform were jacket and T-shirt, respectively. All interviewee rated trousers and skirts that were used for their lower. 4. The result indicated that 50% male and 67.7% female subjects for the banker uniform rated 'slightly comfortable for the comfort' sensation. 50% male subjects rated 'neutral' and about 50% female subjects rated 'slightly warm to neutral' for the thermal sensation. In addition, The result showed that 75% male subjects for both upper and lower rated 'neutral' for the humidity sensation and also 75% female subjects rated 'neutral to slightly dry'. Thus, there was no significant different between gender. 5. In the thermal sensation of the subjects for the banker's uniform by parts, 50% subjects rated 'neutral' for their body parts, including head, neck, back, waist, hip, lower arm, and thigh. The extremely cold parts were hands and feet for both male and female subjects.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-330
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• 2022

While swimming is a very popular competitive sports activity, swimming injuries are unique due to the repetitive nature of the swimming stroke and demanding training programs that can result in upper limb overuse. Therefore, the primary objective of this review was to analyze swimmers' injury areas, injury types by stroke type, and swimming rehabilitation, as well as to discuss safety management for improving swimming performance. In this study, the injuries incurred in swimming events were discussed in the order of upper limb injuries (neck, shoulder, arm, and wrist), lower limb injuries (knee and ankle), and waist injuries. An analysis by stroke type found that shoulder injuries occurred most often with freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly strokes, followed by rotator cuff injury, impingement syndrome, and SLAP (superior labral tear from anterior to posterior) lesions. Knee injuries were associated with the breaststroke, whereas spinal cord injuries occurred with the breaststroke and butterfly stroke. Finally, back injuries were associated with the butterfly stroke. During the freestyle stroke, the shoulder undergoes repetitive overhead movement; hence, shoulder and musculoskeletal pain are the most common and well-documented complaints of swimmers. For safety management, coaches and instructors must ensure that athletes do sufficient warm-up and cool-down exercises to avoid injuries. In case of an injury, they should be familiar with first aid measures so that secondary damage can be prevented with its quick application. In addition, coaches and instructors need to be trained in injury prevention and treatment so that they can provide appropriate rehabilitation treatment for athletes. Although swimming-related injuries cannot be completely eliminated, to reduce them to a minimum, leaders need the knowledge to apply scientific and systematic training principles and methods individualized for each athlete.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.40-68
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• 2001

In this study, grade of subjective symptom appealed by laborer of Jeollabuk-do was evaluated using questionary regarding factor made effect on musculoskeletal disease and in addition, studied relationship with health promotion life style of them. Based on the result, relationship of general characteristics of musculoskeletal subjective symptom and life-style of the subjects was concluded as below. 1. General characteristics of study subjects were as following. Ratio of male was higher as 57.7% of male and 42.2% female and age distribution was 5.1% of 20s, 34.99% of 30s, 36.3% of 40s and 23.7% of 50s and therefore, $30{\sim}40$ aged groups showed highest ratio. Most subjects (74.9%) was married status and in case of education level, high-school graduate and dropout (23.3%) and over-college graduate (46.8%) showed highest distribution. $1{\sim}2$ Mil. KRW (29.5%) and $2{\sim}2.99$ Mil. KRW (21.2%) is the main income distribution and however there was high ratio of non-reply (29.0%). In case of employment period, $10{\sim}14$ years (15.3%) and over 15 years (29.6%) showed highest ratio and there were many non-reply (39.4%) and in addition, 67.6% replied as own house and 14.3% as lease on deposit base in question of residence type. 2. Subjects showed high ratio of subjective symptom appeal of 62.79% and many cases (50.23%) appealed 1 or 2 symptoms. Symptom by body region was 29.8% (waist), 27% (shoulder), 21.2% (knee), 15.5% (neck), 9.5% (ankle), 8.1% (wrist) and 5.0% (elbow) in order. In case of relationship with general characteristics, female comparing with male, non-residence of own house, subjects with lower education level and employment period of $10{\sim}14$ years showed higher appeal rate and kind of symptoms than others. Therefore, it was concluded that rate of musculoskeletal symptom appeal have close relationship with gender, level of living, education level, age and employment period. 3. In case of severe pain of upper body except waist and ankle, it was appealed in both or right side and it means that upper body pain is originated from right side and right region pain is transited to both region pain. In addition, there was 39.41% of non-reply to existence of right-left region pain and therefore, it was evaluated that, in may cases, there was no awareness of their own symptom condition even on subjective symptom. 4. Degree of pain was, as pain over middle level, evaluated as 2.79 on full mark of 4.0 and in order of waist (2.97), ankle (2.83), knee (2.82), wrist (2.82), neck (2.79), shoulder (2.70) and elbow (2.62). In addition, 71.97% appealed $2{\sim}3$ cases for the latest 1 week. Owing to subjective symptom, 54.95% drop into hospital or pharmacy, 10.32% made temporary retirement or absence, 7.99% transferred into more comfortable duty and $39.4{\sim}54%$ experienced one or more managing mentioned above. 5. Fulfillment of health promotion life style of subjects was evaluated on full mark of 4.0 and total score was 2.63. Average mark of each area was personal relationship (3.05), self-realization (2.92), stress management (2.63), health control (2.48), physical exercise (2.19) and nutrition management (2.19) and personal relationship was highest and physical exercise and nutrition management were lowest. As general characteristics influencing health promotion life style, gender, residence style and employment period showed significant difference. Male showed higher mark than female and showed higher mark in order of own house, others, lease on deposit base, monthly rent. Subjects with longer employment period showed higher mark with significant difference. 6. Accounting of factor influencing each area of health promotion life style, self-realization showed significance in marriage status, income, residence style and education level and health control in age, residence style and employment period. Physical exercise showed significant difference in gender, age, residence style and employment period and nutrition in gender, age, residence style and employment period. Stress management showed significant difference in residence style and employment period and however not in personal relationship. 7. Health promotion life style relating with existence and kind of pain showed significant difference in all area except personal relationship area. In absence of pain, there was statistically significant high score in all area even in total health promotion life style and all area. Accounting of kind of pain, cases of $1{\sim}2$ kinds of pain and $5{\sim}6$ kinds of pain showed relatively high score and it was lower than mark of subject stated absence of pain. 8. Subjects appeal symptom were classified by symptom region and difference of total and each areas were evaluated. General area (p=0.002), self-realization (p=0.012), health management (p=0.023), physical exercise (p=0.028), nutrition management (p=0.028) and stress control (p=0.001) showed statistically significant difference and not in personal relationship area. Especially, elbow, shoulder and neck area marked high and group appealed pain of knee, arm and elbow, foot and ankle marked low. Based on those results, subjective symptom should be accounted seriously in diagnosis of occupational musculoskeletal disease of laborer and among subjective symptom, general characteristics of gender, age, condition of living, education level and employment period make effect. Generally subject appeal symptom marked lower than subject without symptom appeal and it means that life management of subject appealing musculoskeletal pain make important role in management and treatment of occupational musculoskeletal disease.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1040-1050
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• 1997

Pulmonary rehabilitation has been known to improve dyspnea and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic lung disease, although it does not improve pulmonary function. The mechanism of this improvement is not clearly explained till now; however some authors suggested that the improvement in the skeletal muscle metabolism after the rehabilitation could be a possible mechanism. The metabolc changes in skeletal muscle in patients with COPD are characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation which causes early activation of anaerobic glycolysis and excess lactate production with exercise. In order to evaluate the change in the skeletal muscle metabolism as a possible cause of the improvement in the exercise tolerance after the rehabilitation, noninvasive $^{31}P$ magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) of the forearm flexor muscle was performed before and after the exercise training in nine patients with chronic lung disease who have undertaken intensive pulmonary rehabilitation for 6 weeks. 31p MRS was studied during the sustained isometric contraction of the dominant forearm flexor muscles up to the exhaustion state and the recovery period. Maximal voluntary contraction(MVC) force of the muscle was measured before the isometric exercise, and then 30% of MVC force was constantly loaded to each patient during the isometric exercise. After the exercise training, exercise endurance of upper and lower extremities and 6 minute walking distance were significantly increased(p<0.05). There were no differences of baseline intracellular pH (pHi) and inorganic phosphate/phosphocreatine(Pi/PCr). After rehabilitation pHi at the exercise and the exhaustion state showed a significant increase($6.91{\pm}0.1$ to $6.99{\pm}0.1$ and $6.76{\pm}0.2$ to $6.84{\pm}0.2$ respectively, p<0.05). Pi/PCr at the exercise and the recovery rate of pHi and Pi/PCr did not show significant differences. These results suggest that the delayed intracellular acidosis of skeletal muscle may contribute to the improvement of exercise endurance after pulmonary rehabilitation.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.51-63
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• 2002

This study sought to identify the kinematic characteristics at entrance to the straight course from the curvilinear course in the 200m-track game. For this purpose, this study was conducted for 4 sprinters by setting the 10m-section combined from the curvilenear track to the straight course and shooting them with the camcorder. It was set up to include all the sections of analysis by using the framework of the control point knowing the coordinate of the space and actual analysis was conducted on the motion showing the best records by conducting it for each subject five times. As a result, the following conclusion was drawn: It was found that the subjects showed the average stride of 4.5${\pm}$0.41 times at the 10-meter section and the required time of 1.42${\pm}$0.04sec. They showed the ratio average stride to height of 1.25${\pm}$0.20% and the average speed of 7.06${\pm}$0.19m/s. The displacement in the center of gravity of the human body at the section combined from the curvilinear course to the straight course was moving along the inward course of the curvilinear course, and the displacement of the leg located at the outward direction(right) was found to be larger than that of the leg located at the inward direction(left). In the speed of the left and right hand segments, it was found that the speed of the right hand located in the outward direction was faster than that of the left hand located at the inward, and it was found that the subjects progressed in the curvilinear course. The subjects showed the larger angle of the shoulder joint when the upper arm was located in the forward direction than when the it was located in the backward direction. In the curvilinear course, they showed the lower value of the lateral angle of the trunk when the right foot located at the outward direction left the ground than when the left foot located at the inward direction left the ground. And it was found that the lateral angle of the trunk became lower with approaching the straight course.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.91-107
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• 2002

This research got the following conclusion as result that analyzed high clear action kinematically to 4 C girls' junior high school badminton players who are situated in Chungchong-bukdo. 1. Most of the subject didn't rotate their right shoulder and elbow joint at back swing and moved speedy to shuttle cock. And an cooperation action of joint decreases displaying only a good action on both subject`s specification joint part. 2. When the subject S1 and S2 swing slowly and largely the joint of shoulder and elbow and then the speed of right wrist and racket head is fast, the cooperation action of joint is better than other subject. 3. An angle change of right shoulder showed angle that all subjects are great being caused in softness of joint and angular velocity was exposed that load enough Impact force and increase the speed of racket head as angular velocity decreases rapidly in Impact except subject S3. 4. All subjects of right elbow angle change showed similar form and was exposed that subject S2 sees form of impact stage serious bends from back swing and do not use force effectively in angular velocity. 5. Angle of right wrist appeared that the speed of shuttle cock is decelerated because fast bends of wrist is not formed shortly after Impact because all subject do not accomplish big angle shortly after back swing. Angular velocity can assume that the subject S1 and S4 are using and move fast strong snap shot offering angular velocity value of Impact stage sound (-). 6. While size of Impact stage knee angle accomplishes angle that is big both subject, hip joint angles sees small angle and is playing swing that do on upper body and arm without using strong waist force that is composition action with knee and hip joint.