• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.930-942
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• 1996

This study was done to provide the characteristics of body surface changes at armhole area. Experiments were carried out at upper arm and upper body inchuding 67 items, 74 segments by the stanard posture and arm movements. The subjects were 15 females of twenty aged. The major conclusions of this study are; 1. On the circumference items of upper arm, armhole circumference was decreased by all arm movement, especially high contracted on front armhole line. The most contracted segments of armhole circumference were from the shonlder point to front and back interscye breadth point. Axillary circumference was increased 5 cm to the utmost, so the function of sleeve pattern would be decided by axillary circumference. 2. The lengths of upper arm were decreased near center line, sleeve cap length was contracted 3∼4 cm. Posterior armpit point area was increased both length and breadth. According to the rates of expansion and contraction, the diagram of expansion and contraction of upper arm was suggested. 3. On upper body, back side chest breadth was increased exceedingly and shoulder length was decreased most. It was apparent that surface changes of upper body were greatly larger as far away from center front and center back line. The rates of expansion and contraction of upper body were also represented as a diagram of surface changes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.7 s.107
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• pp.33-45
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• 2006

This study was to provide the fundamental data for a scientific and rational clothing construction by investigating the length variation of the upper arm surface, using the method of surgical tape, and to understand the expansion and contraction of parts of body for the making of clothing adaptable to movement. The subjects were li early elementary schoolgirls in Busan area classified with three somatotypes, and arm-movements consisted of 6 types. The statistical analyses used in this study were mean, standard deviation and the ANOVA and LSD procedure. The results of the analysis of the length of the upper arm surface are as follows: By arm-movements, in the items of horizontal, upper arm length changed more in the front than in the back, and in the items of vertical, represented the opposite of horizontal items. In the items of upper arm, the anterior-posterior axilla length and under arm length were influenced by arm-movements, and the under length of the upper arm represented the maximum rate increase of 74.59%(3.20cm)$\sim$138.72%(4.28cm). In the somatotypes of early elementary schoolgirls, type II was more influenced by arm-movements, and for the making of clothing adaptable to movement, type III needed to reflect more surplus length(2cm) than the other types.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.554-559
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• 2010

Lifeboat davit is composed of main frame, main arm, upper arm and support bar. In this paper, design parameters that affect the bending stiffness were set as plate thickness, width and hight of upper arm. To analyze the influence of parameter factors, FEM and Taguchi Method were used. This paper will help substantially in many industries.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.74-77
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• 2013

A patient underwent reconstruction of skin and soft tissue using V-Y advancement of a superior ulnar collateral artery perforator flap after resection of the scar tissue on the upper arm. Successful flap healing was observed without complications. The medial side of the upper arm is an ideal donor site because of its thin, elastic, and hairless skin, resulting in a well-hidden scar. The elasticity of the medial side of the upper arm allows primary closure after flap elevation. The superior ulnar collateral artery perforator flap is an option for reconstruction of the upper arm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.911-923
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• 1995

The zone of expansion and contraction of arm surfaces was analyzed, the correlation between arm surface changes was studied, and ergonomic sleeve designs were presented in which the consideration of body surface changes is emphasized. Experiments were carried out which include 43 upper extremity segments, 21 motions and 35 female subjects. The major conclusions of the study are as follows : 1. As a sleeve drafting method, detailed measures should be applied on the base of the sensitivity of body surface changes. The range of arm surface changes can be divided into three zones : concentrated expansion zone, zone of little change, and contraction part. The maximum expansion zone was the upper part of elbow. 2. The correlations were higher in lengths than in circumferences. Arm lengths were mainly correlated with upper arms. The more detailed the arm surface was, the lower the correlations between surface changes were. So there was not a lot of relation between segment changes. Tendency of body surface changes depended on the anatomical structure of the upper extremity and the movements of arm muscles. 3. As an application of measures and ease, ergonomic sleeve designs weve presented in which arm surface changes were considered. Ergonomic sleeve designs are recommended for working clothes and sports wear.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.421-429
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• 2019

Purpose: This study evaluated the relationship between pelvic pressure and irradiation of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) upper arm pattern exercises with an elastic band while in a sitting position. Methods: Fourteen subjects with asymptomatic pelvic pressure participated in this study. Pelvic pressure was measured using a Gaitview® system while sitting and performing PNF bilateral upper arm patterns. Resistance strength was provided by the blue elastic band. The statistical significance of the results was evaluated using a repeated one-way ANOVA and the independent t-test. The Bonferroni method was used for the post-hoc test. Results: The results revealed a significant change in the pelvic pressure when performing the PNF arm pattern. The average resistance pressure on the pelvis, with the elastic band, significantly increased after the initial sitting position (F=3.91, 3.92; p<0.05). No significant pelvic pressure changes were noted for each PNF upper arm pattern (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed a positive relationship between pelvic pressure and the irradiation of PNF upper arm pattern exercises with resistance in the sitting position.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1734-1738
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• 2019

Background: Stroke patients usually have arm weakness, which affects trunks and arms. Objective: To investigate the effects of paretic side and non-paretic side arm training on trunk control and upper limb functions. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial (single blind). Methods: Twenty patients with stroke in hospital were enrolled in the study. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to paretic side arm training group (PATG, n = 10) or non-paretic side arm training group (NATG, n = 10). Trunk impairment scale (TIS) was used for trunk control, and box and block test (BBT) was used for upper limb function. Training was conducted for 4 weeks. Results: PATG showed significant difference in TIS (static balance, dynamic balance, coordination, total score) and BBT. NATG showed significant differences in static balance, and dynamic balance and total score except for coordination and BBT. PATG also showed a more significant difference in BBT and coordination and total score than NATG. Conclusions: The arm training performed on the paretic side are more effective than those performed on the non-paretic side in improving both upper limb function and trunk control in stroke patients.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1997

One- to three-month-old infants (n=232) were compared their upper arm cumference and skinfold thickness(triceps, subscapular) by feeding methods in cross-sectional study. There were two groups : breast-fed(BF) and formula-fed groups(FF). As reported previously, weight, length, head and chest circumferences of these infants were good, and overall growth status was not significantly different by feeding methods, but weight, weight velocity and chest circumference of formula-fed infants were higher than breast-feds at 3month, significantly. Hear, the triceps skinfold thickness of infants at 1, 2, and 3 postpartum months were 7.4, 9.5 and 10.5 mm, respectively. The triceps skinfold thickness of breast-fed infants were higher than formula-feds at 1 and 2 postpartum month, but at 3 month that of formula-fed infants was greater than breast-fed infants, insignificantly. The subscapular skinfold thickness of infants were 6.4, 9.2 and 10.6 mm at 1 to 3 postpartum months, respectively. The upper arm circumference of infants were 11.7, 13.4, 14.3cm, and the arm muscle diameter were 34.5,39.3 and 41.7cm at one to three postpartum months, respectively. The upper arm circumference of male infants was higher than females at 2, 3 postpartum months. Overall, there were no signifiant differences between feeding methods in triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, upper arm circumference and arm muscle diameter. But 3-month-old formula-fed male infant showed bigger significantly in arm circumference than the breast-feds. From this survey, long-term survey on growth and body composition of large scales might be necessary to determine the effect of feeding methods of infants after 3 months and to set proper body composition standard for infant.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in blood pressure according to cuff size and measurement sites of the participants. Method: The participants consisted of 50 women and 50 men whose upper arm circumference was $26\sim30cm$. They had no chronic illness and gave consent to participate. Blood pressure of the wrist was measured in the sitting position, the upper arm with a standard cuff, large and small cuffs were used for measurement in supine position and the thigh in prone position. The data were analyzed with paired t-test using SPSS 12.0 program. Result: The data for the upper arm showed a difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressure depending on the site of measurement. There was a significant difference between measurements with a standard cuff and measurements with large and small cuffs. The systolic blood pressure of the wrist and the thigh were significantly lower than that of the upper arm. Conclusion: These results suggest that the selection of an appropriate cuff is an essential element in ensuring accuracy when measuring blood pressure and differences in systolic blood pressure for the upper arm, wrist and thigh indicate the need to record the measuring site when measuring blood pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.13 no.1 s.29
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• pp.49-58
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• 1989

A clothing-erogonomics study was performed to investigate the difference of the upper arm skin skin surface and the relationship among the three aspects of upper arm (height of sleeve rap, sleeve width and armhole girth) by changing arm movements. Plaster cast was used for this experimental research. Arm movements consist of 9 types; just carmly standing on ($0^{\circ}$), and each 4 types ($45^{\circ},\;90^{\circ},\;135^{\circ},\;180^{\circ}$) to the vertical direction in front and in side. The results were as follows; 1) As the arm-movement angle increased, the height of sleeve cap decreased and that ratio was largest in the portion A-B3. 2) The steeve width was enlarged with the increment of movement angle in all portions of upper arm except B1-B5. 3) As increasing the movement angle, the whole armhole girth decreased and the ratio o(front armhole girth (F-A) was larger than that of back. 4) In the vertical direction in front, the height o( the sleeve caps was larger, the sleeve widths were smaller than in the vertical direction in side in all movement types, but there was no significant difference in arm-hole girth between the two cases. 5) There were significantly negative relationships between measurements in height of sleeve cap and those in sleeve width, and also between those in height of sleeve cap and in arm-hole girth. And significantly positive relationships were found between neasurements in height of sleeve cap and those in arm-hole girth.