• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.653-664
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• 2001

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was the sensation of discomfort and stiffness in the muscle, often after taking part in unaccustomed physical activity. No universally accepted treatment exist. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of cryotherapy and intermittent compression on the delayed onset muscle soreness. Flexion elbow joint position and extension(Universal Goniometer). pain(Muscle Soreness Rating Scale) and mechanical pain threshold(Algometer) were measured before 30minutes DOMS was induced.The data were analyzed by measure of Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The result were as follow; 1. There were no significantly differences between groups or over time in relation to range of motion. 2. Muscle Soreness Rating was significantly high in cryotherapy and intermittent compression at 48, 72 hours after DOMS was induced(p<.05). 3. Mechanical pain threshold begin to increased at 24 hours and significantly in cryotherapy and intermittent compression groups at 48, 72 hours after DOMS was induced(p>.05). 4. A negative Correlation between muscle soreness rating scale and mechanical Pain threshold graphs at 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise indicated in cryotherapy and intermittent compression groups.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.328-337
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• 2008

Quantifying the extent and characteristics of the excavation damage zone(EDZ) is important for the nuclear waste industry which relies on the sealing of underground openings to minimize the risk for radionuclide transport. At AECL's Underground Research Laboratory(URL) the Tunnel Sealing Experiment(TSX) was conducted and the tunnel geometry and orientation relative to the stress field had been selected to minimize the potential for the development of an EDZ. The extent and characteristics of the EDZ was measured using velocity profiling and permeability measurements in radial boreholes. The results from this EDZ characterization are used in this paper to evaluate a modeling fir estimating the extent of the EDZ. The methodology used a damage model formulated in the Universal Distinct Element Code and calibrated to laboratory properties. This model was then used to predict the extent of crack initiation and growth around the TSX tunnel and the results compared to the measured damage. The development of the damage zone in the numerical model was found to be in good agreement with the field measurements.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.388-392
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• 2007

지구온단화와 이상기후에 의해 시설물 피해가 나날이 증가하고 있으며, 농촌의 인구감소 및 고령화에 의해 이러한 집중강우등에 대한 대처도 어려운 실정이다. 현재 전국에서 농업용수 공급을 위해 사용하고 있는 농업용 저수지는 17,882개소로서 이 중 축조한지가 35년 이상 경과된 저수지가 15,856개소로서 88.7%나 차지하고 있다. 이러한 현상은 저수지를 구성하고 있는 각종 부대시설의 노후화로 귀결되며 농업용수의 낭비 및 효율적인 운영을 위해서는 시설의 현대화가 필수적이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 저수지에서 물을 직접 공급하는 시설인 사통수문을 대상으로 현대화를 이룩하고 또한 사용동력도 대체에너지를 이용하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. 사통수문의 수문비는 수중의 압력을 효율적으로 분산시킬 수 있는 원형수문비와 수중에서도 사용동력을 가장 적게 할 수 있는 밸브형을 기준으로 개발을 하였으며, 수문비와 구동부를 연결하는 작동 롯드의 힘전달을 최소화하기 위하여 유니버셜 쪼인트를 볼밸브형으로 개발하였다. 이에 따라서 작동용 롯드의 길이가 길어져도 수문비에 걸리는 작동모멘트를 최소화하여 태양광을 이용한 동력사용이 가능해졌다. 특히 수중에서 움직이는 특성을 감안하여 원형 수문비의 경우에는 수문비와 수문틀 사이에 마찰력을 감소시키기 위하여 수문틀측을 약간 경사지게 가공을 하고 중간에 볼 베이렁을 부착시켜 수문개폐가 원활토록 지수부의 구조변화를 하였다. 또한 농업용수공급시 수류와 함께 유입되는 저수지 내 오물을 차단하기 위하여 수문의 전면에 스크린을 설치하였으며 토사퇴적으로 인하여 수문작동의 방해가 되지 않도록 하기 위하여 토목구조물을 설치하였다. 그리고 동력전달을 효율적으로 하기 위하여 Solar Unit으로부터 나오는 전기를 중전기에서 밧데리로 축전을 시키고 완전 충전 후에는 나머지 전기는 방전이 되도록 회로를 구성하였다. 사통수문 자원조사 결과에 의하면 현재 저수지에 물공급을 하는 수문은 취수탑 형식이 70% 이상을 차지하고 있으며 나머지 30%의 사통수문 중 원형수문비가 98% 이상을 차지하고 있다. 현재 대체에너지를 사용하는 저수지 사통수문은 없는 것으로 조사되었으며 전력을 사용하는 사통도 조사결과에 의하면 20% 이내로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 향후 수리시설 개보수시 적은 예산으로 사업을 시행하는 경우 사통수문의 설치방향의 지표가 될 것으로 판단되며 수리시설의 운영관리에 대한 새로운 대안으로 제시할 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.72-72
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• 2018

A dynamic fatigue characteristic of dental implant system has been evaluated with applying single axial compressive shear loading based on the ISO 14801 standard. For the advanced dynamic fatigue test, multi-directional force and motion needed to be accompanied for more information of mechanical properties as based on mastication in oral environment. In this study, we have prepared loading and motion protocol for the multi-directional fatigue test of dental implant system with single (Apical/Occlusal; AO), and additional mastication motion (Lingual/Facial; LF, Mesial/Distal; MD). As following the prepared protocol (with modification of ISO 14801), fatigue test was conducted to verify the worst case results for the development of highly stabilized dental implant system. Mechanical testing was performed using an universal testing machine (MTS Bionix 858, MN, USA) for static compression and single directional loading fatigue, while the multi-directional loading was performed with joint simulator (ADL-Force 5, MA, USA) under load control. Basically, all mechanical test was performed according to the ISO 14801:2016 standard. Static compression test was performed to identify the maximum fracture force with loading speed of 1.0 mm/min. A dynamic fatigue test was performed with 40 % value of maximum fracture force and 5 Hz loading frequency. A single directional fatigue test was performed with only apical/occlusal (AO) force application, while multi directional fatigue tests were applied $2^{\circ}$ of facial/lingual (FL) or mesial/distal (MD) movement. Fatigue failure cycles were entirely different between applying single-directional loading and multi-directional loading. As a comparison of these loading factor, the failure cycle was around 5 times lower than single-directional loading while applied multi-directional loading. Also, the displacement change with accumulated multi-directional fatigue cycles was higher than that of single directional cycles.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.427-434
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• 2022

This study aims to develop design elements for cultural convergence between rehabilitation for individuals with developmental disabilities and lifelong education for individuals with disabilities, which is a key area in the practical support system for independent life support for individuals with developmental disabilities. As for the research method, a procedure for conducting FGI by forming two teams for professors majoring in special education and rehabilitation science was formed. The research was presented in three upper categories (universal cultural convergence elements, field-centered cultural convergence elements, and policy-centered cultural convergence elements) that should be designed for cultural convergence between rehabilitation for individuals with developmental disabilities and lifelong education for individuals with disabilities. In addition, subcategories were specifically composed for each upper category. First, as a universal cultural element, "open creative convergence" was presented in principle, which can be explained as a principle of exploring and practicing the validity of convergence between related fields for rehabilitation for individuals with developmental disabilities and lifelong education for individuals with disabilities. Second, field-centered cultural factors included development of joint practice model between fields of rehabilitation science and special education, subject matter education knowledge and skills, teaching and learning methods, learning career roadmaps, employment and job career development roadmaps, and the formation of an independent life development history certification system. Third, as policy-centered cultural elements, the formation of a curriculum integration composition system between local related institutions, the establishment of a qualification development path for coordinator-professional teacher-type personnel, and the organizational systematization between school-center types were presented. The study concluded that independent life support for individuals with developmental disabilities should not only be guaranteed for the entire life of adulthood, but also a lifelong education for individuals with disabilities based rehabilitation support system for individuals with developmental disabilities should be established through cultural convergence.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.526-546
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• 2001

Fiber-reinforced composite(FRC) was developed as a structural component for dental appliances such as prosthodontic framework. FRC provides the potential for fabrication of a metal-free, excellent esthetic prostheses. It has demonstrated success as a result of its simple fabrication, natural colour, and marginal integrity, and fracture resistance of veneering composite resin and the FRC material. Although it has lots of merits, clinical and objective data are insufficient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength and the marginal fitness of fiber reinforced composite bridge in the posterior region for clinical application. Sixteen bridges of each group. $Targis/Vectris^{(R)}$, $Sculpture-Fibrekor^{(R)}$, and In-Ceram, were fabricated. All specimens were cemented with Panavia 21 to the master dies. Strength evaluation was accomplished by a universal testing machine (Instron). The marginal fitness was measured by using the stereoscope (${\times}50$). The results were as follows. : 1. The fracture strength according to the materials was significantly decreased in order In-Ceram($238.81{\pm}82$), Targis Vectris($176.25{\pm}18.93$), Sculpture-Fibrekor($120.35{\pm}20.08$) bridges. 2. FRC resin bridges were not completely fractured, while In-Ceram bridges were completely fractured in the pontic joint. 3. The marginal accuracy was significantly decreased in order Targis/Vectris ($60.71{\mu}m$), Sculpture-Fibrekor($73.10{\mu}m$) In-ceram Bridge ($83.81{\mu}m$). 4. The fitness of occlusal sites had a lower value than the marginal sites(P<0.001), and the marginal gaps of inner site of the pontic were greater than that of outer sites of the pontic. Fiber reinforced composite bridges are new, esthetic prosthesis and can be clinically used in anterior regions and short span bridges. However, caution must be exercised when extrapolating laboratory data to the clinical situation because there are no long term clinical data regarding the overall success of the FRC.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 2003

As a means of overcoming the linguistic barrier between different languages in the Internet, a new sign-language communication system with CG animation techniques has been developed and proposed. In the system, the joint angles of the arms and the hands corresponding to the gesture as a non-verbal communication tool have been considered. The emotional expression, however, could as play also an important role in communicating each other. Especially, a comic expression is more efficient than real facial expression, and the movements of the cheeks and the jaws are more important AU's than those of the eyebrow, eye, mouth etc. Therefore, in this paper, we designed a 3D emotion editor using 2D model, and we extract AU's (called as PAU, here) which play a principal function in expressing emotions. We also proposed a method of generating the universal emotional expression with Avatar models which have different vertex structures. Here, we employed a method of dynamically adjusting the AU movements according to emotional intensities. The proposed system is implemented with Visual C＋＋ and Open Inventor on windows platforms. Experimental results show a possibility that the system could be used as a non-verbal communication means to overcome the linguistic barrier.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.319-328
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• 2004

The communication environment made by digital technologies has made it possible to exchange information and deliver messages fast and easily among people of various classes in virtual space beyond time and space. Net-generation, who is accustomed to this virtual space, couldn't be satisfied with the linear text-oriented language any more, and began to make signs by use of computers in order to differentiate itself from others and to express its desires. Among the signs, emoticon created by joint of popular culture and digital communication centering around young generation is a new visual sign and emotional sign that can deliver a sender's feelings contained in a message. This paper has studied social phenomena, their relationships with emoticon and background of its creation through documentary review of media development, changes in the communication environment and popular culture. Furthermore, it has analyzed the meaningful action and roles of emoticon as a sign in terms of semiotics and also, studied a possibility of using emoticon as a new emotional sign. The study results say that emoticon can play the roles of a non-linguistic sign just like general signs that make mutual exchange through meaningful action, and also that it can be used to effectively deliver messages not only in virtual space, but also in advertising, posters, magazines and CI. However, emoticon is better at emotional expressions yet than other textual signs or visual signs, but in order to position itself as a universal and popular sign, emotional expressions should be clear, any difference in understanding messages should be removed, and message delivery should be more efficient.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.105
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• pp.127-147
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to elucidate mutual link of a person's human nature and his or her sense of values. In general, a person's human nature and his or her personality is used differently in its concept. However, in this study, it is revealed that these two things are closely connected. A person's human nature without personality is meaningless and personality without human nature cannot be existed. A person's human nature is the ground for existence of personality and personality is individual thing that is made on the universal ground of human nature. Personality is colligation of value that a person pursues. Every person pursues value. Therefore every person cannot help being personality. However personality is not a joint thing but an individual thing. Spiritual-philosophically, personality is exactly individual spirit. Therefore personality cannot be classified as personality or impersonality. It can be classified as high-leveled personality or low-leveled personality. And the foundation for existence of morality lies not on a person's human nature but on a person's personality. A person can be moral or immoral according to the value he pursues. Because personality is made on the basis of a person's human nature and the colligation of value that an individual person pursues is personality, a person's human nature is a vessel that contains his or her sense of values. A person's human nature and his or her sense of values are changed affecting each other. These two things are the sons of the age that is affected by the age. That's because human who is a container of human nature and his or her sense of values is both a natural being and a moral being.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.59-69
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• 2022

For effective battlefield situation awareness and command resolution, information exchange without seams between systems is essential. However, since each system was developed independently for its own purposes, it is necessary to ensure interoperability between systems in order to effectively exchange information. In the case of our military, semantic interoperability is guaranteed by utilizing the common message format for data exchange. However, simply standardizing the data exchange format cannot sufficiently guarantee interoperability between systems. Currently, the U.S. and NATO are developing and utilizing information exchange models to achieve semantic interoperability further than guaranteeing a data exchange format. The information exchange models are the common vocabulary or reference model,which are used to ensure the exchange of information between systems at the content-meaning level. The information exchange models developed and utilized in the United States initially focused on exchanging information directly related to the battlefield situation, but it has developed into the universal form that can be used by whole government departments and related organizations. On the other hand, NATO focused on strictly expressing the concepts necessary to carry out joint military operations among the countries, and the scope of the models was also limited to the concepts related to command and control. In this paper, the background, purpose, and characteristics of the information exchange models developed and used in the United States and NATO were identified, and comparative analysis was performed. Through this, we intend to present implications when developing a Korean information exchange model in the future.