• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.583-595
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• 2010

Virtual water is defined as the volume of water to produce commodities and provide services, which has been developed by Tony Allan since the early 1990s. This research aims to evaluate a volume of virtual water trade in Korea from 1998 to 2007 by applying the evaluation method of unit virtual water volume to agricultural, live stock and industrial products, which is developed by Chapagain and Hoekstra (2004). Also, the concept of water footprint is deployed to quantify the volume of virtual water trade between countries. The study attempts to assess the appropriateness of the evaluation method of unit virtual water volume by employing the method to calculate the total amount of agricultural products in Korea and comparing this with the amount of agricultural water demand in the Korea Water Vision 2006. The research outcome shows that Korea has a net virtual water import of 32 billion $m^3$ on average in the form of agricultural, live stock and industrial commodities whose volume gradually increases. The gap between the volume of virtual water import of agricultural and live stock commodities and the total volume of agricultural water use reaches approximately 600 million $m^3$. This figure can be negligible considering the total volume of water demand in Korea, around 16 billion $m^3$, which demonstrates the validity of the evaluation method in terms of analyzing water balance.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.91-112
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the elements of activating happiness education suggested by Noddings is reflected in the Home Economics part of Middle School Technology-Home Economics Textbook Volume 2 of 2009 Curriculum Revision. The introduction style of unit, sub-unit, and small chapter, the objectives, the body contents, the activity resources, the tables/diagrams/pictures, the supplementry and advancedl materials, and the wrap-up and evaluation of sub-unit and units of Home Economics part of Technology Home Economics textbook volume 2 were analyzed. Noddings suggested the elements for activating happiness education in five areas of personal life sector including 'home making', 'place and nature', 'parenting', 'chracter and spiriual experiences', and 'growth of interpersonal relationships' and two areas of public one including 'preperation for work' and 'community, democracy and voluntary activities'. The specific elements in seven sectors of activating happiness education were extracted using the content analysis. How the elements of those suggested by Noddings were reflected in the various parts of the textbook were analyzed in terms of the closeness of approaches, contents, and procedures between Noddings's and textbook. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1. The degree to which the elements of activating happiness education were reflected in the textbook differed by each unit. The elements of activating happiness education were reflected the most frequently in the unit of 'Unit of Practice of Eco-friendly Family Life' and the least frequently in the unit of 'Unit of Career and Life Planning'. 2. The Home Economics units of Technology Home Economics textbooks 1&2 reflects the factors of personal life and public life that Noddings suggested for activating happiness. However, personal life-related factors are relatively more reflected in the units than the public life-related factors. 3. Although the elements of activating happiness education were generally reflected in all the elements of a textbook, these elements were relatively more reflected in the Unit Introduction, Sub-unit Introduction, Chapter and Introduction, Objectives, body contents and tables/diagrams/pictures.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.239-246
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• 2023

In this study, we assessed the effect of reduction of tumor volume in the head and neck cancer by using RANDO phantom in Static Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (S-IMRT) and Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) planning. RANDO phantom's body and protruding volumes were delineated by using Contour menu of Eclipse™ (Varian Medical System, Inc., Version 15.6, USA) treatment planning system. Inner margins of 2 mm to 10 mm from protruding volumes of the reference were applied to generate the parameters of reduced volume. In addition, target volume and Organ at Risk (OAR) volumes were delineated. S-IMRT plan and VMAT plan were designed in reference. These plans were assigned in the reduced volumes and dose was calculated in reduced volumes using preset Monitor unit (MU). Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) was generated to evaluate treatment planning. Conformity Index (CI) and R² in reference S-IMRT were 0.983 and 0.015, respectively. There was no significant relationship between CI and the reduced volume. Homogeneity Index (HI) and R² were 0.092 and 0.960, respectively. The HI increased when volume reduced. In reference VMAT, CI and R² were 0.992 and 0.259, respectively. There was no relationship between the volume reduction and CI. On the other hand, HI and R² were 0.078 and 0.895, respectively. The value of HI increased when the volume reduced. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between parameters (D_mean and D_max) of normal organs of S-IMRT and VMAT except brain stem. Volume reduction affected the CI, HI and OAR dose. In the future, additional studies are necessary to incorporate the reduction of the volume in the clinical setting.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1011-1034
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• 1966

This thesis is the final report which has long been studied by the author to obtain the design basis for various hydrological constructions with the specific system suitable to the natural environmental conditions in Korea. This report is divided into two parts: one is to estimate runoff volume from watersheds and the other to estimate the peak discharge for a single storm. According to the result of observed runoff record from watersheds, it is known that Kajiyama formula is useful instrument in estimating runoff volume from watersheds in this country. But it has been found that this formula shows us 20-30% less than the actual flow. Therefore, when wihed to bring a better result, the watershed characteristics coefficient in this formula, that is, f-value, should be corrected to 0.5-0.8. As for the method to estimate peak discharge from drainage basin, the author proposes to classify it in two ways; one is small size watershed and the other large size watershed. The maximum -flood discharge rate $Q_p$ and time to peak Pt obtained from the observed record on the small size watershed are compared by various methods and formulas which are based upon the modern hydrological knowledge. But it was fou.d that it. was not a satisfied result. Therefore, the author proposes. tocomputate $Q_p$, to present 4.0-5.0% for the total runoff volume ${\Sigma}Q$.${\Sigma}Q$ is computed under the assumption of 30mm 103s in watershed per day and to change the theoritical total flow volume to one hour dura tion total flow rate when design daily storm is given. Time to peak Pt is derived from three parameters which are u,w,k. These are computed by relationship between total runoff volume (ha-m unit)and $Q_p$. (C.M.S. unit). Finally, the author checked out these results obtained from 51 hydrographs and got a satisfied result. Therefore the author suggested the model of design dimensionless unit-hydrograph. And the author believes that this model will be much available at none runoff record river site. In the large size watersheds in Korea when the maximum discharge occurs, the effective rainfall is two consequtive stormy days. So the loss in watershed was assutned as 6Omm/2days,and the author proposed 3-hour-daration hydrograph flow distribution percentage. This distribution percentage will be sure to form the hydrograph coordinate.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 2010

In today's uncertain economic environment, the evaluation of safety for investment alternatives is of practical importance in manufacturing companies. This paper examines a method of quantitatively evaluating profitability and risk for multiple alternatives using the total-cost unit-cost domain. The paper assumes such factors as unit sales price, sales and production volume, unit variable cost, fixed cost, and yield for each alternative. The paper incorporates the relationship between production capacity and demand, distinguishing between cases of production capacity surplus and shortage for each year over the entire planning horizon. The paper investigates the case in which the values of each factor independently move in the direction of decreasing profit each year, and clarifies the procedure of comparing safety among multiple investment alternatives on a single consolidated total-cost unit-cost domain. The difficulty of the problem lies in the method of consolidating multiple total-cost unit-cost domains into a single domain since the combination of years of capacity surplus and shortage depends upon the change values in each factor under consideration. A systematic method of evaluating profitability as well as risk is presented, and the validity of the proposed method is verified using a numerical example.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 1989

To evaluate disposition characteristics of procainamide and its active metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), cross-over study for procainamide and NAPA was performed in 5 male adult dogs. After single administration of 10 mg/kg procainamide over 15 minutes, the range of measured plasma NAPA concentrations during experimental period were 0.03 to 0.124 ug/ml and early 'dip' phenomenon was distinct on NAPA concentration to time curve in all 5 dogs. Volume of distribution (Vss) and central compartment volume (Vc) of procainamide were $1.20{\pm}0.27\;L/kg$ of body weight and $0.36{\pm}0.08\;L/kg$, respectively. Vss and Vc of NAPA were $1.21{\pm}0.21\;L/kg$ and $0.26{\pm}0.07\;L/kg$, respectively. Intercompartmental clearance (Clint) of procainamide was 3.44 L/kg/hr and that of NAPA was 1.62 L/kg/hr. Total body clearance (Cl) of procainamide and NAPA were $0.47{\pm}0.08$ and $0.35{\pm}0.08\;L/kg/hr$. The half-life $(t_{1/2{\beta}})$ of procainamide and NAPA were 2.85 hrs and 2.77 hrs, respectively. Metabolic clearance (Clm)of procainamide by N-acetylation was $18.24{\pm}6.22\;ml/kg/hr$, which corresponded to 3.9% of total procainamide clearance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.39-51
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• 1979

In introducing and applying the budget management system, the question of how to establish management structure(skelton) representing budget management responsible unit is significantly related to the degree of accuracy and analysis on the performance measurement of standard work unit. We have the following rational process of establishing performance measurement of budget management System ; 1) Standardization of work method 2) Establishment of management structure 3) Institution of budget management system. Especially, this system is based on a premise of efficiency of objectives management, it is assumed that performance measurement in the standard work unit must be enforced according to the basis and categories of performance evaluation based on the evaluating work unit. Therefore, most of all, the following three detail questions(subjects) are to be determined in order to rationalize these above principles to a maximum possible extent of performance measurement system. First, we established respective performance standard unit with respect to such detailed work unit, performance standard unit of which were accurately applicable directly from using the budget ana objectives account data and their supplementary data of the work measurement techniques. Second, by using the above mentioned question, over all evaluation and suggestion are made based on the study of the recording for each work unit development, budget management and production nit (volume of production) Third, the measurement of performance of budget management system is based on the principle of standard work unit, compared with the standard basis and actual work unit by period and activities unit and calculated percentage effectiveness according to the above procedure. and so evaluated the efficiency of performance measurement on the budget management system.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2015

Purpose: We investigated the iron status of very low birth weight infants receiving multiple erythrocyte transfusions during hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: We enrolled 46 very low birth weight infants who were admitted to the Kyungpook National University Hospital between January 2012 and December 2013. Serum ferritin was measured on their first day of life and weekly thereafter. We collected individual data of the frequency and volume of erythrocyte transfusion and the amount of iron intake. Results: A total of 38 (82.6%) of very low birth weight infants received a mean volume of $99.3{\pm}93.5mL$ of erythrocyte transfusions in NICU. The minimum and maximum serum ferritin levels during hospitalization were $146.2{\pm}114.9ng/mL$ and $456.7{\pm}361.9ng/mL$, respectively. The total volume of erythrocyte transfusion was not correlated to maximum serum ferritin concentrations after controlling for the amount of iron intake (r=0.012, p=0.945). Non-transfused infants took significantly higher iron intake compared to infants receiving ${\geq}100mL/kg$ erythrocyte transfusion (p<0.001). Minimum and maximum serum ferritin levels of non-transfused infants were higher than those of infants receiving <100 mL/kg erythrocyte transfusions (p=0.026 and p=0.022, respectively). Infants with morbidity including bronchopulmonary dysplasia or retinopathy of prematurity received a significantly higher volume of erythrocyte transfusions compared to infants without morbidity (p<0.001). Conclusion: Very low birth weight infants undergoing multiply erythrocyte transfusions had excessive iron stores and non-transfused infants also might had a risk of iron overload during hospitalization in the NICU.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.747-753
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• 2010

A series of experiments with a laboratory scale ultrasound treatment system for MTBE polluted groundwater was performed to increase the efficiency of MTBE degradation in groundwater. This study evaluated several factors to increase the efficiency of MTBE treatment for artificial and natural groundwater. The treated volume of groundwater, ultrasound frequency and power, and pollutant concentrations have been changed to evaluate its effects on the degradation efficiency of MTBE in batch and continuous flow reactor. For the specific experimental conditions on this paper, MTBE degradations are more efficient at 580 kHz than those at 1 MHz. The efficiency of MTBE degradation is proportional to the intensity of ultrasound power per unit volume of MTBE polluted groundwater. The concentration of ions in groundwater does not much affect the efficiency of MTBE degradation. The $1^{st}$ order degradation constant of MTBE for different power per unit volume at 580 kHz shows linear relationship at same concentration. The $1^{st}$ order degradation constant for 0.1 mM MTBE solution is higher than that for 1 mM MTBE solution. These experimental results could be helpful to seek optimal conditions for relatively large volume of polluted groundwater treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.600-614
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• 2014

This paper develops a model to forecast container volumes of all Korean seaports using a Seasonal ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) technique with the quarterly data from the year of 1994 to 2010. In order to verify forecasting accuracy of the SARIMA model, this paper compares the predicted volumes resulted from the SARIMA model with the actual volumes. Also, the forecasted volumes of the SARIMA model is compared to those of an ARIMA model to demonstrate the superiority as a forecasting model. The results showed the SARIMA Model has a high level of forecasting accuracy and is superior to the ARIMA model in terms of estimation accuracy. Most of the previous research regarding the container-volume forecasting of seaports have been focussed on long-term forecasting with mainly monthly and yearly volume data. Therefore, this paper suggests a new methodology that forecasts shot-term demand with quarterly container volumes and demonstrates the superiority of the SARIMA model as a forecasting methodology.