• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.159-168
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• 2022

With the recent proliferation of Hallyu content, national interest in Korea and the demand for designs with traditional Korean patterns as a motif is on the rise. In addition, as customers' design requirements tend to value more and more detailed and differentiated handcrafted designs, research on the motifs used in nail experts' original nail design development and nail design is continuously needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to expand the scope of nail design motifs with high practical value by producing nail design works applying plant patterns of Wadang, used during the Unified Silla Period, and to diversify nail art expression techniques. The research reviewed domestic and foreign literature related to Wadang during the Unified Silla Period, analyzed the collection at the National Museum of Korea, and categorized the motifs based on the characteristics of plant patterns and Wadang during the Unified Silla Period. The tangible motifs are intended to be presented as a fusion of nail art design works that utilizes both flat and stereoscopic art techniques. Through this study, it was confirmed that the plant pattern of Wadang from the Unified Silla Period is an attractive motif that can be expressed in various nail designs expressing Korean emotions and traditional beauty, and furthermore, it can be used as basic data for the idea of various beauty design areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.452-466
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• 2013

The Silla Dynasty was an open society and was an independent, creative, brilliant culture built on diverse cultures and values. Transforming from the Silla Dynasty to the Unified Silla, it unified the culture of the Three Kingdoms into one. It also displayed unique clothes that adapted new foreign elements into rich clothes forms unlike previous styles. This study first classifies the aesthetic consciousness of the Silla Dynasty by exploring the beauty of the Silla Dynasty realized through artifacts, books, and records in the Silla Dynasty and defines the each characteristic of the aesthetic consciousness. Second, it highlights the independency of Korean beauty through an investigation of how the aesthetic consciousness form appeared through these new appearances in the aesthetic consciousness of Silla Dynasty clothes. The results of the study show that the aesthetic consciousness of the Silla Dynasty can be inferred through Silla Dynasty artifacts, literature, sensuous beauty, and records that were classified into random natural beauty, humorous beauty, and decorative technical beauty. The Silla Dynasty aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic consciousness appeared in Silla Dynasty clothes based on the aesthetics of authenticity that created the honest and simple aesthetic moving of the early natural aesthetic sense of the Silla Dynasty. Silla Dynasty clothes are found to have transformed into an ornamental aesthetic consciousness of a sensual and decorative aesthetic consciousness in a Unified Silla.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.37-45
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• 2014

It was identified by the excavation that architecture remains were confirmed buddhist temple consist of ruins of main building of a temple, auditorium site, ruins of stone pagoda, embankment, pedestrian Facilities and drainage etc. in the Gwangmyeong-dong site. The site has been held temple arrangement with 1 main building of a temple, twin Pagodas from the Unified Silla period to Goryeo dynasty. The temple constructed after that was destroyed the architecture in the Unified Silla period. It seems that aristocrat or royalty power of within group of the nearby remains of city which was constructed in the Unified Silla period build and visit the temple. Considering there are excavations, it assumes that the temple had been constructed during the last days of the Unified Silla, was closed up during the mid-Goryeo Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.580-599
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• 2013

After the unification of Three Kingdoms, Silla Dynasty had been on the prosperity with continuous population growth during approximately 120 years. However, Unified Silla Dynasty experienced 11 times of famine and bad year by frequent droughts during 50 years since the late 8th century, and these caused to political, economic and social changes. It is evident that Silla Dynasty slowly declined by the droughts and famines, although ancient records described as still on glory days. Since then, national power of Unified Silla Dynasty was abruptly weakened by migration of residents, and 9 times of rebellion or revolt occurred during 50 years in the late 9th century. As a result, political and social agitations reached the maximum. These led to the collapse of the Unified Silla Dynasty, and King Gyeongsoon handed over the dynasty to King Wanggeon, a founder of Goryeo Dynasty. These resulted from the 500-year-cycle droughts and human activities that seriously devastated the vegetations by using trees as an energy source for hundreds of thousands people during several centuries. The devastation of vegetation destroyed farm lands and led to large changes in river and groundwater systems, and eventually, increased damages by droughts.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.139-146
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• 2015

In this study, the plane type of main building relics of unified Silla period house site which excavated in Gyeongju city after 1990s was classified and the architectural characteristic of them was investigated. The chronology of building relics in Silla capital city site was mostly known as 8-9th century, and by standard of column arrangement, the plane types of them could be classified as grid type, front veranda-grid type, outer column type. The outstanding characteristic of plane is wide span and open front veranda. In most relics the span were over 4 meters, and inner foundations for small post and strip foundation were found between columns. The front veranda added type buildings were composited of enclosed main room and open front veranda, and column arrangement of them dose not fall into line in most case. Thus it thought that the structures of enclosed main room and open front veranda were independent. The interior space of enclosed main room were divided two rooms by partition wall in some case. In this case, one room is enclosed by wall, and the other room has open front side. This plane is considered for the pleasant life in cold winter and hot summer.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.23-30
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• 2016

Among the unearthed House ruins in Gyeongju of the capital of Silla period, the ruins to see the overall appearance of building arrangement is the ruins of Silla capital S1E1 area, Inwangdong 412, and the Jaemaejeong. In this study, the characteristics of urban house arrangement of the Unified Silla period was analyzed that, through a review of the arrangement relationship between the gate and the individual buildings found in these ruins. The urban house of the Unified Silla period was surrounded with wall, and the way to distinguish between functional areas within it are shown differently, depending on the size of the house. In other words, the small house was divided each area by installation of inner fence, and the large house was by arranging attached buildings. Thai is, the central area is not divided by inner fence is the Characteristics that is different from the small house. And in all houses, a large courtyard is located in the front of main building. Conatruction of the courtyard determines the location and direction of the main building. And the each area has external space of courtyard in the center.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2011

Urban scape of Gyeongju is overlapped by periods. So, a study of each Periodical urban scape is required to understanding the present urban scape. All it requires study is on account of different a characteristic and the meaning of the scape. Especially, unified Silla period was most flourished in all time, has Abundant image of urban scape, heavily influences present urban scape. The research was proceeded through the classifying the concept of Urban form and the basic ideology and adopting the representative landscape at that time with the literatures and maps, on Unified Silla Period. And then tried to find out the identity of landscape with the link between the concepts of the representative landscape and that of Urban form in chronological order. The identity of historical landscape in Gyeongju on Unified Silla Period from the result of research has been influenced on by the connection with natural environment, urban form revealed by grid, space organized by vigorously heading up the inside, and Buddhistic ideology and esthetics.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.7-23
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• 2008

This study is examine the scales applied to buildings in the age of Unified Silla through construction sites excavated and its results are as follows; First, scales used in the age of Unified Silla were varied like Jucheok, Dangcheok and Hancheok, but it was generally accepted that Dangcheok was used in Yeongjocheok Since it was found that the scales applied to Dabotap at the Bulguksa temple and main building of the Gameunsa temple belonged to Goguryeo, Yeongjocheok scale used early in the age of Unified Silla was transitional and it was thought that Goguryeocheok and Dangcheok were used togethar. Second, according to actual rulers in Korea, china and Japan, the length of Dangcheok(ruler used in Chinese Tang era) mostly belonged to the extent of $29.25cm\;{\sim}\;30.5cm$(central value: 29,71cm). Third, plane features of main building of temple are assumed that it had five rooms in front compartment until the 7th century and then it was diversified to three, five and seven compartment. The size of compartment was same in the scale of front Eokan and Hyeopkan until late 7th century, but since then the dimension of Eokan tended to be wider than Hyeopkan. It was judged that the front Eokan used triple scales like 9, 12, 15, 18 cheok. Fourth, the length of residential structures was 17.5cheok${\sim}$36cheok and Bcheok was commonly used for front side of structure, The length of official structures was 8.4cheok${\sim}$36.3cheok which is similar to residential structures. However it has been confirmed that each of 9cheok, 12cheok, and 15cheok has been used for Eokan and Hyeopkan which gave presumption that triple scales was used for the measure.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.7-29
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• 2009

In understranding the essence of the Korea traditional Architecture, it is important to consider the jointing methods of architectural members, architectural technologies, etc. Especially the purpose of this study is understanding on the Jointing Method of Wooden Members in the period of Unified Silla Architecture. It's conclusion is summarized as follows. 1. A section of column has very close to do with the foundation stone. The structures of foundation stone and column are generally concluded by butt joint, arrow-head joint, housed joint by Grang-e method. Judu is structured by arrow-head joint And, in general, beam is structured by Sagaematchum Chumcha and sagaljudu of Don direction. At the head of Pyungju and the body of Goju, Changbang is structed by Jangbumachum with arrow-head joint or by jumukchang-machum. Also, it is surmised that Gyisoseum and Anssolim methods had been applied to columns from former ages. The example can be found at Bagjae Mireuksaji stone pagoda. Bagjae Mireuksaji stone pagoda taking wooden-pagoda form adopts Gyisoseum and Anssolim methods. We can also find such a sort of methods from other stone constructions like Budo, etc. 2. Injahwaban is structured by short Changbumachum with arrowed-head joint at upper members, and by Anjangmachum at the lower part. This sort of Gongpo style can be seen in the mural painting of tomb of Koguryo and in Buplyungsa, Buplyunsa, Bupkisa-located in Japan, which are influenced by Bakjae or Unified Silla. It is considered that at the end of the late United Silla, Injawhaban had been replaced with Chumcha and Soro on the Pyungbang under influence of Dapo style from China.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.357-386
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• 2007

At present, thirteen Buddhist bells of Unified Silla are known to the world: Six in Korea, five in Japan and two other bells, and three out of them are impossible to make out its original form. Therefore, we divided the form of Unified Silla Buddhist bells based on the ten other bells, and we tried out to prove the manufacturing technology by the comparison of the research material of Uncheon-dong bell and existing research materials of other bells, in other to find their linkage based on the alloy elemental composition. We divided Unified Silla Buddhist bell into two types: Type I has symmetric apsaras and regular patterns on its face and it was made in early Silla period; type II has asymmetric apsaras and irregular pattern arrangement and made in late Silla period. In particular, Uncheon-dong Buddhist bells is very similar to Komyoji[光明寺] temple bell from ninth century in Japan. It is peculiar that the apsaras on Uncheon-dong bell play vertical music instruments that are never seen in Unified Silla Buddhist bell. Most of Unified Silla Buddhist bell are compounded with Cu-Sn or Cu-Sn-Pb system. From eighth and ninth century, bells were cast with even composition of copper, tin and lead, and the bronze alloy ratio was similar to the record in Gogonggi[考工記], Jurye[周禮], a book from ancient China. Particularly, Uncheon-dong bell is in a rare case of Cu-Sn-Pb-As system. As had been rarely used in Unified Silla Buddhist bells, so we presented the relative research materials. As has the same nature as Pb. Because As easily volatilize at high temperature, it is hard to use. But it has its merit of solidity and durability. Pb enhances fluidity and thereby expresses the patterns more distinct; As makes the bell stronger. The result of lead isotope ratio could not exactly reveal a concrete producing center. However, over the analysis of our samples, hereby we suggest Uncheon-dong bell was made of materials from just one ore deposit.